Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Lennard G Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy November 18 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www crs gov R42351 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Summary The Internet is often described as a network of networks because it is not a single physical entity but hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks linking hundreds of millions of computers around the world As such the Internet is international decentralized and comprised of networks and infrastructure largely owned and operated by private sector entities As the Internet grows and becomes more pervasive in all aspects of modern society the question of how it should be governed becomes more pressing Currently an important aspect of the Internet is governed by a private sector international organization based in California called the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN ICANN manages and oversees some of the critical technical underpinnings of the Internet such as the domain name system and Internet Protocol IP addressing ICANN makes its policy decisions using a multistakeholder model of governance in which a bottom-up collaborative process is open to all constituencies of Internet stakeholders National governments have recognized an increasing stake in ICANN policy decisions especially in cases where Internet policy intersects with national laws addressing such issues as intellectual property privacy law enforcement and cybersecurity Some governments around the world are advocating increased intergovernmental influence over the way the Internet is governed For example specific proposals have been advanced that would create an Internet governance entity within the United Nations U N Other governments including the United States as well as many other Internet stakeholders oppose these proposals and argue that ICANN's multistakeholder model is the most appropriate way to govern the Internet Previously the U S government through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA at the Department of Commerce held a stewardship role over the domain name system by virtue of a contractual relationship with ICANN On March 14 2014 NTIA announced its intention to transition its stewardship role and procedural authority over key domain name functions to the global Internet multistakeholder community NTIA also stated that it would not accept any transition proposal that replaces the NTIA role with a government-led or an intergovernmental organization solution For two years Internet stakeholders were engaged in a process to develop a transition proposal that would meet NTIA's criteria On March 10 2016 the ICANN Board formally accepted the multistakeholder community's transition plan and transmitted that plan to NTIA for approval On June 9 2016 NTIA announced its determination that the transition plan met NTIA's criteria and that the plan was approved On September 30 2016 the contract between NTIA and ICANN expired thus completing and implementing the transition With the transition now complete Congress may continue assessing how effectively NTIA is advancing U S government positions within the Governmental Advisory Committee Of particular interest may be to what extent ongoing and future intergovernmental telecommunications conferences constitute an opportunity for some nations to increase intergovernmental control over the Internet--at the expense of the multistakeholder system of Internet governance--and how effectively NTIA and other government agencies such as the State Department are working to counteract that threat Congressional Research Service Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Contents What Is Internet Governance 1 How Is the Internet Currently Governed 1 Role of U S Government 3 NTIA Transitions Stewardship of the DNS 4 Transition Proposal 4 U S Role Post-Transition 5 Legislative Activities in the 114th Congress 6 DOTCOM Act 6 FY2016 Department of Commerce Appropriations 6 FY2017 Department of Commerce Appropriations 7 Other Legislation 8 Congressional Hearings 8 Debate over Future Models of Internet Governance 9 Proposed Models for Internet Governance 10 2005 World Summit on the Information Society WSIS 12 World Conference on International Telecommunications WCIT 13 Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 15 NETmundial 15 NETmundial Initiative 16 2014 Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan 16 WSIS 10 16 Internet Governance and Terrorism 17 Issues for Congress 18 Figures Figure A-1 Organizational Structure of ICANN 20 Appendixes Appendix ICANN Basics 19 Contacts Author Contact Information 20 Congressional Research Service Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress What Is Internet Governance There is no universally agreed-upon definition of Internet governance A more limited definition would encompass the management and coordination of the technical underpinnings of the Internet--such as domain names addresses standards and protocols that enable the Internet to function A broader definition would include the many factors that shape a variety of Internet policy-related issues such as such as intellectual property privacy Internet freedom ecommerce and cybersecurity One working definition was developed at the World Summit on the Information Society WSIS in 2005 Internet governance is the development and application by governments the private sector and civil society in their respective roles of shared principles norms rules decision-making procedures and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet 1 Another definition developed by the Internet Governance Project IGP 2 delineates three aspects of the Internet that may require some level of governing technical standardization which involves arriving at and agreeing upon technical standards and protocols resource allocation and assignment which includes domain names and Internet Protocol IP addresses and human conduct on the Internet encompassing the regulations rules and policies affecting areas such as spam cybercrime copyright and trademark disputes consumer protection issues and public and private security With these three categories in mind the IGP definition is Internet governance is collective decisionmaking by owners operators developers and users of the networks connected by Internet protocols to establish policies rules and dispute resolution procedures about technical standards resource allocations and or the conduct of people engaged in global internetworking activities 3 How Is the Internet Currently Governed The nature of the Internet with its decentralized architecture and structure makes the practice of governing a complex proposition First the Internet is inherently international and cannot in its totality be governed by national governments whose authority ends at national borders Second the Internet's successful functioning depends on the willing cooperation and participation by mostly private sector stakeholders around the world These stakeholders include owners and operators of servers and networks around the world domain name registrars and registries regional IP address allocation organizations standards organizations Internet service providers and Internet users Given the multiplicity and diversity of Internet stakeholders a number of organizations and entities play varying roles It is important to note that all of the Internet stakeholders cited above participate in various ways within the various fora organizations and frameworks addressing Internet governance and policy 1 Tunis Agenda for the Information Society November 18 2005 WSIS-05 TUNIS DOC6 Rev 1 -E p 6 available at http www itu int wsis docs2 tunis off 6rev1 pdf 2 The IGP describes itself as an alliance of academics that puts expertise into practical action in the fields of global governance Internet policy and information and communication technology See http www internetgovernance org 3 Milton Mueller John Mathiason and Hans Klein The Internet and Global Governance Principles and Norms for a New Regime Global Governance vol 13 2007 p 245 Congressional Research Service 1 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Key organizations in the private sector include the following Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN --ICANN was created in 1998 through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Department of Commerce see the following section of this report Role of U S Government Directed by an internationally constituted Board of Directors ICANN is a private not-for-profit organization based in Los Angeles CA which manages and oversees the critical technical underpinnings of the Internet such as the domain name