Ol lJanOl Memo To The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld Defense Secretary Designate Subject Transition Opportunity Issue Pentagon Bureaucracy From M R Ho nann In a change of Administration particularly when the whole National Security establishment needs such a major reorientation weak word the question of the copious overstaf ng of the Pentagon needs quick attention There are a number of devices to do this such as consolidation of the functions of two of ces the retention of an incumbent individual in a job which is then abolished leaving jobs un lled and then abolishing etc Distinction must be made between statutory positions required by Congress and those over which the Executive Branch has control for this purpose The problem will be sorting out the really key positions as Opposed to those positions in which the incumbent was not up to the job People like Hamre Perry etc from the recent Administration may be help il as well as recently retired Military and Civilians among the various self-styled experts in Washington in whom you have particular con dence CSIS and others may have material already in the can which could be helpful Proposing Legislation abolishing certain jobs gives the opportunity to leave them un lled until the resulting legislative issue is resolved 1 snow ake SECRETARY OF DEFENSE MEMO February 19 2001 10 43 AM TO Rich Havcr FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Interview wil-Iayden Take a look at this interview with Mike Hayden and tell me what you think about this Attachment 021901-12 REPLY TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSEurn r1730 #715 loo-roe ma semen-emu are such close quarters in that area that when anyone needs to walk by you you - to you know aside It contains a lot of equipment It s the hub of the control of the ip A GJEL 1 - avy o cials are not releasing the names of the civilians - - ware aboard ththeencville last Friday citing - concerns They insist there's no reason to t - the visitors contributed to the accident Comm 1 - hehnisarelatively simpletask on 1 ne often assigned to an inertperieneed crew - - - Captain Torn Kyle I chiefof staff of the U S Paci c Fleet last night emphasin that visi - sitting at the controls 3 Greeneville would hardly have been responsible for the ship's actions CAPT TOM KYLE stations on the ship they wereunder- that person that military person - d-dtakeeonu Still neithu - Vy nor the NTSB invoqi have come Up with an explanation for why theGreenevillem of cialsaidtheNaVY'SOWTl investigation coul- leadto criminal ehmgeabeing led commandant other crew members if - -- ts evidutee of negligence Tom NPR News Washington C7 60 MINUTES II CBS TV A 9 00 PM FEBRUARY 13 200 Interview with NBA Director Gen Mike Hayden SCOTT FELLEY co-host How strong is America s national security We have a sobering answer tonight from a man who knows The head of the National security Agency admits that we're at risk and terrorists like Osama bin Laden may have some advantages That sort of candor is unprecedented and so is what you re about to see- the inner workings of the most secretive spy agency in the world a place where news cameras have never been permitted until our national security correspondent David Martin got inside DAVID MARTIN reporting If you think the CIA is this country's biggest most powerful Spy agency think again The biggest by far twice as big as the CIA is the National Security Agency which eavesdrops on communications all over the world A phone call intercepted by NSA is often the rst wanting a terrorist like Osama bin Laden is planning an attack against Americans To nd that one threatening phone call or fax or e-mail or radio transmission among the billions being made each day NSA relies on rooms full of supercomputers But the NSA has fallen on hard times and in many ways is facing a national security nightmare One example the night General Mike Hayden the director of NSA got a call from the agency's watch o cer with the word that every single one of those computers had crashed Mr MIKE HAYDEN I went through a series of questions in kind of disbelief and think How many A computers are donut And the answer was All of them Footage of tri e snowstorm Hayden womanMARTIN Voiceover It was January of 2000 and while much of the East Coast dug out from a surprise snowstorm Hayden went on closed circuit television to warn his work force what was at stake Gen HAYDEN I said this is secret This cannot be the second half of a sentence that begins Honey you won t believe what happened to me at work today because the knowledge that we were down would increase the risk signi cantly to Americans around the world MARTIN The NSA was essentially brain dead