Centreo lePJcel 39 5529ng Deborah Housen-Couriel National Cyber Security Organisation ISRAEL Tallinn 2017 This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence the Centre It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of the Centre NATO any agency or any government The Centre may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources including external websites referenced in this publication Digital or hard copies of this publication may be produced for internal use within NATO and for personal or educational use when for non-profit and non-commercial purpose provided that copies bear a full citation www ccdcoe org publications@ccdcoe org About NATO CCD COE The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence NATO CCD COE is a NATO-accredited knowledge hub research institution and training and exercise facility The Tallinn-based international military organisation focuses on interdisciplinary applied research as well as consultations trainings and exercises in the field of cyber security The heart of the Centre is a diverse group of international experts including legal scholars policy and strategy specialists who join forces with technology researchers all from military government and industry backgrounds Membership of the Centre is open to all Allies As of October 2016 Belgium the Czech Republic Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania the Netherlands Poland Slovakia Spain Turkey the United Kingdom and the United States have signed on as Sponsoring Nations SNs of the Centre Austria and Finland have become Contributing Participants CPs - the status available for non-NATO nations For more information on NATO CCD COE visit the Centre's website at http www ccdcoe org 2 About this study The NATO CCD COE series of reports on national organisational models for ensuring cyber security summarise national cyber security strategy objectives and outline the division of cyber security tasks and responsibilities between agencies In particular the reports give an overview of the mandate tasks and competences of the relevant organisations and the coordination between them The scope of the reports encompasses the mandates of political and strategic cyber security governance national cyber incident management coordination military cyber defence and cyber aspects of crisis prevention and crisis management Reports in this series National Cyber Security Organisation in Czech Republic National Cyber Security Organisation in Estonia National Cyber Security Organisation in France National Cyber Security Organisation in Hungary National Cyber Security Organisation in Italy National Cyber Security Organisation in Lithuania National Cyber Security Organisation in the Netherlands National Cyber Security Organisation in Slovakia National Cyber Security Organisation in Spain National Cyber Security Organisation in the United Kingdom National Cyber Security Organisation in the USA Non-NATO nations China China and Cyber Attitudes Strategies Organisation National Cyber Security Organisation Israel Series editor Kadri Kaska Researcher NATO CCD COE Information in this study was checked for accuracy as of March 2017 3 ISRAEL By Deborah Housen-Couriel B A LL M Attorney Israel Bar Research Fellow at Tel Aviv University Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center the Minerva Center for the Rule of Law at Haifa University and the International Institute for Counterterrorism at the Herzliya IDC Table of Contents 1 DIGITAL SOCIETY CONTEXT IN THE STATE OF ISRAEL 5 1 1 1 2 2 INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AND TAKE-UP 5 AVAILABILITY AND USE OF E-GOVERNMENT AND E-COMMERCE 6 STRATEGIC NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY OBJECTIVES 7 2 1 NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY FOUNDATION AND OBJECTIVES 7 2 2 NATIONAL LAWS AND DIRECTIVES 9 2 3 OTHER NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY INITIATIVES 11 2 3 1 Regulation of cyber security professions 11 2 3 2 International engagement 11 3 NATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR CYBER SECURITY AND CYBER DEFENCE IN ISRAEL 11 3 1 POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY COORDINATION 11 3 2 CYBER INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION 13 3 2 1 CERT-IL 13 3 2 2 Police 13 3 3 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION 13 3 3 1 Emergency preparedness and crisis management 14 3 4 MILITARY CYBER DEFENCE AND CYBER INTELLIGENCE 14 3 5 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT AND COOPERATION BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND THE BUSINESS SECTOR 14 3 5 1 Private sector 15 3 5 2 Academia 15 ABBREVIATIONS 17 REFERENCES 18 POLICY 18 LAW 18 OTHER 19 4 1 Digital society context in the State of Israel 1 1 Internet infrastructure availability and take-up Israel has been at the forefront of hi-tech and internet infrastructure and services development for the past decade consistently ranking among those countries leading the OECD rankings for research and development spending as a percentage of national GDP In 2014 Israel ranked second of all OECD countries for this parameter with national expenditure on civilian R D amounting to NIS 44 8 billion ca 10 4 billion EUR or 4 1% of its GDP 1 Likewise the estimated value of the ICT sector in Israel for 2014 is 129 million NIS ca 30 million EUR 2 constituting more than 18% of total national output 3 Foreign investment in the sector grew 20% between 2014 and 2015 and stands at approximately USD 540 million 4 In 2014 the total Israeli share of the global cybersecurity market stood at approximately 8% 5 In keeping with the country's emphasis on technological and scientific innovation the installation of advanced communications infrastructures and the public's uptake of internet services have been characterised by relatively early adoption and wide utilisation 6 The ITU's 2016 State of Broadband Report estimates the percentage of the population using the internet in 2015 at 78 89% ranking Israel 33rd globally 7 The percentage of Israel's population above the age of 20 utilising computers to access the Internet is 74 2% with a relatively small gender gap 76 4% of men and 72 1% of women 8 Broadband became available in 2000 and within a decade approximately 82% of Israeli households were connected at an average speed of above 35 Mbps 9 Fixed broadband penetration reaches 27 44% of the population 1 OECD 'Gross domestic spending on R D indicator ' 2016 https data oecd org rd gross-domestic-spending-on-rd htm Central Bureau of Statistics CBS http www cbs gov il www hodaot2015n 12_15_227e pdf The statistics for Israel follow the CBS and OECD criteria for population businesses and the industries surveyed http www cbs gov il www shnaton61 st_eng02 pdf World Bank Group 'World Development Report 2016 Digital Dividends' 2016 p 231 2 CBS http www cbs gov il hodaot2015n 29_15_212t1 pdf 3 CBS http www cbs gov il shnaton66 diag 18_04 pdf 20 October 2015 The gross added value of the ICT sector for 2014 is 73 million NIS ca 17 million EUR http www cbs gov il hodaot2015n 29_15_212t1 pdf See also http www cbs gov il shnaton67 diag 18_04 pdf Hebrew See also Getz Daphne and Goldberg Itzhak 'Best Practices and Lessons Learned in ICT Sector Innovation A Case Study of Israel' World Development Report Background Paper 2016 4 Reuters 'Israeli firms have record year in cyber raise $540 mln - report' 24 January 2016 http www reuters com article israel-cyber-idUSL8N158044 See also Opall-Rome Barbara 'Israeli Cyber Exports Double in a Year' DefenseNews 3 June 2015 Early reports of 2016 figures show an increase in