system DNS and IP addressing see the Appendix for more background information on ICANN ICANN implements and enforces many of its policies and rules through contracts with registries companies and organizations who operate and administer the master database of all domain names registered in each top level domain such as com and org and accredited registrars the hundreds of companies and organizations with which consumers register domain names Policies are developed by Supporting Organizations and Committees in a consensus-based bottom-up process open to various constituencies and stakeholders of the Internet As such ICANN is often pointed to as emblematic of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance Internet standards organizations--As the Internet has evolved groups of engineers researchers users and other interested parties have coalesced to develop technical standards and protocols necessary to enable the Internet to function smoothly These organizations conduct standards development processes that are open to participants and volunteers from around the world Internet standards organizations include the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF the Internet Architecture Board IAB the Internet Society ISOC and the World Wide Web Consortium W3C Governmental entities involved in Internet governance include the following Governmental Advisory Committee GAC --As part of ICANN's multistakeholder process the GAC provides advice to the ICANN Board on matters of public policy especially in cases where ICANN activities and policies may interact with national laws or international agreements related to issues such as intellectual property law enforcement and privacy GAC advice is developed through consensus among member nations Although the ICANN Board is required to consider GAC advice and recommendations it is not obligated to follow those recommendations Membership in the GAC is open to all national governments who wish to participate Currently there are 171 members and 35 observers The GAC Chair is currently held by Switzerland with Vice Chairs held by Egypt Peru France the United Kingdom and China Internet Governance Forum IGF --The IGF was established in 2006 by the United Nations' World Summit on the Information Society WSIS The purpose of the IGF is to provide a multistakeholder forum which provides an open discussion in yearly meetings on public policies related to the Internet Open to all stakeholders and interested parties governments industry academia civil society the IGF serves as an open discussion forum and does not have negotiated outcomes nor does it make formal recommendations to the U N In December 2010 the U N General Assembly renewed the IGF through 2015 and tasked the U N 's Commission on Science and Technology for Development CSTD to develop a report and recommendations on how the IGF might be improved A Working Group on Improvements to the Internet Governance Forum was formed by the U N which includes 22 governments including the United States and the participation of Internet stakeholder groups In December 2015 the General Assembly renewed the IGF through 2025 Other International Organizations--Other existing international organizations address Internet policy issues in various ways The International Telecommunications Union ITU is the United Nations' specialized agency for communications and information technology The World Congressional Research Service 2 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Intellectual Property Organization WIPO is another specialized agency of the U N which addresses a wide range of intellectual property issues including those related to Internet policy The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD provides a forum for governments to work together to address economic issues including the recent development of Internet policymaking principles While none of these organizations have direct control or authority over the Internet their activities can have influence over future directions of global Internet policy National governments--National governments have acted to address various Internet policy issues within their own borders Many of the national laws and regulations pertain to user behavior on the Internet For example in the United States laws have been passed addressing such issues as cybersecurity and cybercrime Internet gambling Internet privacy and protection of intellectual property on the Internet Governments have also established internal Internet policy coordinating bodies e g the National Telecommunications and Information Administration's Internet Policy Task Force and the European Commission's Information Society Role of U S Government The U S government has no statutory authority over ICANN or the domain name system However because the Internet evolved from a network infrastructure created by the Department of Defense the U S government originally funded and operated primarily through private contractors many of the key components of network architecture that enabled the domain name system to function In the early 1990s the National Science Foundation NSF was given a lead role in overseeing domain names used in the civilian portion of the Internet which at that time was largely comprised of research universities By the late 1990s ICANN was created the Internet had expanded into the commercial world and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA of the Department of Commerce DOC assumed the lead role A 1998 Memorandum of Understanding between ICANN and the DOC initiated a process intended to transition technical DNS coordination and management functions to a private-sector not-for-profit entity While the DOC played no role in the internal governance or day-to-day operations of ICANN the U S government through the DOC NTIA most recently retained a role with respect to the DNS via three separate contractual agreements a 2009 Affirmation of Commitments AoC between DOC and ICANN 4 a contract referred to as the IANA contract between ICANN and DOC to perform various technical functions such as allocating IP address blocks editing the root zone file and coordinating the assignment of unique protocol numbers and a cooperative agreement between DOC and VeriSign to manage and maintain the official DNS root zone file By virtue of those three contractual agreements the U S government--through DOC NTIA-- exerted a legacy authority and stewardship over ICANN and arguably had more influence over ICANN and the DNS than other national governments While NTIA has been the lead agency 4 For more information on the Affirmation of Commitments including the precursor agreements between DOC and ICANN such as the Joint Project Agreement and the Memorandum of Understanding see CRS Report 97-868 Internet Domain Names Background and Policy Issues by Lennard G Kruger Congressional Research Service 3 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress overseeing domain name issues other federal agencies have maintained a specific interest in the DNS that may affect their particular missions For example the Federal Trade Commission FTC seeks to protect consumer privacy on the Internet the Department of Justice DOJ addresses Internet crime and intellectual property issues and the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security address cybersecurity issues However none of these agencies has legal authority over ICANN or the running of the DNS NTIA Transitions Stewardship of the DNS5 The IANA functions contract with ICANN and the cooperative agreement with Verisign gave NTIA the authority to maintain a stewardship and oversight role with respect to ICANN and the domain name system On March 14 2014 NTIA announced its intention to transition its stewardship role and procedural authority over key domain name functions to the global Internet multistakeholder community 6 NTIA stated that it would let its IANA functions contract with ICANN expire if a satisfactory transition could be achieved NTIA asked ICANN to convene interested global Internet stakeholders both from the private sector and governments to develop a proposal to achieve the transition NTIA stated that it will not accept any transition proposal that would replace the NTIA role with a government-led or an intergovernmental organization solution and that the transition proposal must have broad community support and address the following four principles support and enhance the multistakeholder model maintain the security stability and resilience of the Internet DNS meet the needs and expectation of the global customers and partners of the IANA services and maintain the openness of the Internet Transition Proposal ICANN convened a process through which the multistakeholder