Gen HAYDEN NSA headquarters was brain dead We had some residual ability at our locations around the world but I don t want to trivialize this This was really bad Footage of computers Hayden woman aerial view of NM barbed wire guard dog man Director s Suite MARTIN Voiceover The computers were back up in three and a half days but there was no denying the enormity of what had happened or other problems Hayden had discovered when he took over NSA But before you can understand just much trouble NSA is in you have to understand what it does For ve decades that was next to impossible because outsiders were almost never allowed inside this compound surrounded by barbed wire and guard dogs Too much secrecy was part of problem Hayden decided so going public is part of his solution Gen HAYDEN You're sitting in the headquarters David of a very powerful and a traditionally very secret organization Footage of listening post map MARTIN Voiceover An organization which operates listening posts all over the world Simply put You eavesdrop on people s conununications Gen HAYDEN That would be simply put It s not the way it it s not the phrase that we use But again we're involved in signals intelligence Footage of signals intelligence listening post satellites antennas MARTTN Voiceover Here s what signals intelligence looks like The exact location of this listening post is secret but it is one of many intercepting radio transmissions phone calls e-mails and faxes NSA on the communications of both enemies and nds of the US but Hayden will never tell you exactly who all these antennas are listening to Gen HAYDEN If the target didn t think he or she was conununicating privately they wouldn t communicate And so the key to this business is actually doing what your adversary believes to be impossible Footage of NSA's epicenter flashing light workers Bernadine MARTIN V oiceover This is the epicenter of NSA a room so secret we were ordered to turn off our A microphones And those lights are ashing to warn everyone we are in this inner sanctum Intercepted communications are funneled through this Operations center 24 hours a day seven days a week under the 3am 1 f'N 4 119 direction of Richard Belaradino Mr RICHARD BERARADINO It s quite frankly intelligence that s owing from the horse s mouth so to speak MARTIN The horse s mouth being the adversary Mr BERARADINO Correct MARTIN So you re hearing real time what some of our adversaries are saying Mr BERARADDIO Correct Footage of man text on screen NSA workers at computer stations MARTIN V oiceover For example the actual conversations of Iraqi air defense gunners getting ready to take a shot at an American plane are monitored and warnings are sent out via a top-secret chat room This is as close as you ll ever get to what NSA really does Computerized Voice Attention Attention Footage of man walking down hallway entering a room MARTIN Voiceover NSA has a gauntlet of security devices to keep outsiders out Unidenti ed Man #1 It s a ngerprint identi cation system MARTIN So instead of typing in your Unidenti ed Man Simply present your nger to gain access Footage of scanner man picture of eyeball MARTIN V oiceover There are scanners that recognize the eyeballs of those who work Computerized Voice Identity con rmed Access granted Footage of Martin at security scanner MARTIN V oiceover and screen out those who don't Computerized Voice Please move forward a little Please move forward a little We are sorry You are not identi ed Footage of woman at keypad woman cyberscanned MARTIN V oiceover O ice keys are never taken home they re issued by machine each morning Unidenti ed Man OK Stand still Itl'lAM 1 A 5119 MARTIN Voiceover Some of what goes on here is straight out of a James Bond movie This is called a cyberscan Footage of 3-D image Mr DAVE MURLEY Voiceover That actually generates a titres-dimensional capture of her face Footage of Mmky Martin MARTIN Voiceover There is even a real life named Dave Mmley who is searching for a foolproof way of preventing imposters from logging on to NSA's computers Mr MURIEY Right now the system is locked so you can't type anything on it But as soon as I change to a position where I would be using the Footage of circles around Marley's face on screen Martin Mr MURJEY you'll see the red circle came around my face That indicated it found a face Now there's a green one there That indicates that it recognized my face MARTIN And now you can type on the computer Mr MURLEY Now the computer is mine to do with what I wish Footage of Martin at computer MARTIN Right Mr MURIEYme and when you come into MARTIN Where am Mr MURIEY Just sup in front of it It has recognized that there is a face present but it s not my face and