growth Solomon Shoshanna 'Speed agility seen as Israel's edge in cyber war' The Times of Israel January 30 2017 5 Figures are according to the Israel National Cyber Bureau as cited in Tsipori Tali 'Israeli cybersecurity grabs 8% global market share' Globes 4 April 2016 http www globes co il en article-israeli-cyber-industry-hits-the-big-time1001114669 See also Start-Up Nation Central 'Israel's Cybersecurity Industry in 2016' February 2017 which indicates that these figures have increased for 2016 6 One example is Israel having been ranked first among OECD countries in the use of selected geo-location services spurred by the Israeli start-up company Waze OECD 'Digital Economy Outlook 2015' Fig 3 16 p 146 See also Bezeq 'Life in the Digital Age' 2017 Hebrew http www bezeq co il media PDF internetreport_2016 pdf 7 ITU and UNESCO 'The State of Broadband 2016' 2016 p 96 http www broadbandcommission org Documents reports bb-annualreport2016 pdf 8 CBS 'Statistical Abstract of Israel 2015' http www cbs gov il reader shnaton templ_shnaton_e html num_tab st09_07 CYear 2015 statistics are updated to 2013 See also Israeli Internet Association Statistics Database Hebrew http en isoc org il tech_eng sts_eng html 9 Ministry of Communications 'Telecommunications in Israel 2013' http www moc gov il sip_storage FILES 5 605 pdf One of the major suppliers Bezeq Ltd reports an average broadband speed per subscriber of 36 7 Mbps for the final quarter of 2015 http phx corporateir net External File item UGFyZW50SUQ9MzEzOTY1fENoaWxkSUQ9LTF8VHlwZT0z t 1 cb 635835135360505783 5 with broadband services presently provided by the fixed telephone and cable infrastructures of two companies 10 A third competitor has been licensed to provide customers with a 1 Gbps connection over fibre-optic cables and the national electric grid In February 2015 the Ministry of Communication introduced a reform allowing operators to purchase internet infrastructure from these companies i e broadband access and fixed lines at wholesale prices thereby opening up these markets to greater competition 11 Cellphone operators introduced wireless Internet in 2001 and the uptake of mobile telephony has exceeded 100% of the population since 2004 12 There is presently an overall penetration rate of 122% for mobile telephony 13 with mobile broadband penetration standing at 56 06% 14 and presently accounting for over 40% of the total revenue of Israel's ICT digital economy 15 Israel has relatively few land-contiguous internet connections 16 In addition to its satellite connectivity three undersea cables connect Israel to points abroad 17 The Israel Internet eXchange IIX one of the early hubs for Israeli ISPs provides some domestic connectivity in addition to some direct connections in place among ISPs The exchange is supported by the Israel Internet Association ISOC-IL a not-for-profit organization that inter alia manages domain names promotes internet use and provides the public with information regarding online safety 18 Israel was ranked 21st globally by the World Economic Forum's Networked Readiness Index in 2016 19 1 2 Availability and use of e-government and e-commerce The e-government platform Tehila was established in 1997 in order to provide government offices and authorities with a secure and protected platform for connection to the internet intra-governmental activity government-tocitizen and citizen-to-government fora and the infrastructure for provision of services to the public The platform has evolved into the present expanded gov il portal now under the aegis of the governmental ICT Authority 10 ITU and UNESCO n 7 The OECD 2015 estimate for Israel's fixed broadband penetration rate stands at 25 9% per capita ranked 28th among OECD countries 'OECD Broadband Portal' http www oecd org sti broadband broadband-statisticsupdate htm This relatively low rate is partially offset by the relatively large household size in Israel 11 Ministry of Communications Press Release 'The Wholesale Market Reform - Increased Competition in Broadband Internet' 2 August 2015 http www moc gov il sip_storage FILES 5 4425 pdf 12 Ministry of Communications 'Telecommunications in Israel 2006' p 6 population for 2004 was 6 8 million http www moc gov il new documents broch_1 11 06 pdf 13 OECD 'Key ICT Indicators 2016' 2b https docs google com viewer url http%3A%2F%2Fwww oecd org%2Fsti%2Fieconomy%2FICT-Key-Indic_2_Mobile xlsx 14 Ministry of Communications n 11 The OECD 2015 estimate for Israel's fixed broadband penetration rate stands at 25 9% per capita ranked 28th among OECD countries OECD Broadband Portal' http www oecd org sti broadband broadbandstatistics-update htm 15 OECD 'Digital Economy Outlook Tables 2015' Tables 2 24 and 2 11 http www oecd org sti deo-tables-2015 htm The Israeli Ministry of Communications estimated mobile cellphone penetration at 132% in 2013 http www moc gov il sip_storage FILES 5 605 pdf 16 See Israel's peace agreements with Egypt Jordan and the Palestinian Authority for specific provisions regarding telecommunications connectivity and spectrum coordination These are respectively the Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt 26 March 1979 Annex III art 6 http www mfa gov il mfa foreignpolicy peace guide pages israelegypt%20peace%20treaty aspx the Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan 26 October 1994 art 16 http www mfa gov il mfa foreignpolicy peace guide pages israel-jordan%20peace%20treaty aspx and the IsraeliPalestinian Interim Agreement 28 September 1995 Annex III Appendix 1 art 36 http www mfa gov il MFA ForeignPolicy Peace Guide Pages THE%20ISRAELIPALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III aspx 17 The three undersea cables are MedNautilus owned by Telecom Italia the Tamares Telecom cable and The Bezeq International Optical System 18 The Israel Internet Association supports the IIX hub for the approximately 70 licensed ISP's 3 are the major providers See http www isoc org il iix 2x html 19 World Economic Forum 'The Global Information Technology Report 2016' http reports weforum org globalinformation-technology-report-2016 networked-readiness-index 6 established in 2011 20 The portal supports a wide range of online services and guidance in Hebrew Arabic and English on topics such as health insurance employment foreign investment and childcare Local and municipal government services are supplied through the gov il portal and the Shoham payment system through which tax payments can be made Specific examples of dedicated e-government applications include an electronic 'smart card' for government employees and businesses that permits safe transfer of documents and electronic signatures e-access to the national Judicial Authority's electronic system the tax authority portal electronic government tenders the Magna system for reporting to the Securities Authority the government's Merkava Enterprise Resource Planning ERP infrastructure and an electronic identity card currently under development In 2016 a UN survey ranked Israel 17th among the world's countries for its level of e-government services 1st in the Western Asia category 21 In 2009 the Knesset enacted the Biometric Database Law 22 establishing the arrangements for securely including biometric data in official identification documents such as ID cards and passports and established the Biometric Database Management Authority 23 The onboarding period for transition to biometric documentation began in 2013 and the law was amended in early 2017 with respect to inter alia finalization of the transition period 24 These initiatives have been supplemented since 2013 by the government's 'Digital