community came to consensus on a transition proposal The process was divided into two separate but related parallel tracks 1 IANA Stewardship Transition and 2 Enhancing ICANN Accountability On March 10 2016 the ICANN Board formally accepted the IANA Stewardship Transition proposal7 and the Enhancing ICANN Accountability report 8 The Board formally transmitted the transition and accountability plans to NTIA for approval 5 For a full discussion of this issue see CRS Report R44022 The Future of Internet Governance Should the United States Relinquish Its Authority over ICANN by Lennard G Kruger 6 NTIA Press Release NTIA Announced Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions March 14 2014 available at http www ntia doc gov press-release 2014 ntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domainname-functions 7 ICANN Adopted Board Resolutions IANA Transition Stewardship Proposal from ICG March 10 2016 available at https www icann org en system files files iana-stewardship-transition-proposal-resolutions-exceprts-10mar16en pdf 8 ICANN Adopted Board Resolutions Proposal from CCWG on Enhancing ICANN Accountability March 10 2016 available at https www icann org en system files files ccwg-accountability-proposal-resolutions-exceprts10mar16-en pdf Congressional Research Service 4 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Under the proposal a new separate legal entity called Post-Transition IANA PTI is created as an affiliate subsidiary of ICANN that becomes the IANA functions operator in contract with ICANN ICANN assumes the role previously fulfilled by NTIA overseeing the IANA function while PTI assumes the role previously played by ICANN the IANA functions operator Regarding accountability the proposal seeks to enhance ICANN's accountability by specifying powers for the ICANN community that can be enforced when consensus cannot be reached Specifically the proposal called for the creation of a new entity referred to as the Empowered Community that will act at the direction of the multistakeholder community as constituted by ICANN's Supporting Organizations and Advisory Committees Under California law the new entity would take the form of a California unincorporated association and be given the role of Sole Designator of ICANN Board Directors Triggered by a petitioning consultation and escalation process the Empowered Community would have the power to among other things reject ICANN budgets approve changes to ICANN bylaws and remove ICANN Board members On June 9 2016 NTIA issued its IANA Stewardship Transition Proposal Assessment Report 9 The report announced NTIA's formal determination that the transition proposal met the criteria set forth when NTIA announced its intention to transition U S government stewardship over IANA ICANN took a number of steps to implement the transition including the adoption of revised bylaws 10 Finally on September 30 2016 NTIA let its contract with ICANN expire and the transition was complete NTIA modified its cooperative agreement with Verisign to remove NTIA's role in authorizing changes to the authoritative root zone file 11 Additionally aspects of the Affirmation of Commitments--including mandated periodic community reviews12--were incorporated into the new ICANN bylaws U S Role Post-Transition With the IANA contract expired and the transition of ICANN away from NTIA authority the U S government--like any other nation--can provide input into the ICANN policymaking process through its participation in the Governmental Advisory Committee GAC GAC formal advice to the ICANN Board must be reached by full consensus 13 at which point the Board and GAC will try to find a mutually acceptable solution If a mutual agreement cannot be reached the Board can choose not to follow that advice by a vote of at least 60% of Board members Additionally the GAC will participate in the Empowered Community except in matters where the Empowered Community is deciding whether to challenge a board action based on GAC advice 9 Available at https www ntia doc gov report 2016 iana-stewardship-transition-proposal-assessment-report NTIA Press Release NTIA Finds IANA Stewardship Transition Proposal Meets Criteria to Complete Privatization June 9 2016 available at NTIA Finds IANA Stewardship Transition Proposal Meets Criteria to Complete Privatization 11 See https www ntia doc gov files ntia publications amendment_33 pdf 12 See https www icann org resources reviews specific-reviews 13 A formal objection by any one nation in the GAC blocks full consensus The accountability proposal and revised ICANN bylaws ensures that only a full consensus GAC decision will be considered by the ICANN Board 10 Congressional Research Service 5 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Legislative Activities in the 114th Congress Reflecting Congressional concerns over the U S government proposal to relinquish its contractual authority over ICANN legislation in the 114th Congress sought to prohibit limit or delay the transition DOTCOM Act The DOTCOM Act of the 113th Congress was reintroduced into the 114th Congress by Representative Shimkus as H R 805 on February 5 2015 As introduced the DOTCOM Act of 2015 would have prohibited NTIA from relinquishing responsibility over the Internet domain name system until GAO submitted a report to Congress examining the implications of the proposed transfer H R 805 would have directed GAO to issue the report no later than one year after NTIA received a transition proposal On June 17 2015 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce approved an amended DOTCOM Act The amended version of H R 805 reflected a bipartisan agreement and was approved unanimously by voice vote On June 23 2015 H R 805 was passed by the House 378-25 under suspension of the rules H R 805 as passed by the House does not permit NTIA's authority over the IANA function to terminate lapse be cancelled or otherwise cease to be in effect until 30 legislative days after NTIA submits a report to Congress on the final IANA transition proposal Specifically the report must contain the final transition proposal and a certification by NTIA that the proposal supports and enhances the multistakeholder model of Internet governance maintains the security stability and resiliency of the Internet domain name system meets the needs and expectations of the global customers and partners of IANA services maintains the openness of the Internet and does not replace the role of NTIA with a government-led or intergovernmental organization solution H R 805 also requires NTIA to certify that the required changes to ICANN's bylaws contained in the transition proposal have been adopted by ICANN S 1551 the Senate companion version of the DOTCOM Act of 2015 was introduced on June 11 2015 by Senator Thune The language of S 1551 is virtually identical to H R 805 as approved by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce S 1551 was referred to the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation FY2016 Department of Commerce Appropriations On June 3 2015 the House passed H R 2578 the FY2016 Commerce Justice Science CJS Appropriations Act which appropriated funds for DOC and NTIA Section 536 of H R 2578 stated that n one of the funds made available by this Act may be used to relinquish the responsibility of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration with respect to Internet domain name system functions including responsibility with respect to the authoritative root zone file and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions On June 16 2015 the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2016 Commerce Justice Science and Related Agencies Appropriations Act In the bill report S Rept 114-66 the committee directed NTIA to continue quarterly reports to the committee on all Congressional Research Service 6 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress aspects of the transition process and further directs NTIA to inform the Committee and the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation not less than 45 days in advance of any decision with respect to a successor contract The committee also stated that it continues to be concerned about this process and supports the continued stewardship role of the United States over the domain name system in order to ensure the security of the gov and mil domains and to protect the freedom of speech and expression internationally The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2016 P L 114-113 prevents NTIA from relinquishing its contractual control over IANA in FY2016 Section 539 of P L 114-113 states the following a None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to relinquish the responsibility