you're not allowed to use the computer MARTIN Wrong face Mr MURLBY Wrong face Footage of fake Dave MARTIN V oiceover But what about a more clever imposter Mr MURLEY This was done by one of those companies that does masks for Hollywood A number of special techniques have been used to match the coloring and to produce material that looks a lot like esh Now we ll use the fake Dave to come in and try and enter the system Footage of fake Dave on screen Mr MURIEYL And there you can see the fake Dave has been recognized as a face It s thrown the red mm err AM 1 ms mung A 60fl9 circle around it but the circle does not go green And it does not recognize the fake Dave as the real Dave Altered footage of government trash man recycled pulp Vern Shi lett MARTIN V oiceover At NSA even the trash is a government secret We had to alter these picture-rte prevent secret codes and frequencies from seeing the light of day40 000 pounds of classi ed documents each day recycling them into pulp that is shipped off to become tissue paper Mr VERN We clean this out Footage of Martin andShi lett MARTIN Voiceover Vern Shi lett makes sure no secret gets out of here alive Mr We call this non-quali ed pulp MARTIN I d call it the dregs Mr Well in our minds it's still classi ed material MARTIN You re kidding me now This stuff is still classi ed Mr Right It could just be one small portion in there Footage of NSA employees MARTIN Voiceover Until recently NSA employees were forbidden to tell their neighbors even their families what they did for a living That kind of fanatical secrecy is one of the reasons the public almost never nds out what NSA is up to NSA o eiala say that on any given day the majority of intelligence that shows up in the president's morning brie ng comes from here If NSA is that important to what the president knows about the rest of the world then it might alarm you to learn that according to one classi ed report NSA is quite literally going deaf Hayden insists it s not that bad but he concedes his agency has a very big problem Gen HAYDEN We re behind the curve in keeping up with the global telecommunications revolution Yes we are Footage of Hayden Martin MARTIN V oiceover NSA is now playing catch-up to Silicon Valley and all the cell phones and computers that have proliferated around the world Gen HAYDEN In a previous world order our primary adversary was the Soviet Union an oligarchic slow-moving nation-state Our adversary communications are now based upon the developmental cycle of a global industry that is literally moving at the speed of light Cell phones ber optic communications digital communications it it goes on and on Just-just think of all the ways that you and and your viewers communicate Those are all available to people who would do harm to the United States of America AM 1 1-L-055QIOSDI41 ml acme 170 Jim rm rm mammal Footage of bombed embassy rescuers Osama bin Laden bunting vehicle MARTIN V oiceover Documents introduced at the trial of the four men accused of blowing up two American embassies in Africa indicate NSA was monitoring Osama bin Laden s satellite phone as he allegedly directed preparations for the attack from his hiding place in Afghanistan Even so NSA was unable to collect enough intelligence to stop it I think people have a hard time understanding why if during the Cold War you could stay either even or a step ahead of the big bad Soviet Union with all of its might why you can't stay a step ahead of Oaama bin Laden Gen HAYDEN The Soviet Union for its telecommunications had to rely on those things the Soviet Union built Osama bin Laden has at his disposal the wealth of a SB-u-illion a-year telecommunications industry that he can rely on MARTIN He has better technology Gen HAYDEN That s one He has better technology available to him I can t get into operational details about what it is we know or don't know about him Photo of Oeama bin Laden message Zimmermann MARTIN V It is nightmare terrorists like Osama bin Laden using technology developed right here in the United States to hide their plans to attack Americans And here s one way they could do it software deveIOped by computer maverick Phil Zimmermann that uses to make messages unreadable Mr PHIL ZIMMERMANN This is some document a technical document that we want to before we send it out on the Internet and this is what it looks like Footage of message Zimmerman MARTIN Voiceover calls his program Pretty Good Privacy He distributes it for free on the Intemet so average citizens can protect themselves from surveillance of organizations like NSA Anyone can download it MARTIN Good guys and bad guys Mr MRMANN That s true But I can t think of a way of making it available to the good guys without