Israel' programme which aims to reduce digital gaps within Israel through the construction of a national optical fibre grid allowing for Internet speeds of up to 1 Gbps providing advanced digital services to the entire population and setting out a long-term national digital strategy 25 In 2014 Israel joined the UK-sponsored Digital 5 initiative as a charter member 26 As for private sector e-commerce and e-business a 2015 survey conducted on behalf of eBay noted that two-thirds of Israeli businesses sell goods and services online and that 91% of the Israelis surveyed had made at least one online purchase over the previous year 27 Since July 2014 Israelis have been able to open bank accounts online 28 2 Strategic national cyber security objectives 2 1 National cyber security foundation and objectives Israel's establishment of national cyber security measures and institutions came about relatively early and continues to develop in the face of a challenging environment of military and civilian threats Israeli banks financial 20 Government Resolution 3058 27 March 2011 http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2011 Pages des3058 aspx Government Resolution 2097 10 October 2014 http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2014 Pages dec2097 aspx Getz and Goldberg n 3 pp 58-59 21 United Nations 'E-Government Survey 2016' https publicadministration un org egovkb en-us Reports UN-EGovernment-Survey-2016 22 Inclusion of Biometric Means of Identification in Identity Documents and in an Information Database Law of 2009 http smartid gov il SiteCollectionDocuments bio_law pdf Hebrew 23 Population And Immigration Authority 'Questions And Answers' http smartid gov il english GeneralInformation Pages FAQ aspx 24 The pilot programme had also been extended in March 2016 see http www jpost com Israel-News Knesset-approvesextension-of-biometric-database-pilot-449639 The amendment to the 2009 law of 27 February 2017 is available in Hebrew at https www law co il media computer-law biometric_law_amendment_2017 pdf 25 Government Resolution 1046 15 December 2013 http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2013 Pages dec1046 aspx 26 D5 Charter 9 December 2014 https www gov uk government uploads system uploads attachment_data file 386290 D5Charter_signed pdf 27 Press Release Stern-Ariely 12 October 2015 http data isoc org il data 632 Israel Internet Association n 8 28 Bank of Israel Supervisor of Banks Proper Conduct of Banking Business Directive 418 'Opening of Accounts via the Internet' 15 July 2014 http www boi org il he BankingSupervision LettersAndCircularsSupervisorOfBanks HozSup 2427 pdf 7 institutions utility companies and other critical infrastructures are among those most frequently subjected to hostile cyber events globally 29 Cyber security became an explicit national objective in November 2010 30 with the Prime Minister's launch of a 'National Cyber Initiative' under the auspices of the National Council on Research and Development within the Ministry of Science This ad hoc multi-disciplinary task force was headed by the chair of the National Council for Research and Development and composed of approximately eighty specialists from the military government ministries academia and the private sector 31 The 'Initiative' task force was charged by the Prime Minister with recommending measures to promote Israeli leadership in cyber security at the global level Its twelve final recommendations presented to the government after six months of intensive work 32 were incorporated into Government Resolution 3611 in August 2011 entitled 'Advancing National Cyberspace Capabilities' 33 The Resolution also established the National Cyber Bureau INCB as the first national advisory and consolidating body for cyber security As of late 2016 the INCB has not yet published a unified document setting out its national cyber policy although its approach is incorporated into the regulatory and other activities described below Government Resolution 3611 the basis upon which the eventual policy document will most likely rely indicates four national priorities in the realm of cyberspace 1 advancing national capabilities and improving the management of current and future cyberspace challenges 2 improving 'the defense of national infrastructures which are essential for maintaining a stable and productive life in the State of Israel' 3 advancing the country's status as a global centre for the development of information technologies and 4 encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation among academia industry the private sector and government ministries 34 Additional government Resolutions in particular Resolutions 244335 and 244436 discussed below elaborate upon these national priorities and expand the institutional capacity for cybersecurity by establishing a National Cyber Defence Directorate 37 that includes both the INCB and a National Cyber Security Authority 38 29 The Kaspersky 2015 Report also gives Israel a high-risk rating of 47 3%' 'high risk' for local cyber threats https securelist com files 2015 12 Kaspersky-Security-Bulletin-2015_FINAL_EN pdf 30 For previous government initiatives regarding information security see State Controller and Ombudsman 'Critique and Oversight in Information Systems' 4th ed February 2005 Hebrew http www pmo gov il BikoretHamedina files bakarot%20ve%20bikoret%202005 doc 31 National Cyber Initiative 'Special Report for the Prime Minister' National Council on Research and Development Ministry of Science 2011 Hebrew The Initiative was headed by Professor Isaac Ben Israel who headed Mafat and currently chairs the National Council on Research and Development 32 Ibid 33 Government Resolution 3611 7 August 2011 http www pmo gov il English PrimeMinistersOffice DivisionsAndAuthorities cyber Documents Advancing%20National%2 0Cyberspace%20Capabilities pdf 34 Ibid See also Tabansky Lior and Ben Israel Isaac 'Cybersecurity in Israel' Springer 2015 pp 49-54 Lewis James 'Advanced Experiences in Cybersecurity Policies and Practices' Inter-American Development Bank Discussion Paper IDB-DP457 2016 pp 24-25 35 Government Resolution 2443 15 February 2015 Hebrew http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2015 Pages des2443 aspx English https ccdcoe org sites default files documents Government%20Resolution%20No%202443%20%20Advancing%20National%20Regulation%20and%20Governmental%20Leadership%20in%20Cyber%20Security pdf 36 Government Resolution 2444 15 February 2015 Hebrew http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2015 Pages des2444 aspx English https ccdcoe org sites default files documents Government%20Resolution%20No%202444%20%20Advancing%20the%20National%20Preparedness%20for%20Cyber%20Security pdf 37 INCB 'Background for the Government Resolutions Regarding Advancing the National Preparedness for Cyber Security and Advancing National Regulation and Governmental Leadership in Cyber Security' 2015 38 Some of these developments were the subject of an enquiry by the State Comptroller's Office in its 2016 Annual Report State Controller's Report 67A 1 November 2016 Chapter 2 Hebrew http www mevaker gov il he Reports Report_552 b9842c3e-e157-4f16-9529-df1aca2002cb 101-cyber docx 8 The Israeli Defense Forces IDF have been concerned with cyber security issues and cyber threats for decades 39 however consistent with their approach in other areas of defence policy few details regarding national cyber security considerations and policy in the military sphere are shared with the public A departure from this pattern took place in August 2015 with the publication by Chief of Staff Gadi Eisenkot of the IDF Strategy