of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration during fiscal year 2016 with respect to Internet domain name system functions including responsibility with respect to the authoritative root zone file and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions b Not withstanding any other law subsection a of this section shall not apply in fiscal year 2017 FY2017 Department of Commerce Appropriations On April 21 2016 the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2017 Commerce Justice Science and Related Agencies Appropriations Act S 2837 The bill report S Rept 114-239 expressed the committee's continued concern about the proposed IANA transition and the security of the gov and mil domains The committee directed NTIA to continue quarterly reports to the committee on all aspects of the transition process and further directed NTIA to inform the committee and the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation not less than 45 days in advance of any decision with respect to a successor IANA contract On May 24 2016 the House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2017 Commerce Justice Science CJS Appropriations act H R 5393 The committee continued seeking to prohibit NTIA from relinquishing authority over IANA in FY2017 Section 534 stated that for FY2017 n one of the funds made available by this Act may be used to relinquish the responsibility of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration with respect to Internet domain name system functions including responsibility with respect to the authoritative root zone file and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions The bill report H Rept 114-605 stated The Committee remains concerned by NTIA's intent to transition certain Internet domain name functions to the global multistakeholder community Any such transition represents a significant public policy change and should be preceded by an open and transparent process In order for this issue to be considered more fully by the Congress the Committee includes section 534 prohibiting funding for the transition However the FY2017 Continuing Resolution as passed by the Senate and House and signed into law on September 29 2016 P L 114-223 did not include language to prevent NTIA from allowing its contract with ICANN to expire on September 30 2016 thus enabling the transition to take place Congressional Research Service 7 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Other Legislation S 3034 the Protecting Internet Freedom Act was introduced by Senator Cruz on June 8 2016 The legislation would prohibit NTIA from relinquishing its authority over the IANA function and the root zone file unless Congress enacts a federal statute which expressly grants NTIA such authority The bill also requires that no later than 60 days after enactment NTIA shall provide to Congress a written certification that the U S government has secured sole ownership of the gov and mil top level domains and that NTIA has entered into a contract with ICANN ensuring that the U S government has exclusive control and use of the mil and gov domains in perpetuity On June 7 2016 Senator Cruz submitted language of the Protecting Internet Freedom Act as an amendment S Amdt 4486 to the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act S 2943 H R 5418 the companion House version of the Protecting Internet Freedom Act was introduced by Representative Duffy on June 9 2016 Other introduced legislation that addresses the proposed IANA transition includes H R 355 Global Internet Freedom Act of 2015 introduced by Representative Duffy on January 14 2015 which would prohibit NTIA from relinquishing its authority over the IANA functions H R 2251 Defending Internet Freedom Act of 2015 introduced by Representative Mike Kelly on May 15 2015 which would prohibit NTIA from relinquishing its responsibilities over domain name functions and the IANA function unless it certifies that the transition proposal meets certain specified criteria H R 5329 Securing America's Internet Domains Act of 2016 introduced by Representative Kelly of Pennsylvania on May 25 2016 which would require NTIA to extend the IANA functions contract unless it certifies that the United States government has secured sole ownership of the gov and mil top-level domains and that it has entered into a contract with ICANN that provides the United States with exclusive control and use of those domains in perpetuity S Res 71--designating the week of February 8 through February 14 2015 as Internet Governance Awareness Week --was introduced by Senator Hatch on February 5 2015 S Res 71 seeks to increase public awareness regarding NTIA's proposed transition encourage public education about the importance of the transition process and call the attention of the participants at the ICANN meeting in Singapore to the importance of designing accountability and governance reforms to best prepare ICANN for executing the responsibilities that it may receive under any transition of the stewardship of the IANA functions S Res 71 was passed by the Senate on February 5 2015 Congressional Hearings As part of its continuing oversight over NTIA and the domain name system a series of hearings were held in the 114th Congress on the proposed IANA transition and on ICANN's management of the domain name system Congressional Research Service 8 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress On February 25 2015 the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation held a hearing entitled Preserving the Multistakeholder Model of Internet Governance 14 On May 13 2015 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology held a hearing entitled Stakeholder Perspectives on the IANA Transition 15 On May 13 2015 the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts Intellectual Property and the Internet held a hearing entitled Stakeholder Perspectives on ICANN the Sucks Domain and Essential Steps to Guarantee Trust and Accountability in the Internet's Operation 16 On July 8 2015 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology held a hearing entitled Internet Governance Progress After ICANN 53 17 On March 17 2016 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology held a hearing entitled Privatizing the Internet Assigned Number Authority 18 On May 24 2016 the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation held a hearing entitled Examining the Multistakeholder Plan for Transitioning the Internet Assigned Number Authority 19 On September 14 2016 the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Oversight Agency Action Federal Rights and Federal Courts held a hearing entitled Protecting Internet Freedom Implications of Ending U S Oversight of the Internet 20 Debate over Future Models of Internet Governance Given its complexity diversity and international nature how should the Internet be governed Some assert that a multistakeholder model of governance is appropriate where all stakeholders both public and private sectors arrive at consensus through a transparent bottom-up process Others argue that a greater role for national governments is necessary either through increased influence through the multistakeholder model or under the auspices of an international body exerting intergovernmental control To date ICANN and the governance of the domain name system has been the focal point of this debate While ICANN's mandate is to manage portions of the technical infrastructure of the Internet domain names and IP addresses many of the decisions ICANN makes affect other 14 Testimony available at http www commerce senate gov public index cfm p Hearings Testimony available at http energycommerce house gov hearing stakeholder-perspectives-iana-transition 16 Testimony available at http judiciary house gov index cfm hearings ID 7E5AF16E-B1F8-45B8-803B9E389A9B745E 17 Testimony available at http energycommerce house gov hearing internet-governance-progress-after-icann-53 18 Testimony available at https energycommerce house gov hearings-and-votes hearings privatizing-internet-assignednumber-authority 19 Testimony available at http www commerce senate gov public index cfm hearings ID 418B1D81-1F0B-4E09BB71-A98FBABE42B9 20 Testimony available at http www judiciary senate gov meetings protecting-internet-freedom-implications-ofending-us-oversight-of-the-internet 15 Congressional Research Service 9 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress aspects of Internet policy including areas such as intellectual property privacy and cybersecurity These are areas which many national governments have addressed for their own citizens and constituencies through domestic legislation as well as through international treaties As part of the debate over an appropriate model of