also making it available to the bad guys So a person who wants to protect their credit card number has the same access to Pretty Good Privacy as a terrorist who s plotting to kill Americans Mr W hat s true MARTIN Does that bother you Mr MMANN It bothers me a great deal but I don t know how to solve that problem 2mm 3 11 1 Footage of fence satellite inside supercomputers MARTIN V oiceover And neither does NSA No organization has spent more time and money on A breaking codes After all if you can tbreak the code there's no point in intercepting the message which is why NSA is armed with an arsenal of supercomputers some of them capable of performing more than one trillion operations per second to help decipher unreadable jumbles of letters and numbers NSA has always had statcaof-the-art computers but they were increasingly hard pressed to keep up with the sheer volume of traf c As the demands grew the system was stretched thinner and Footage of supercomputers MARTIN Voiceover 4de nally on that night in January of 2000 it crashed Gen HAYDEN We actually were down We were dark Our ability to process information was gone -MARTIN Was this the ultimate wake-up call Gen HAYDEN Of course Of course Footage of Hayden in his of ce MARTIN V oiceover It wasn t Hayden s rst wake-up call When he became director two years ago he conunissioned two studies of NSA and got back a scathing indictment of a stagnant and unwieldy government bureaucracy There is confusion and paralysis the reports said We have run out of time Some of these descriptions are descriptions of a dysfunctional agency Civilian personnel wrote their own promotion reports and supervisors endorsed the reports even if they did not agree Now that s crazy Gen HAYDEN Yeah I would agree with that Footage of Hayden MARTIN Voiceover Instead of hiding those problems easy to do in a top-secret agency-Hayden made sure those daunting reports were posted on the Internet for all to see Gen HAYDEN I had these reports and they were almost like a license MARTIN A license to break some china Gm HAYDEN Exactly And and l l David l actually told the work force that We re going to move People had to understand that standing still was not going to be an option Footage of building vehicles traveling down street workers Hayden MARTIN V oiceover The high walls that kept secrets safe for half a century also kept out the innovative spirit of the information revolution Now Mike Hayden is trying to stir up a revolution of his own inside the least known most powerful institution in America and he has only one year left before his A tour or duty ends mm mam mm 1 woo m Gen HAYDEN This isn't about people doing bad things This is about an agency that s grown up in one world learned a way to succeed within that world and now nds itself in another world and it s got to change if it hopes to succeed in that second universe A Footage of 60 MINUTES 11 clock Announcer V oiceover For the history of codes and code breaking from Meta Had to the Cold War log on to checom 9 of alumina AN 1 snow ake February 2001 2 29 PM TO The Honorable Rudy de Leon FROM Donald Rumsfeld pr SU BJECT Homeland The word homeland is a strange word Homeland Defense sounds more Gannon than American Also it smacks ol isolationism which I am uncomfortable with Third what we are really talking about I suppose is population as opposed to homeland Let's visit about this DHdeh 022701-21 REPLY TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE March 13 2001 8 39 AM TO William Schneider FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Maintenance 1 read in the paper this week that it takes 40 hours of maintenance to keep an 16 in the air after a ight Would you have someone take a look at that DHRidh 03 1 30 I --1 1 snow ake April 10 2001 8 31 AM TO Rudy de Leon FROM Donald Rumsfeld 7 SUBJECT Pentagon Bureaucracy What do we do about the Pentagon bureaucracy Please take a look at this memo from Marty Hoffmann and tell me what you think Thanks Attach 1 1 0 I Hof nann Memo Pentagon Bureaucracy DHdeh 041001-31 1 snow ake 4 April 25 2001 8 34 AM SUBJECT Outsourcing The Marines are now outsourcing 100% of their mess halls Why don t the Army Navy and Air Force do that I want to talk to the Service Secretaries about this 04250 i -2 g May 11 2001 8 53 AM TU Dov Zakheim Comptroller Barry Watts Pete Aldridge FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Defense Manpower Levels Over Time Attached is some information on OSD personnel you might nd of interest We certainly are going to want to reduce the size of OSD As soon as you are confirmed please respond to this memo with some suggestions for your area of responsibility The same principle 1 think goes for the Service