an unclassified summary of the IDF's overall military approach 40 This document includes several references to the IDF's position on cyber security including the understanding that cyberspace is a military realm the prioritisation of continued building of cyber defence and offence capacity at the strategic operative and tactical levels threat awareness in cyberspace and at the organisational level the initiation of a process to establish the cyber command structure within the IDF The IDF Strategy document notes that cyber defense in war and emergency situations is essential to ensuring the continued operation of national institutions in times of tension as well as the effective performance of the IDF 41 In general Israel's national cyber security objectives and priorities may be characterised at present by the implementation of a process of greater public transparency institutional innovation and governmental investment in both short-term objectives i e subsidies for cyber security-related companies and long-term ones i e the Ministry of Education's Magshimim programme and matriculation exam in cyber security studies available as an option for high-schoolers Since 2011 the Prime Minister's Office has taken the lead in promoting Israeli cyber security objectives both domestically and internationally Chapter 3 herein elaborates upon some of these initiatives 2 2 National laws and directives Several Israeli laws deal specifically with issues related to information security among them the Computers Law of 1995 42 the Protection of Privacy Law of 1981 and associated regulations including the Protection of Privacy Regulations Data Security 5777-2017 43 the Encouragement for Industrial Research and Development Law of 1984 44 the Defense Exports Control Law of 2007 45 the Communications Telecommunications and Broadcasting Law of 1982 46 the Law for Regulating Security in Public Bodies of 1998 47 the Electronic Signature Law of 2001 48 39 Raska Michael 'Confronting Cybersecurity Challenges Israel's Evolving Cyber Defence Strategy' RSIS Policy Report 8 January 2015 https www rsis edu sg rsis-publication gpo confronting-cybersecurity-challenges-israels-evolving-cyberdefence-strategy # WGOXhfl97SE 40 Israel Defense Forces Strategy 2015 https www idf il media 5679 %D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%9C pdf See also Herzog Mike 'New IDF Strategy Goes Public' 28 August 2015 http www washingtoninstitute org policy-analysis view new-idf-strategy-goes-public 41 Ibid p 18 See also Hathaway Melissa 'Cyber Readiness Index 2 0' Potomac Institute 2015 p 30 and Baram Gil 'Israeli Defense in the Age of Cyber War' Middle East Quarterly Winter 2017 http www meforum org 6399 israeli-defense-inthe-age-of-cyber-war 42 Computers Law of 1995 Hebrew http law co il media computer-law computers_law_nevo pdf 43 Protection of Privacy Law of 1981 http www justice gov il En Units ILITA Documents ProtectionofPrivacyLaw57411981unofficialtranslatio pdf Protection of Privacy Regulations Data Security 5777-2017 Hebrew draft bill available at http fs knesset gov il 20 Committees 20_cs_bg_381332 pdf Additional regulations flowing from the Protection of Privacy Law are available at http www justice gov il En Units ILITA Pages Legislation-and-other-documents aspx 44 Encouragement for Industrial Research and Development Law of 1984 Hebrew https www nevo co il law_html law01 p181m2_001 htm#_ftn1 45 Defense Export Control Law of 2007 http www exportctrl mod gov il NR rdonlyres 7B53DDE6-AEE8-47BC-AEFA1AF325FB96D0 0 Defense_Export_Contro_Law pdf 46 Communications Telecommunications and Broadcasting Law of 1982 Hebrew http www nevo co il law_html Law01 032_002 htm 47 Law for Regulating Security in Public Bodies of 1998 Hebrew http www nevo co il law_html Law01 111M1_001 htm 48 Electronic Signature Law of 2001 http www financeisrael mof gov il FinanceIsrael Docs En legislation Others 57612001_Electronic_Signature_Law pdf 9 and the Biometric Database Law of 2009 49 In addition key definitions relevant to Israel's cyberspace activity have been provided by government resolutions 3611 2443 and 2444 respectively of the terms 'cyberspace'50 and 'civilian space' 51 'cyber security' 52 and 'cyber security services market' 53 and 'sector'54 In August 2016 the Knesset passed a new counter-terrorism law which broadened the definition of 'terrorist act' to include damage to infrastructure systems and essential services which may in the future be interpreted to include such terrorist activity utilising cyberspace 55 That same month the Israeli State Attorney published guidelines outlining prosecutorial policy regarding offenses related to the possession use and distribution of pedophilic content on the internet 56 At the sectoral level the Bank of Israel has issued a directive on cyber security measures 'Directive 361' and a Letter on Risk Management in a Cloud Computing Environment in 2015 requiring Israeli banks inter alia to have a cybersecurity strategy in place and to designate a senior official responsible for cyber security 57 In August 2016 the Supervisor of Capital Markets issued a directive on Cyber Risk Management 58 The Director-General of the Ministry of Health issued a directive to health service providers on the protection of digital health data in February 2015 59 A draft document on cybersecurity information sharing guidelines was circulated by the Antitrust Authority in February 2017 60 49 Law on Inclusion of Biometric Means of Identification in Identity Documents and in an Information Database Law of 2009 Hebrew https www nevo co il Law_word law14 law-2217 pdf amended in early 2017 https www nevo co il law_word law14 law-2607 pdf 50 'Cyberspace' is defined in Resolution 3611 as ' T he physical and non-physical domain that is created or composed of part or all of the following components mechanised and computerised systems computer and communications networks programs computerised information content conveyed by computer traffic and supervisory data and those who use such data ' 'Definitions' n 33 51 Ibid 52 'Cyber Security' is defined in Resolution 3611 as ' P olicies security arrangements actions guidelines risk management protocols and technological tools designated to protect cyberspace and allow action to be taken therein ' ibid The later Resolution 2444 defines it as 'The range of actions for the prevention mitigation investigation and handling of cyber threats and incidents and for the reduction of their effects and of the damage caused by them prior during and after their occurrence' n 36 53 Resolution 2443 n 35 54 Ibid 55 Ministry of Justice The Legal Counseling and Legislation Department International Law 'Background Description of the The Counter-Terrorism Law 5775-2015' 2016 http www justice gov il Units InternationalAgreements HumanRightsAndForeignRelations Faq CounterTerrorismLaw5775 -2015_BackgroundDescriptionJune2016 pdf 56 'Guidelines of the State Prosecutor regarding the possession use and distribution of pedophilic content on the internet' Hebrew No 2 22 31 August 2016 http www justice gov il Units StateAttorney Guidelines 02 22 pdf 57 Bank of Israel Supervisor of Banks Proper Conduct of Banking Business Directive 361 'Cyber Defense Management' 15 March 2015 http www boi org il en BankingSupervision SupervisorsDirectives ProperConductOfBankingBusinessRegulations 361_et p df and Letter on Risk Management in a Cloud Computing Environment 29 June 2015 http www boi org il en BankingSupervision LettersAndCircularsSupervisorOfBanks LettersOfTheBankingSupervisionDepar tment 201514en pdf 58 Supervisor of Capital Markets 'Management of Cyber Risks in Institutional