Internet governance criticisms of ICANN have arisen on two fronts One criticism reflects the tension between national governments and the current performance and governance processes of ICANN whereby governments feel they lack adequate influence over ICANN decisions that affect a range of Internet policy issues The other criticism has been fueled by concerns of many nations that the U S government has held undue legacy influence and control over ICANN and the domain name system The debate over multistakeholderism vs intergovernmental control initially manifested itself in 2005 at the World Summit on the Information Society WSIS which was a conference organized by the United Nations More recently this debate has been rekindled in various international fora Proposed Models for Internet Governance As discussed above ICANN is a working example of a multistakeholder model of Internet governance whereby a bottom-up collaborative process is used to provide Internet stakeholders with access to the policymaking process Support for the multistakeholder model of Internet governance is reflected in international organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD and the Group of Eight G8 For example the OECD's Communique on Principles for Internet Policy-Making cites multistakeholderism as a central tenet of Internet governance In particular continued support is needed for the multi-stakeholder environment which has underpinned the process of Internet governance and the management of critical Internet resources such as naming and numbering resources and these various stakeholders should continue to fully play a role in this framework Governments should also work in multi-stakeholder environments to achieve international public policy goals and strengthen international co-operation in Internet governance 21 Similarly at the G8 Summit of Deauville on May 26-27 2011 the G8 issued a declaration on its renewed commitment for freedom and democracy that contained a new section on the Internet Support for a multistakeholder model for Internet governance with a significant national government role was made explicit As we support the multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance we call upon all stakeholders to contribute to enhanced cooperation within and between all international fora dealing with the governance of the Internet In this regard flexibility and transparency have to be maintained in order to adapt to the fast pace of technological and business developments and uses Governments have a key role to play in this model 22 As discussed below in 2005 the World Summit on the Information Society WSIS considered four models of Internet governance of which three would have involved an intergovernmental body to oversee the Internet and the domain name system While the WSIS ultimately decided not 21 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD High Level Meeting The Internet Economy Generating Innovation and Growth Communique on Principles for Internet Policy-Making June 28-29 2011 p 4 available at http www oecd org dataoecd 33 12 48387430 pdf 22 G8 Declaration Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy G8 Summit of Deauville May 26-27 2011 available at http www g20-g8 com g8-g20 g8 english live news renewed-commitment-for-freedom-anddemocracy 1314 html Congressional Research Service 10 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress to pursue an intergovernmental model in 2005 some nations have again advocated an intergovernmental approach for Internet governance For example India Brazil and South Africa referred to as IBSA proposed that an appropriate body is urgently required in the U N system to coordinate and evolve coherent and integrated global public policies pertaining to the Internet The IBSA proposed body would integrate and oversee the bodies responsible for technical and operational functioning of the Internet including global standards setting 23 In order to implement the major aspects of the IBSA proposal the government of India proposed in the U N General Assembly the establishment of a new institutional mechanism in the United Nations for global Internet-related policies to be called the United Nations Committee for Internet-Related Policies CIRP CIRP would be comprised of 50 member states chosen on the basis of equitable geographical representation The Internet Governance Forum IGF and four advisory stakeholder groups would provide input to CIRP which would report directly to the General Assembly and present recommendations for consideration adoption and dissemination among all relevant intergovernmental bodies and international organizations 24 Another group of nations including China and the Russian Federation proposed a voluntary International Code of Conduct for Information Security for further discussion in the U N General Assembly The Code includes language that promotes the establishment of a multilateral transparent and democratic international management system to ensure an equitable distribution of resources facilitate access for all and ensure a stable and secure functioning of the Internet 25 On January 13 2015 the same group of nations released a revised International Code of Conduct for Information Security which states that all States must play the same role in and carry equal responsibility for international governance of the Internet its security continuity and stability of operation and its development in a way which promotes the establishment of multilateral transparent and democratic international Internet governance mechanisms which ensure an equitable distribution of resources facilitate access for all and ensure the stable and secure functioning of the Internet 26 23 IBSA Multistakeholder meeting on Global Internet Governance Recommendations September 1-2 2011 at Rio de Janeiro Brazil available at http www culturalivre org br artigos IBSA_recommendations_Internet_Governance pdf 24 The CIRP proposal is available at http igfwatch org discussion-board indias-proposal-for-a-un-committee-forinternet-related-policies-cirp 25 United Nations General Assembly Sixty-sixth session Item 93 of the provisional agenda Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security Letter dated 12 September 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of China the Russian Federation Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General September 14 2011 A 66 359 available at http blog internetgovernance org pdf UN-infosec-code pdf 26 United Nations General Assembly Letter Dated 9 January 2015 from the Permanent Representatives of China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan the Russian Federation Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General January 13 2015 p 5 available at http regmedia co uk 2015 02 04 un-internet-security13jan15 pdf Congressional Research Service 11 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Thus governments such as the United States and the European Union support ICANN's multistakeholder model while at the same time advocating increased governmental influence within that model 27 By contrast other nations support an expanded role for an intergovernmental model of Internet governance The debate has been summarized by NTIA as follows By engaging all interested parties multistakeholder processes encourage broader and more creative problem solving which is essential when markets and technology are changing as rapidly as they are They promote speedier more flexible decision making than is common under traditional top-down regulatory models which can too easily fall prey to rigid procedures bureaucracy and stalemate But there is a challenge emerging to this model in parts of the world Some nations appear to prefer an Internet managed and controlled by nation-states In December 2012 the U S will participate in the ITU's World Conference on International Telecommunications WCIT This treaty negotiation will conduct a review of the International Telecommunication Regulations ITRs the general principles which relate to traditional international voice telecommunication services We expect that some states will attempt to rewrite the regulation in a manner that would exclude the contributions of multi-stakeholder organizations and instead provide for heavy-handed governmental control of the Internet including provisions for cybersecurity and granular operational and technical requirements for private industry We do not support any of these elements It is critical that we work with the private sector on outreach to countries to promote the multi-stakeholder model as a credible alternative 28 2005 World Summit on the Information Society WSIS Following the creation of ICANN in 1998 many in the international community