secretaries Attach 2114 01 memo to SecDef re Defense Manpower Levels Over Time DHdeh 051101-6 IRZL Qmen6%uug Slime ame DAJID Cm Bout Col-m U12606 50 310 Lott U l02 snow ake TO Mark FROM Donald DATE May 29 2001 SUBJECT You might want to look at his article Democracy and Foreign Policy I don't have time to read it but someone said then won some good things in it Thanks 05290L31 Attach Democracy 8 Foreign Policy by John L Gnddin U10130 01 1 Democracy and Foreign Policy John Lewis Geddh Department of History signi cant thing historians of fume centuries will remember about the one through which we ve just lived In 1900 the world contained no democracia if we can de ne Ihatterm Horeedoes tomeonstatesin which universal suffrage produced competitive multiparty elections Not even the United States or Great Britain quali ed since both at thattime denied the vote to women and in the ease ofthe U 5 to African-Americans and other minorities as well Haifa century later in 1950 other two world were 22 states qualified as democratic according to the Freedom House standard comprising mil 1% ol'tlte world s population But by the year 2000 after a dangerous and pron-acted cold war there were 120 democracies which meant that 63% of the earth's people now lived mder democratic rule Thehlstory ol stntesgoes beck shootSOllyeers andthe history at empiree goesbecirobouttentimes anther Dcntoerneiesin thernodemsense then have therefore existed only for something like one ftieth oftlte history ol'httman governance -- and for only about a third even onele's history For democracy to have spresdso development much violence for at rto other time had people perfected the techniques of killing one nnotherwith eseole arose fromsuch unprornising circumstanccs Whot therole oflhe United eoingl ronthere The traditional American explanation l'orthe spread ofdemoerttey goes something like this The Founding Partners drawing upon their admiration for ancient Greek precedents while fearing the Iossof their liberties within In all too contemporary British Empire imported long-downer seeds of democracy into a new world where they immediately took root and ourished The rrsulting democratic where itquleldy underminedthemost powerful lnmotiortemoregmduslbm no la signi cant political evolution withht Great Britelrr itself So when Woodrow hluhho- sum in mm 1 2 Wilson brought the United States into World War in 1911 with his call to ntalre the world safe for democracy he was only continuing on a wider scale the process of democratic transplantation that Thomas Jefferson began in 1776 whenhe had proclaimed that all men are created equal The American Revolution was thus was the moat potent or all revolutions which explains why so much ofthe world today follows its example There are however several problems with this explanation First the Founding Fathers were far more republican than democratic in their thinking to the extent that ancient precedents shaped it they came more from Rome than Greece Second the idea of a competitive mold-party syaent badly frightened these leaders and the prospect of universal suffrage would have astounded them 'l hird the history of the United States during its rst would hardly have inspired demoaatization elsewhere One of its central features alter all was the persistence ol slavery advanced societies together with the fact that one ot'tl'tc bloodiest wars ofthe 19 century had been required to eradicate it For decades afterwards the American practice of democracy retained glaring inconsistencies Wilson himself who spoke so grandly of extending democracy throughout the world had not the slightest intention ol'extending that same right to the Former victims at home So explanation ofdemoeratic di isionand considernrtotherone continental might plausibly have pavedlheway fortheettpansion oi'dcrnocracy inthel cunts-y The firstol'thesewastheemergence inlhea ctmathoi'the industrial Revolution after open market system which broke down the old patterns of by which states had sought however intellectually to control the economic lives of their citizens The tie exchange ofoomrnodities according to this argument cannot help but promote the free exchange of ideas polities follows economics The second tectonic shift was the communications revolution orthe late ts century - i mean here the expansion ofliteraey together with the development or mass-circulation newspapers and in the telegraph and telephone the rst primitive forms of instant electronic communication - all of which made it harder lm it had been for states to conceal information or to keep people ii-orn sharing it among themselves the impulse of democracy which began in mother century in other lands has made itself Fully felt