Bodies' 31 August 2016 Hebrew www mof gov il hon documents - th_2014-117 pdf 59 Director-General of the Ministry of Health 'Data Protection in Computerized Systems in the Health Sector' Directive 3 15 15 February 2015 Hebrew http www health gov il hozer mk03_2015 pdf 60 See Antitrust Authority 'Draft Hearing on Information Sharing Guidance for Dealing with Cyber Threats' Hebrew http www antitrust gov il files 34485 %D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8_012017 pdf 10 2 3 Other national cyber security initiatives 2 3 1 Regulation of cyber security professions In December 2015 the INCB published a policy paper on the regulation of the cyber security professions in Israel 61 The basis for the policy in line with government Resolutions 2443 and 2444 is the need to ensure that Israeli companies government bodies and other organisations will be able to ensure a high level of cyber security by utilising professionals accredited with a specified level of professionalism reliability and ethics In formulating the need for national regulation and the role of the government in advancing it the INCB incorporated the work of a public commission convened in 2014 'the Shafran Commission' to explore both the need for regulation of this sector and its possible structuring 62 The new policy to be fully implemented by 2021 identifies five cyber professions that will be regulated the knowledge base and training required for each of them and the means for their regulation 63 Qualified professionals will undergo periodic re-testing and a national listing of those who qualify will be made available The leading regulatory body for the gradual implementation of this policy will be a unit within the NCSA 64 2 3 2 International engagement At the international level Israel participated as a member of the United Nations' Group of Government Experts GGE which issued a report on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security in 2015 65 The country formally acceded to the Council of Europe's 2001 Convention on Cybercrime on 1 September 2016 66 and has forged bilateral cooperative relationships to promote cybersecurity with a number of countries and international organisations including through bilateral treaties Together with the work undertaken by the INCB Israel's Ministry for Foreign Affairs has designated a Cybersecurity Coordinator responsible for developing contacts and cooperation at the bilateral and multilateral levels 3 National organisational structure for cyber security and cyber defence in Israel 3 1 Political and strategic management and national cyber security coordination As noted in Section 2 1 above the Israeli National Cyber Bureau INCB was established in 2011 by government resolution 3611 in order to consolidate civilian cyber security at the national level Its purview within the Prime Minister's Office is to serve as an advisory body to the Prime Minister governmental ministries and other governmental authorities The INCB recommends national cyber security policy and promotes its implementation throughout the government 61 INCB 'Policy on Regulation of Cybersecurity Professions' Hebrew 31 December 2015 http www pmo gov il SiteCollectionDocuments cyber hagana pdf 62 Report of the Public Committee for the Defining Cyber Defense Professions 'Shafran Committee' 2014 63 INCB n 61 p 2 The five cybersecurity professions are cyber defense practitioner with 'hands-on' capability penetrating testing specialist forensics specialist cybersecurity methodology specialist and technology specialist Each profession has two levels of qualification and overall requirements include Israeli citizenship no criminal record and age of majority 64 Ibid p 5 65 'Report' Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security 22 July 2015 http www un org ga search view_doc asp symbol A 70 174 66 Chart of signatures and ratifications https www coe int en web conventions full-list conventions treaty 185 signatures p_auth ATj3pi6h 11 In February 2015 the INCB moved ahead with formulating two operative government resolutions on cyber security setting the stage for the implementation of important elements of the national cyber security strategy and establishing a second national cybersecurity organ the National Cyber Security Authority NCSA discussed below The INCB and the NCSA together constitute the National Cyber Directorate Ma'arach The first of these documents is Resolution 2443 entitled Advancing National Regulation and Governmental Leadership in Cyber Security 67 This document sets out the approach of integrating new cyber security regulations within the already-established purview of existing government ministries and other regulators 68 each one of which will assume additional regulatory capacities in its own sector of responsibility e g the Ministry of Transportation will be charged with regulating cyber security for the transportation sector Additionally Resolution 2443 sets out the authority and capacity for the INCB's regulation of the market for cyber security professionals services and products elements of which are elaborated in the December 2015 policy paper discussed above in Section 2 3 1 69 The second is Resolution 2444 entitled Advancing the National Preparedness for Cyber Defense 70 This resolution establishes a new body - the NCSA The NCSA is charged with the mission of defending cyberspace by conducting operating and implementing 'all the operational defensive efforts in cyberspace at the national level from a holistic perspective for the purpose of providing a complete and continuous defensive response to cyber attacks including handling cyber threats and incidents in real time formulating an ongoing situational awareness consolidating and analyzing intelligence and working with the defense community '71 Among other tasks it is charged with maintaining Israel's CERT increasing the country's preparedness and resilience developing a national cyber doctrine and promulgating a cyber security law that will amend existing legislation and add new regulation as needed The eventual governmental structure envisaged in Resolutions 2443 and 2444 will thus encompass by the end of 2017 a National Cyber Directorate Ma'arach consisting of two institutional pillars the existing INCB and the new NCSA see Figure 1 72 Additionally the establishment in each government ministry of intra-government and sectoral points of reference for cyber security policy implementation is likely to provide a broad framework for future national implementation of joint objectives and priorities Prime Minister's Office National Cyber Directorate Ma'arach National Cyber Bureau National Cyber Security Authority 67 Resolution 2443 n 35 See also INCB 'Background for the Government Resolutions Regarding Advancing the National Preparedness for Cyber Security and Advancing National Regulation and Governmental Leadership in Cyber Security' 15 February 2015 https ccdcoe org sites default files documents Background_for_the_Government_Resolutions_Regarding_Cyber_Securit y-February_2015 pdf 68 In addition to existing ministerial regulatory authorities examples of relevant regulators include the Antitrust Authority and the Securities Authority 69 The INCB had convened a statutory public committee on this issue in 2014 see 2 3 1 above 70 Resolution 2444 n 36 and INCB n 67 71 Resolution 2444 ibid art 2 a 72 Resolution 2444 ibid art 3 12 3 2 Cyber incident management and coordination 3 2 1 CERT-IL The Israeli Cyber Event Readiness Team CERT-IL is a department of the NCSA on the basis of Government Resolution 2444 73 It has responsibility for national cyber security incident management