including foreign governments argued that it was inappropriate for the U S government to maintain its legacy authority over ICANN and the DNS They suggested that management of the DNS should be accountable to a higher intergovernmental body The United Nations at the first phase of the WSIS in December 2003 debated and agreed to study the issue of how to achieve greater international involvement in the governance of the Internet and the domain name system in particular The study was conducted by the U N 's Working Group on Internet Governance WGIG On July 14 2005 the WGIG released its report 29 stating that no single government should have a preeminent role in relation to international Internet governance The report called for further internationalization of Internet governance and proposed the creation of a new global forum for Internet stakeholders Four possible models were put forth including two involving the creation of new Internet governance bodies linked to the U N Under three of the four models ICANN would either be supplanted or made accountable to a higher intergovernmental body The report's conclusions were scheduled to be considered during the second phase of the WSIS held in Tunis in November 2005 U S officials stated their opposition to transferring control and 27 The European Commission has been a particularly strong voice in favor of significantly increasing GAC influence on the ICANN policy process See Kieren McCarthy European Commission calls for greater government control over Internet nxt August 31 2011 available at http news dot-nxt com 2011 08 31 ec-greater-government-control 28 Remarks by Lawrence Strickling Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information National Telecommunications and Information Administration Department of Commerce before the PLI FCBA Telecommunications Policy and Regulation Institute Washington DC December 8 2011 available at http www ntia doc gov speechtestimony 2011 remarks-assistant-secretary-strickling-practising-law-institutes-29thannual-te 29 Working Group on Internet Governance Report from the Working Group on Internet Governance World Summit on the Information Society Document WSIS-II PC-3 DOC 5-E August 3 2005 available at http www itu int wsis docs2 pc3 html off5 index html Congressional Research Service 12 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress administration of the domain name system from ICANN to any international body Similarly the 109th Congress expressed its support for maintaining existing U S control over ICANN and the DNS H Con Res 268 and S Res 323 30 The European Union EU initially supported the U S position However during the September 2005 preparatory meetings the EU seemingly shifted its support toward an approach which favored an enhanced international role in governing the Internet Conflict at the WSIS Tunis Summit over control of the domain name system was averted by the announcement on November 15 2005 of an Internet governance agreement between the United States the EU and over 100 other nations Under this agreement ICANN and the United States maintained their roles with respect to the domain name system A new international group under the auspices of the U N was formed--the Internet Governance Forum IGF --which would provide an ongoing forum for all stakeholders both governments and nongovernmental groups to discuss and debate Internet policy issues World Conference on International Telecommunications WCIT The World Conference on International Telecommunications WCIT was held in Dubai on December 3-14 2012 Convened by the International Telecommunications Union the ITU an agency within the United Nations the WCIT was a formal meeting of the world's national governments held in order to revise the International Telecommunications Regulations ITRs The ITRs previously revised in 1988 serve as a global treaty outlining the principles which govern the way international telecommunications traffic is handled Because the existing 24-year-old ITRs predated the Internet one of the key policy questions in the WCIT was how and to what extent the updated ITRs should address Internet traffic and Internet governance The Administration and Congress took the position that the new ITRs should continue to address only traditional international telecommunications traffic that a multistakeholder model of Internet governance such as ICANN should continue and that the ITU should not take any action that could extend its jurisdiction or authority over the Internet As the WCIT approached concerns heightened in the 112th Congress that the WCIT might potentially provide a forum leading to an increased level of intergovernmental control over the Internet On May 31 2012 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology held a hearing entitled International Proposals to Regulate the Internet 31 To accompany the hearing H Con Res 127 was introduced by Representative Bono Mack expressing the sense of Congress regarding actions to preserve and advance the multistakeholder governance model Specifically H Con Res 127 expressed the sense of Congress that the Administration should continue working to implement the position of the United States on Internet governance that clearly articulates the consistent and unequivocal policy of the United States to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful multistakeholder model that governs the Internet today H Con Res 127 was passed unanimously by the House 414-0 on August 2 2012 A similar resolution S Con Res 50 was introduced into the Senate by Senator Rubio on June 27 2012 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations The Senate resolution expressed the 30 In the 109th Congress H Con Res 268 was passed unanimously by the House on November 16 2005 S Res 323 was passed in the Senate by Unanimous Consent on November 18 2005 31 Available at http energycommerce house gov hearings hearingdetail aspx NewsID 9543 Congressional Research Service 13 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress sense of Congress that the Secretary of State in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce should continue working to implement the position of the United States on Internet governance that clearly articulates the consistent and unequivocal policy of the United States to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful multistakeholder model that governs the Internet today S Con Res 50 was passed by the Senate by unanimous consent on September 22 2012 On December 5 2012--shortly after the WCIT had begun in Dubai--the House unanimously passed S Con Res 50 by a vote of 397-0 During the WCIT a revision to the ITRs was proposed and supported by Russia China Saudi Arabia Algeria and Sudan that sought to explicitly extend ITR jurisdiction over Internet traffic infrastructure and governance Specifically the proposal stated that Member States shall have the sovereign right to establish and implement public policy including international policy on matters of Internet governance 32 The proposal also included an article establishing the right of Member States to manage Internet numbering naming addressing and identification resources The proposal was subsequently withdrawn However as an intended compromise the ITU adopted a nonbinding resolution Resolution 3 attached to the final ITR text entitled To Foster an enabling environment for the greater growth of the Internet Resolution 3 included language stating all governments should have an equal role and responsibility for international Internet governance and invited Member States to elaborate on their respective positions on international Internet-related technical development and public policy issues within the mandate of ITU at various ITU forums 33 Because of the inclusion of Resolution 3 along with other features of the final ITR text such as new ITU articles related to spam and cybersecurity the United States declined to sign the treaty The leader of the U S delegation stated the following The Internet has given the world unimaginable economic and social benefits during these past 24 years--all without UN regulation We candidly cannot support an ITU treaty that is inconsistent with a multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance As the ITU has stated this conference was never meant to focus on internet issues however today we are in a situation where we still have text and resolutions that cover issues on spam and also provisions on internet governance These past two weeks we have of course made good progress and shown a willingness to negotiate on a variety of telecommunications policy issues such as roaming and settlement rates but the United States continues to believe that internet policy must be