in our time Lord Salisbury achrowledged in 1897 adding with evident relief that vast changes in the centre of power and incidence of responsibility have been made almost imperceptibly without any or hindrance in the progress ol'the prosperous development oi'the But there's a problem with this explanation as well for it's possible to argue that it was precisely these two tectonic forces - market capitalism and mass communications - that paved the way for the most appalling authoritarian excesses of 1 Dl274 the 20 cenhny Karl um anticipated the mechanism with his claim that bonus capitalism distribmes wealth unequally it also eocomages social alienation and most historians would see in such alienation as it manifested itselfduring the late and early 20 centuries the roots ofboth comrmmism and fosdsm the success oflhese moments in turn owes much to the skill with which their leaders-Win Trotsky Stalin and weirdly Hitler-exploited the new means of mass cornnumleation The tectonic explanation gets us little further than Ie 'ersonian u'unsplantntion in helping therefore sineeitalsohelpstoexplainthe spread of authoritarianism It's always worth mothering as Yogi Berra didn't say but should have that history isn't history until after it s happened To see the logic ofthis step into your nearestavailabletime machine pastyouehoose and eheektoseehow happening now Drop in for example on the ceremonies stmotmding the Yale bicentennial a launcher years ago How likely it would have seemed on that occasion henna one in the world bade truly democratic form ofgovertuoent-that two- thirds of the world s population would have such govenuoents by the time ol'this occasion Hadyousuggestedatcha tltingto campus in 190 the answer would have been I imagine something like don'tbet your top hat on it Let us switch then to an explanation which while it does not neglect the impact ol'eiiher the American example or the underlying tectonics does not depend upon them either it has to do with the role orcontingency in history Because great events determine scrunch did AprimeertarnpleisWorld WuLortheGrearWaruitwus unevengrcoteronecamealong Without this catastrophe we can safely surmise the remaining history or the 20 would have been very different But because we cannot know the nature of those differences we no o en rely on the dubious doctrine of heritability in seeking wanenditssubsequentevolution That makes one of its most important consequences -Ihe emergence of would then enter it and help to bring about on allied victory Certainly Wilson had not foreseen when he entered the White otnn in 1913 that he would he shaping a European peace settlement in 1913-19 it would be the greatest irony he commented shortly onet- taking omen ifhis ministration should nd itself involved in any signi cant way in European attain Wilson's commitment to make the world safe for democracy therefore grew more out ofeirurmstancathandestiny i-le seized on unexpectedopporttmity to 1 implement his lolly vision His reasons for invoking it indeed were less than lofty hewas tryingto are still isolationistoountry forawarairnedat allieaasdenlocrats despite the faetthatanlong tiles allies had he not been overthrown only a few weeks earlier would have been tileltussiarltsar WhatWilsonwasdoing in short was enlisting idealism in the defense nltcalisrn a technique lei'l'elson would fully have understood it took another moot-led event-the triumph of Bolshevisrn in Rtutsia several months later-to transform Wilson's tactics into a highly eli'ective grand strategy For although Wilson had welcomed the tsar s collapse he had been horri ed when the resulting chaos allowed a tiny band ol'revollnionaries to seize control of that country withdraw it from the war and that challenge the legitimacy of theorising social ordereverywhere else Wilson andotherallied leaderstooltlhe Bolsherilt Revolution suf ciently seriously that doing the final year of the tting they gave almost as much attention to containing its effects as to defeating Germany that was the content then in which Wilson made his Fourteen Points speech of January l9l8 arguably the most in uential public pronolntcement by any leader at any point in the century For in seeking to counter the attraction of Boisllevisln Wilson pushed himself into proclaiming two great interlocking principles that would self- deterrninatlon and economic integration People should have the right he insisted notonly toehoose theirowrl forms ol'gorernlnent butalso tobeoe t fromtheopen markets that theirowrl prosperity The world wasnow tobolnode safe for both democracy and capitalism ln melting this eomleetion Wilson we grounding his idealism in more able to achieve it's true that they like