intelligence sharing with trusted partners in Israel and abroad developing cyber security best practices promoting cyber security awareness and 'providing a single point of contact in Israel regarding cyber security threats and incidents for international corporations cyber security companies and other CERTs' 74 3 2 2 Police The Israel Police established a cyber division in 2012 in order to deal with cybercrime and to serve as a central focal point for the development of expertise in digital forensics and evidence 75 It is located within elite national police division Lahav 433 76 3 3 Critical infrastructure protection With respect to cyber security objectives regarding the protection of critical infrastructure Israel began to set out and implement a national policy in 2002 with Resolution No B 84 of the National Security Ministerial Committee This Resolution added a level of protection and supervision to certain computerised systems deemed essential although there was no initial reference specifically to these systems as 'critical infrastructure' 77 and its provisions were eventually incorporated into the abovementioned Law for Regulating Security in Public Bodies 78 The Resolution also established a new agency the National Information Security Agency NISA operating within the General Security Service GSS to determine the criteria for regulation of specified governmental and privatesector bodies NISA's task is to prepare cyber security objectives develop a plan for their implementation and oversee their implementation together with the appropriate government ministry Resolution B 84 stipulated the establishment of a Steering Committee to provide guidance and oversight to the NISA in this respect The regulated bodies include government ministries the court and prison systems the Bank of Israel and other banks selected defence industries gas energy and water companies hospitals communications suppliers including ISPs the El Al national airline Israel Railways ports the stock exchange and Bituach Leumi the social security authority 73 Israel National Cyber Event Readiness Team https cert gov il CERT-IL Pages CERT-IL aspx CERT-IL RFC 2350 https cert gov il CERT-IL SiteAssets RFC2350 pdf 74 Ibid 75 Israel Police http www police gov il contentPage aspx pid 308 mid 9 76 Ministry of Public Security Information Center 'New National Crime Unit Inaugurated http mops gov il Documents Publications InformationCenter Innovation%20Exchange Innovation%20Exchange%2014 LA HAV433 pdf 77 Ministerial Committee on National Security Affairs Decision B 84 of December 11 2002 'Responsibility for the Protection of Computerised Networks in the State of Israel' Hebrew The wording critical infrastructures was not used rather 'supervised' and 'protected' entities 78 Law for Regulating Security in Public Bodies http www nevo co il law_html Law01 111M1_001 htm See also Goldschmidt Roi 'Cyberspace and the Protection of Critical Infrastructure' Hebrew Knesset Center for Research and Information 12 May 2013 http www knesset gov il committees heb material data mada2013-05-13 doc Haber Eldar and Zarsky Tal 'Means of Protection of Essential Infrastructure in Israel's Cyberspace' Hebrew Mishpat UMimshal Vol 18 forthcoming http weblaw haifa ac il he Journals lawGov 17 cyberspaceProtec pdf and 'Cybersecurity for Infrastructure A Critical Analysis' 43 Florida State Law Review forthcoming 13 The authorities of NISA in this respect are currently transitioning to the NCSA 79 Currently the INCB chairs the committee that vets and approves the regulation of critical infrastructure 80 It should be noted that specific entities are regulated in contrast to a sectoral approach 81 3 3 1 Emergency preparedness and crisis management Israel's emergency preparedness and civilian crisis management including online aspects of preparedness is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Security the Ministry of Defense and the Home Front Command 82 NISA and NCSA also hold responsibility respectively within their areas of authority for emergency preparedness and functioning of certain entities The National Emergency Management Authority83 has carried out exercises in conjunction with the IDF Home Front Command that include elements dealing with cyber attacks that target critical infrastructure such as the national electricity grid 3 4 Military cyber defence and cyber intelligence As mentioned above the IDF is engaged with cyber security as an integral part of its military strategy and is in the process of establishing the structure and authority of its cyber command 84 In addition the IDF Cyber Defender training course was instituted in 2012 in addition to several other military training programmes for military cyber security 85 Cyber intelligence in Israel is within the purview of the military and defence sectors 86 The collection and processing of cyber intelligence which is classified by nature is conducted in accordance with the relevant legal obligations including as applicable the Surveillance Law of 197987 and the Protection of Privacy Law of 1981 88 3 5 Private sector involvement and cooperation between academia and the business sector Israel has been among the pioneers of multi-stakeholder cyber security cooperation among government academia and private sector entities Cooperation in the cyber security field is a natural extension of the alreadyexisting paradigm of such national cooperation in other areas One of Israel's flagship initiatives in this respect is the CyberSpark Innovation Initiative project in Beersheba 89 It was established in 2014 as a joint venture of the INCB the Municipality of Beersheba Ben Gurion University and industrial partners such as EMC RSA Lockheed Martin IBM Deutsche Telekom JVP Cyber Labs and Elbit The IDF and CERT-IL are also involved with CyberSpark initiatives which also include outreach to the diplomatic community 79 Resolution 2444 n 36 art 9 See Goldschmidt n 77 81 The changing role of NISA in this respect following the establishment of the NCSA was addressed in legislation passed by the Knesset in August 2016 see Resolution 2444 n 36 art 9 Security Regulation Act for Public Bodies Order 2016 http www justice gov il SitePages OpenFile aspx d 4A49CqZQMS1fP4a9tebtos0BjvZ2KvXSHziexf6Zm0Y%3D Hebrew 82 Ministry of Public Security Public Information in Emergency Crisis Situations http mops gov il English HomelandSecurityENG Pages IE_17_PublicInfoEmegency aspx 83 The functions of this now-defunct Authority have been transferred several times between ministries and are currently within the Ministry of Defense 84 Elran Meir and Siboni Gabi 'Establishing an IDF Cyber Command' INSS Insight No 719 8 July 2015 85 IDF Spokesman 'IDF's Cyber Defenders Complete Training Course' 25 January 2013 http www idf il 1283-18154en Dover aspx 86 Elran and Siboni n 84 87 Surveillance Law of 1979 http www nevo co il law_html Law01 077_001 htm 88 Protection of Privacy Law n 43 89 CyberSpark Innovation Initiative project http www cyberspark org il # about-cyberspark c1a40 80 14 and the hosting of executive seminars for cyber security personnel from around the globe Since its launch CyberSpark has created a multi-stakeholder 'eco-system' for government academia industry local government and civil society 90 Government support for Israel's cybersecurity industry and business sector comes from several sources The Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of the Economy now the National Authority for Technological Innovation has provided a variety of R D and investment instruments through its R D fund the Kidma and Magnet programmes and incubator support and the Meimad