multi-stakeholder driven Internet policy should not be determined by member states but by citizens communities and broader society and such consultation from the private sector and civil society is paramount This has not happened here 34 Of the 144 eligible members of the ITU 89 nations signed the treaty while 55 either chose not to sign such as the United States or remain undecided 35 32 See Article 3A Proposals for the Work of the Conference available at http files wcitleaks org public Merged%20UAE%20081212 pdf 33 International Telecommunications Union Final Acts World Conference on International Telecommunications Dubai 2012 Resolution 3 p 20 available at http www itu int en wcit-12 Documents final-acts-wcit-12 pdf 34 Statement delivered by Ambassador Terry Kramer from the floor of the WCIT December 13 2012 U S Department of State Press Release U S Intervention at the World Conference on International Telecommunications December 13 2012 available at http www state gov r pa prs ps 2012 12 202037 htm 35 The official ITU list of signatories and non-signatories is at http www itu int osg wcit-12 highlights signatories html Congressional Research Service 14 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress While the WCIT in Dubai is concluded the international debate over Internet governance is expected to continue in future intergovernmental telecommunications meetings and conferences The 113th Congress oversaw and supported the U S government's continuing efforts to resist international attempts to exert control over Internet governance On February 5 2013 the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology held a hearing entitled Fighting for Internet Freedom Dubai and Beyond The hearing was held jointly with the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism Nonproliferation and Trade and the Subcommittee on Africa Global Health Global Human Rights and International Organizations On April 16 2013 H R 1580 a bill To Affirm the Policy of the United States Regarding Internet Governance was introduced by Representative Walden Using language similar to the WCIT-related congressional resolutions passed by the 112th Congress S Con Res 50 and H Con Res 127 H R 1580 stated that It is the policy of the United States to preserve and advance the successful multistakeholder model that governs the Internet On May 14 2013 H R 1580 was passed unanimously 413-0 by the House of Representatives Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation In October 2013 the President of ICANN and the leaders of other major organizations responsible for globally coordinating Internet technical infrastructure36 met in Montevideo Uruguay and released a statement calling for strengthening the current mechanisms for global multistakeholder Internet cooperation Their recommendations included the following They reinforced the importance of globally coherent Internet operations and warned against Internet fragmentation at a national level They expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance They identified the need for ongoing effort to address Internet Governance challenges and agreed to catalyze community-wide efforts toward the evolution of global multistakeholder Internet cooperation They called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions toward an environment in which all stakeholders including all governments participate on an equal footing 37 NETmundial The day after the Montevideo Statement was released the President of ICANN met with the President of Brazil who announced plans to hold an international Internet governance summit in April 2014 that would include representatives from government industry civil society and academia NETmundial which was described as a global multistakeholder meeting on the future of Internet governance was held on April 23-24 2014 in Sao Paulo Brazil 38 The meeting was open to all interested stakeholders and was intended to focus on crafting Internet governance 36 The Internet Society World Wide Web Consortium Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Architecture Board and all five of the regional Internet address registries 37 Full statement is available at http www icann org en news announcements announcement-07oct13-en htm 38 Further information on NETmundial is available at http netmundial br Congressional Research Service 15 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress principles and proposing a roadmap for the further evolution of the Internet governance ecosystem 39 The outcome of NETmundial produced a nonbinding NETmundial Multistakeholder Statement 40 that set forth general Internet governance principles and identified issues to be discussed at future meetings on the future evolution of Internet governance According to the U S government delegation at NETmundial the meeting outcome reaffirmed the multistakeholder model of Internet governance endorsed the transition of the U S government's stewardship role of IANA functions to the global multistakeholder community emphasized the importance of strengthening and expanding upon the mandate of the Internet Governance Forum and underscored the importance of human rights in the implementation of a free and open Internet 41 NETmundial Initiative On August 28 2014 the creation of a NETmundial Initiative for Internet Governance Cooperation and Development was announced by the World Economic Forum in partnership with ICANN and other governmental industry academic and civil society stakeholders While having no formal relationship with the April 2014 NETmundial summit held in Brazil the purpose of the NETmundial Initiative is to apply the NETmundial Principles to solve issues in concrete ways to enable an effective and distributed approach to Internet cooperation and governance 42 2014 Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan The ITU's three-week Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan Republic of Korea concluded on November 7 2014 The purpose of the conference which meets every four years is to set ITU general policies adopt four-year strategic and financial plans and elect ITU officials Prior to the conference the U S delegation headed by the State Department had concerns that some ITU members would attempt to expand ITU's role in Internet governance In the view of the State Department the conference concluded successfully with the member states decid ing not to expand the ITU's role in Internet governance or cybersecurity issues accepting that many of those issues are outside of the mandate of the ITU 43 WSIS 10 On December 15-16 2015 the United Nations General Assembly held a high-level meeting in New York to review the implementation of outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society WSIS The meeting was preceded by an intergovernmental process that took into account inputs from all relevant WSIS stakeholders 44 During this process some nations argued for an enhanced role for national governments in Internet governance and the internationalization 39 Ibid Available at http netmundial br wp-content uploads 2014 04 NETmundial-Multistakeholder-Document pdf 41 United States Diplomatic Mission to Brazil Official Statement by the USG Delegation to NETmundial April 25 2014 available at http brazil usembassy gov statementusgdeletationnetmundial html 42 World Economic Forum NETmundial Initiative available at http www3 weforum org docs WEF_1NetmundialInitiativeBrief pdf 43 U S Department of State Outcomes from the International Telecommunication Union 2014 Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan Republic of Korea media note available at http www state gov r pa prs ps 2014 11 233914 htm 44 Information on WSIS 10 is available at http unpan3 un org wsis10 GA-High-Level-Meeting 40 Congressional Research Service 16 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress of ICANN and the domain name system 45 The WSIS 10 outcome document supported the need to promote greater participation and engagement in Internet governance discussions that should involve governments the private sector civil society international organizations the technical and academic communities and all other relevant stakeholders 46 The outcome document also supported the role of the Internet Governance Forum IGF and the General Assembly extended the IGF mandate for another 10 years The U S government supported the WSIS 10 outcome stating that it establishes a strong foundation for the next ten years based on multi-stakeholder collaboration 47 The United States further stated that greater governmental control could allow repressive regimes to advance policies for censorship or content controls on the web - which is anathema to what the Internet should be about 48 Internet Governance and Terrorism With ongoing concern over the use of the Internet by terrorist organizations the question has arisen whether Internet governance mechanisms could be used to combat the use of the Internet by terrorist entities Traditionally nation-states can govern the use and content of the Internet within their national boundaries and many have the authority pursuant to their respective national laws to monitor block and or shut down websites within their borders 49 In some instances these powers and actions have been controversial when for example antiterrorism concerns may be used to justify censorship or the suppression of free speech on the Internet 50 On an international level governance of the Internet with respect to its content and use is problematic As discussed earlier in this report the Internet is decentralized and its functioning relies on the cooperation and participation by mostly private sector stakeholders around the world As such there is no international governance entity that currently has authority to remove global Internet content used to promote terrorism While there have been proposals to establish some level of authority over the Internet by the United Nations these proposals have originated for the most part from regimes such as China Russia and Iran and have been consistently opposed by the United States and other Western nations who fear that increased United Nations authority over the Internet would ultimately support censorship and suppression of free speech 51 Could ICANN--a functioning model of nongovernmental multistakeholder Internet governance--be deployed to restrict or limit the use of the global Internet by terrorist groups Currently ICANN administers the technological infrastructure of the Internet domain names 45 See for example comments submitted to the U N General Assembly by China http workspace unpan org sites Internet Documents UNPAN95318 pdf and Russia http workspace unpan org sites Internet Documents UNPAN95301 pdf 46 General Assembly of the United Nations WSIS 10 Outcome Countries Adopt New Plan to Utilize Internet and Information Technologies in Implementation of New Sustainable Development Agenda press release December 16 2015 available at http www un org pga 70 2015 12 16 press-release-wsis10-outcome 47 Catherine A Novelli Under Secretary for Economic Growth Energy and the Environment U S Department of State Statement by the United States of America at the WSIS 10 High Level Meeting December 15 2015 available at http www state gov e rls rmk 250719 htm 48 Ibid 49 See for example Conway Maura Terrorism and Internet Governance Core Issues Disarmament Forum 2007 pp 23-34 available at http www peacepalacelibrary nl ebooks files UNIDIR_pdf-art2644 pdf 50 See CRS Report R41837 Promoting Global Internet Freedom Government and Industry Initiatives by Patricia Moloney Figliola 51 For example see the previous section on the 2012 World Conference International Telecommunications WCIT in this report Congressional Research Service 17 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Internet protocol numbers and standards and explicitly does not regulate Internet content Any attempt to change ICANN policy toward regulating Internet content would likely be strongly opposed by most of the Internet stakeholders who administer and set policy for ICANN through a consensus process Issues for Congress Congress has played an important role overseeing NTIA's stewardship of ICANN and ICANN's management of the domain name system The House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation have held numerous oversight hearings exploring ICANN's performance in general as well as specific DNS issues that arise Additionally other committees such as the House and Senate Judiciary Committees maintain an interest in the DNS as it affects Internet policy issues such as intellectual property privacy and cybercrime Since 1997 congressional committees have held over 40 hearings on the DNS and ICANN 52 The 114th Congress closely examined NTIA's proposal to relinquish its authority over ICANN and the DNS thereby transitioning ICANN to a wholly multistakeholder-driven entity With the transition now complete Congress may continue assessing how effectively NTIA is advancing U S government positions within the Governmental Advisory Committee Of particular interest may be to what extent ongoing and future intergovernmental telecommunications conferences constitute an opportunity for some nations to increase intergovernmental control over the Internet--at the expense of the multistakeholder system of Internet governance--and how effectively NTIA and other government agencies such as the State Department are working to counteract that threat Finally the ongoing debate over Internet governance will likely have a significant impact on how other aspects of the Internet may be governed in the future especially in such areas as intellectual property privacy law enforcement Internet free speech and cybersecurity Looking forward the institutional nature of Internet governance could have far-reaching implications on important policy decisions that will likely shape the future evolution of the Internet 52 For a complete list see the Appendix in CRS Report 97-868 Internet Domain Names Background and Policy Issues by Lennard G Kruger Congressional Research Service 18 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Appendix ICANN Basics ICANN is a not-for-profit public benefit corporation headquartered in Los Angeles CA and incorporated under the laws of the state of California ICANN is organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Law for charitable and public purposes and as such is subject to legal oversight by the California attorney general ICANN has been granted tax-exempt status by the federal government and the state of California 53 ICANN's organizational structure consists of a Board of Directors BOD advised by a network of supporting organizations and advisory committees that represent various Internet constituencies and interests see Figure A-1 Policies are developed and issues are researched by these subgroups who in turn advise the Board of Directors which is responsible for making all final policy and operational decisions The Board of Directors consists of 16 international and geographically diverse members composed of one president eight members selected by a Nominating Committee two selected by the Generic Names Supporting Organization two selected by the Address Supporting Organization two selected by the Country-Code Names Supporting Organization and one selected by the At-Large Advisory Committee Additionally there are five nonvoting liaisons representing other advisory committees The explosive growth of the Internet and domain name registration increasing responsibilities in managing and operating the DNS and the rollout of the new gTLD program has led to marked growth of the ICANN budget from revenues of about $6 million and a staff of 14 in 2000 to total support and revenue of $162 9 million and a headcount of 382 budgeted for 2016 54 ICANN has been traditionally funded primarily through fees paid to ICANN by registrars and registry operators Registrars are companies e g GoDaddy Google Network Solutions with which consumers register domain names 55 Registry operators are companies and organizations that operate and administer the master database of all domain names registered in each top level domain for example VeriSign Inc operates com and net Public Interest Registry operates org and Neustar Inc operates biz 56 ICANN also collects significant revenue from new gTLD application fees an estimated $49 5 million in 2016 53 ICANN 2008 Annual Report December 31 2008 p 24 available at http www icann org en annualreport annualreport-2008-en pdf 54 ICANN FY16 Operating Plan Budget June 25 2015 pp 12 27 available at https www icann org en system files files adopted-opplan-budget-fy16-25jun15-en pdf 55 A list of ICANN-accredited registrars is available at http www icann org en registries agreements htm 56 A list of current agreements between ICANN and registry operators is available at http www icann org en registries agreements htm Congressional Research Service 19 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System Issues for Congress Figure A-1 Organizational Structure of ICANN Source ICANN http www icann org en groups chart Author Contact Information Lennard G Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy lkruger@crs loc gov 7-7070 Congressional Research Service 20                     National Security Archive    Suite 701  Gelman Library  The George Washington University    2130 H Street  NW  Washington  D C  20037    Phone  202 994‐7000  Fax  202 994‐7005  nsarchiv@gwu edu