programme supports dual-use cyber R D 91 Some of these initiatives are also supported in cooperation with the INCB 3 5 1 Private sector There are approximately 360 cyber security companies in Israel and measurement of the sector in 2016 estimated Israeli exports of cyber-related products and market financing respectively at approximately USD 6 billion 92 This performance relies on business relationships with both academia and the government as well as more mature companies 'mentoring' start-ups One example is the Israel Electric Company's entering into a joint venture in 2013 with young entrepreneurs to open CyberGym a successful cyber defence training and consulting firm Several government initiatives for international outreach and cooperation are also ongoing 93 In addition to the CyberSpark initiative discussed above some 20 cybersecurity R D centres have been established in Israel by multinational corporations in order to develop security solutions for the global market These include PayPal IBM VMWare General Electric Cisco CA Technologies McAfee and Ciscom A number of other global corporations are also establishing cyber centres in Israel at present Israel Aerospace Industries IAI leads the Israeli Cyber Companies Consortium IC3 - a group of Israel's leading cyber companies with complementary realms of expertise IC3 was launched in January 2016 as part of the Israeli Ministry of Economy's Consortium programme IC3 members cooperate with leading government cyber defence organisations cutting-edge technology companies start-ups and international cyber and intelligence companies 94 3 5 2 Academia Israel has nine research universities two of which were ranked among the top 100 academic institutions worldwide in 2016 and include computer science departments Hebrew University and the Technion 95 In keeping with the national prioritisation and funding of academic cyber security studies by the Ministry of Science Technology and Space in 2012 the INCB has reached agreements to establish dedicated cyber centres of excellence at several universities beginning with the establishment of an interdisciplinary cyber research centre at the University of Tel Aviv in 2014 96 The technology transfer companies associated with all Israeli universities provide a ready-made 90 CyberSpark Innovation Initiative project http www cyberspark org il # new-page cwzu Office of the Chief Scientist 'R D Incentive Programs' pp 9-10 http www economy gov il Publications Publications DocLib RnD_IncentivePrograms_English pdf 92 Start-Up Nation Central n 5 pp 3-4 CSIS and Intel Security 'Report Hacking the Skills Shortage' 2016 p 10 http www mcafee com us resources reports rp-hacking-skills-shortage pdf The Economist 'Israel's Computer Security Firms' 1 August 2015 http www economist com news business 21660112-internet-security-has-become-bigger-exportearner-arms-cyber-boom-or-cyber-bubble 93 Several industry and civil society organisations provide support for the cyber security industry and businesses including the Israel Export Institute the Association of Electronics and Software Industries and the Herzliya Accelerator Center 94 Israeli Cyber Companies Consortium IC3 http www iai co il Sip_Storage FILES 4 42124 pdf 95 Shanghai Ranking World University Rankings http www shanghairanking com World-University-Rankings2016 Israel html 96 Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center https icrc tau ac il 91 15 mechanism for cooperation with the business sector while protecting academics' research and intellectual property 97 At the secondary school level Israel provides a number of national-level cyber security study and training programmes The Magshimim and Nitzanei Magshimim programmes operate as after-school enrichment modules for students on the country's geographical and social periphery 98 The Gvahim programme prepares pupils for a high school matriculation exam in cyber security maths and computer science All of these programmes receive support from the Ministry of Education the IDF and the INCB Israel's prioritisation of academic inquiry and scientific research places the country 7 th among OECD countries for ICT-related patents 99 Additionally the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness report for 2015-2016 rates Israel 3rd globally for innovation and 15th for technological readiness out of 144 global economies 100 The country is connected with several global research and development networks including Next Generation Internet the US's Internet 2 Network the EU's GEANT data network for the research and education community and Seventh Framework Programme FP7 the London-based Point of Presence the Global Forum for Cyber Expertise and the Mediterranean Consortium Quantum extension Q-Med Ongoing ICT and cyber security research cooperation between the industrial and academic sectors in Israel is supported and facilitated in particular by the Prime Minister's Office the Ministry of Science and the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of the Econom National Authority for Technological Innovation 101 Within the Ministry of Defense and in cooperation with the Israeli Defence Forces IDF the Directorate of Defence R D Mafat heads similar initiatives102 and has a dedicated cyber research unit 103 It also cooperates with the INCB as with the Masad programme promoting dual-use cyber technology development 97 The national umbrella organisation is the Israel Tech Transfer Organisation http www ittn org il about php cat 18 incat 0 98 The Magshimim program webpage http www pmo gov il English PrimeMinistersOffice DivisionsAndAuthorities cyber Documents Magshimim%20Leumit%2 0program pdf 99 OECD 'Digital Economy Outlook 2015' Table 1 8 http www keepeek com Digital-Asset-Management oecd scienceand-technology oecd-digital-economy-outlook-2015_9789264232440-en#page43 100 World Economic Forum 'Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016' http reports weforum org globalcompetitiveness-report-2014-2015 economies #economy ISR 101 This governmental unit was formerly the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of the Economy and was given an autonomous statutory status as the National Authority for Technological Innovation in October 2015 by Amendment No 7 to the Promotion of Industrial Research and Development Law 5775-2015 The amendment came into effect on 1 January 2016 102 See Tabansky and Israel n 34 103 Israel Defense 'New Cyber Directorate in Mafat' 12 March 2013 http www israeldefense co il en content new-cyberdirectorate-mafat 16 Abbreviations CERT Computer Emergency Response Team CERT-IL Israel National Cyber Event Readiness Team GDP Gross Domestic Product GSS General Security Service ICT Information and Communications Technology IDF Israel Defense Forces IIX Israel Internet eXchange INCB Israeli National Cyber Bureau ISP Internet Service Provider ITU International Telecommunication Union NCSA National Cyber Security Authority NIS Israeli New Sheqel NISA National Information Security Agency OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development R D Research and Development UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UN United Nations US United States of America USD US Dollar 17 References Policy Bank of Israel Supervisor of Banks 'Letter on Risk Management in a Cloud Computing Environment' 29 June 2015 http www boi org il en BankingSupervision LettersAndCircularsSupervisorOfBanks LettersOfTheBankin gSupervisionDepartment 201514en pdf Bank of Israel Supervisor of Banks 'Proper Conduct of Banking Business Directive 361 on Cyber Defense Management' 16 March 2015 http www boi org il en BankingSupervision SupervisorsDirectives ProperConductOfBankingBusinessReg ulations 361_et pdf Bank of Israel Supervisor of Banks Proper Conduct of Banking Business Directive 418 'Opening of Accounts via the Internet' 15 July 2014 http www boi org il he BankingSupervision LettersAndCircularsSupervisorOfBanks HozSup 2427 pdf Director-General of the Ministry of Health 'Data Protection in Computerized Systems in the Health Sector' Directive 3 15 15 February 2015 Hebrew http www health gov il hozer mk03_2015 pdf INCB 'Background for the Government Resolutions Regarding Advancing the National Preparedness for Cyber Security and Advancing National Regulation and Governmental Leadership in Cyber Security' http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2015 Pages des2443 aspx INCB 'Policy on Regulation of Cybersecurity Professions' 2015 Hebrew http www pmo gov il SiteCollectionDocuments cyber hagana pdf Israel Defence Forces 'IDF Strategy' 2015 Hebrew http www idf il SIP_STORAGE FILES 9 16919 pdf Ministerial Committee on National Security Affairs Decision B 84 of December 11 2002 'Responsibility for the Protection of Computerized Networks in the State of Israel' Hebrew Report of the Public Committee for the Defining Cyber Defense Professions 'Shafran Committee Report' August 2014 Hebrew State Controller and Ombudsman 'Critique and Oversight in Information Systems' 4th ed 2005 Hebrew http www pmo gov il BikoretHamedina files bakarot%20ve%20bikoret%202005 doc Supervisor of Capital Markets 'Management of Cyber Risks in Institutional Bodies' Hebrew 31 August 2016 www mof gov il hon documents - th_2014-117 pdf Law Communications Telecommunications and Broadcasting Law of 1982 http www nevo co il law_html Law01 032_002 htm 18 Computers Law of 1995 http law co il media computer-law computers_law_nevo pdf Electronic Signature Law of 2001 http www financeisrael mof gov il FinanceIsrael Docs En legislation Others 57612001_Electronic_Signature_Law pdf Encouragement for Industrial Research and Development Law of 1984 http www tamas gov il NR exeres DEAF9131-D2B3-4BA4-A804-B10C6BC7E2F7 htm Inclusion of Biometric Means of Identification in Identity Documents and in an Information Database Law of2009 http smartid gov il SiteCollectionDocuments bio_law pdf Law for Regulating Security in Public Bodies of 1998 http www nevo co il law_html Law01 111M1_001 htm Protection of Privacy Law of 1981 http www justice gov il En Units ILITA Documents ProtectionofPrivacyLaw57411981unofficialtranslatio pdf Regulation No 5761-2001 on Privacy Protection Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad http www justice gov il En Units ILITA Documents PrivacyProtectionTransferofDataabroadRegulationsu n pdf Supervision of Security Exports Law of 2007 http www moital gov il NR exeres D7EEC291-DF6C-4AE9-856F-1D45624DB4B0 htm Israel Government Government Resolution 3058 27 March 2011 http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2011 Pages des3058 aspx Israel Government Government Resolution 2097 10 October 2014 http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2014 Pages dec2097 aspx Israel Government Government Resolution No 2444 15 February 2015 Advancing the National Preparedness for Cyber Security Hebrew http www pmo gov il Secretary GovDecisions 2015 Pages des2444 aspx English https ccdcoe org sites default files documents Government%20Resolution%20No%202444%20%20Advancing%20the%20National%20Preparedness%20for%20Cyber%20Security pdf Israel Government Government Resolution No 1046 15 December 2013 The National Inititative 'Digital Israel' Hebrew Israel Government Government Resolution No 3611 7 August 2011 Advancing the National Capacity in Cyberspace http www pmo gov il English PrimeMinistersOffice DivisionsAndAuthorities cyber Documents Advanci ng%20National%20Cyberspace%20Capabilities pdf Other Bezeq 'Life in the Digital Age' Hebrew 2017 http www bezeq co il media PDF internetreport_2016 pdf 19 CBS 'Statistical Abstract of Israel 2015' http www cbs gov il reader shnaton templ_shnaton_e html num_tab st09_07 CYear 2015 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime Chart of signatures and ratifications https www coe int en web conventions full-list conventions treaty 185 signatures p_auth ATj3pi6h CSIS and Intel Security 'Report Hacking the Skills Shortage' 2016 http www mcafee com us resources reports rp-hacking-skills-shortage pdf CyberSpark Innovation Initiative project http www cyberspark org il # about-cyberspark c1a40 The Economist 'Israel's Computer Security Firms' 1 August 2015 http www economist com news business 21660112-internet-security-has-become-bigger-export-earnerarms-cyber-boom-or-cyber-bubble Goldschmidt R 'Cyberspace and Protection of Critical Infrastructures' Knesset Center for Research and Information 2013 Hebrew Hathaway Melissa Cyber Readiness Index 2 0 Potomac Institute 2015 Herzog Mike 'New IDF Strategy Goes Public' 28 August 2015 http www washingtoninstitute org policyanalysis view new-idf-strategy-goes-public IDF Spokesman 'IDF's Cyber Defenders Complete Training Course' 25 January 2013 http www idf il 128318154-en Dover aspx Israel Defense 'New Cyber Directorate in Mafat' Israel Defense 12 March 2013 http www israeldefense co il en content new-cyber-directorate-mafat Israeli Internet Association Statistics Database Hebrew http en isoc org il tech_eng sts_eng html Israel National Cyber Event Readiness Team CRT-IL https cert gov il CERT-IL Pages CERT-IL aspx ITU and UNESCO 'The State of Broadband 2016' http www broadbandcommission org Documents reports bb-annualreport2016 pdf Elran Meir and Siboni Gabi 'Establishing an IDF Cyber Command' INSS Insight No 719 8 July 2015 Lewis James 'Advanced Experiences in Cybersecurity Policies and Practices An Overview of Estonia Israel South Korea and the United States ' Inter-American Development Bank 2016 https publications iadb org bitstream handle 11319 7759 Advanced-Experiences-in-CybersecurityPolicies-and-Practices-An-Overview-of-Estonia-Israel-South-Korea-and-theUnited%20States pdf sequence 2 Ministry of Communications 'Telecommunications in Israel 2013' http www moc gov il sip_storage FILES 5 605 pdf National Cyber Initiative 'Special Report for the Prime Minister' National Council on Research and Development Ministry of Science May 2011 Hebrew OECD 'Digital Economy Outlook 2015' http www oecd org internet oecd-digital-economy-outlook-20159789264232440-en htm 20 Office of the Chief Scientist 'R D Incentive Programs' http www economy gov il Publications Publications DocLib RnD_IncentivePrograms_English pdf UNGA 'Report of Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security' 22 July 2015 http www un org ga search view_doc asp symbol A 70 174 Raska Michael 'Confronting Cybersecurity Challenges Israel's Evolving Cyber Defence Strategy' RSIS Policy Report 8 January 2015 https www rsis edu sg rsis-publication gpo confronting-cybersecuritychallenges-israels-evolving-cyber-defence-strategy # WGOXhfl97SE Start-Up Nation Central 'Israel's Cybersecurity Industry In 2016' 2017 Tabansky Lior and Ben Israel Isaac 'Cybersecurity in Israel' Springer 2015 Tsipori Tali 'Israeli cybersecurity grabs 8% global market share' Globes 4 April 2016 http www globes co il en article-israeli-cyber-industry-hits-the-big-time-1001114669 World Economic Forum 'Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015' http reports weforum org globalcompetitiveness-report-2014-2015 economies #economy ISR 21                     National Security Archive    Suite 701  Gelman Library  The George Washington University    2130 H Street  NW  Washington  D C  20037    Phone  202 994‐7000  Fax  202 994‐7005  nsarchiv@gwu edu