Wilson saw themselves a seeking - vdtatclse would a clasless societybe but they did so by relyingondictatorships whether in the management ol'polltics or economies to bring that condition about They believed almost as a nintterofreligious conviction that coercion in the short run would produce liberation in the long run that means disconnected lions ends lm's Wilson was far n'lore practical l-lc the need for shoultnneous advance toward social and material well-being He saw the danger ofseelting one while postponing the other He understood tint economies sustains polities even as polities disciplines economics that the relationship is symbiotic not separate There was to be sure nothing new about such thinking it had been the basis for British liberalism throughout much ol the century and for American mogul-visas in the early 29' colitis-y But it was one thing to have it said by John Bright or Herbert Croly in a book or from a lecture platform it was quite another to have it proclaimed by the most in uential turn in the world as by the nal year of the war Wilson had become Or by the man of the century a distinction future historians may well regard Wilson as having merited 1 ill But get back into your time machine for a moment and run a realltyeheelr on that last proposition Set your dial for l920 Yale University and the ceremonies dedicating the Woolsey Hall memorial to the dead of the Great War Would Wilson have looked to anyone there like the man of the century I very much doubt it for not only had he failed to get the settlement he wanted at the Paris peace conference he had not even managed to sell membership in the League of ltlatioru- the institution critical to sustaining his global vision-to his own people He would die broken in health and embittered in spirit four years later with the events that would ultimately vindicate him nowhere in sight on the horizon Given the American withdrawal back into political isolationism in the l92lls and then into economic isolationisrn in the l93ils given the demoralizing failures of both capitalism and democracy in Europe during those years given the rise of authoritarian alternatives in the consolidation of communist rule in Russia the emergence of fascism in Italy and Gennany and the rise ofmilitarkm in Japan given all of these things it was possible on the eve of World War ii for many people to say and for more to believe that authoritarianism not democracy was the wave ofthe future The organization America First which attracted so much support on this campus after the ghting broke out in Europe in I939 had I its goal insulating the United States rm the rest of the world not inspiring or leading it We tend to remember World War II today as a good war in the sense that it so Missateshadmotmtedand so decisively propelled the United States into the position of global hegemon As a consequence it'seuy to until atleast halfol'thewaythroughit wasbynonteoruasstned did come guaranteed little about the rmsal ety ofeitherdemocraeyorcapitalism Recent scholarship has tended to confirm for World War It what the Duke of Wellington said about on Battle of Waterloo that ltwas'1he nearest run thingyou ever air ow rem forthis reside notjust in the improbable coincidence oral democracies having leaders like Winston Churchill and Franklin D Roosevelt who rose magni cently to occasions neither ol thent could have anticipated nor in the amazing ofAdoiintler in declaring war on both the Soviet Union withinasixmonth pcriodol'titne norinthetntetqaected tenacity ofthe Britile the remarkable fortitude ofthe Russians the awesome technological prowess of the Americans and the increasingly frequent military things had to came together to produce victory along with the incaleulable moral effect of ghting that had come in be seen as truly evit Even so the cod ofthe war was no clear triumph for democracy or capitalism For despite the fact that Roosevelt in the Atlantic Clutter had sought to revive Wilson's vision victory had come only through collaboration with an ally who in no 1 way shared it Stalin's Soviet Union had not engaged as had Hitler's Germany in purposclitl genocide but its record was bad enough During the decade -orn 1929 to I939 it had managed through the brutailties associated with the Grim of agriculture the resulting famine and the purges that followed to ltili something like twice the number ol'peoplc who died in the Nazi Holocaust And yet the war s outcome let this regime controlling half of Europe The famous pictures of Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin posing amicably together re ected no vanqu'eshing of autocracy by democracy therefore but rather the desperation with which democracy had hung on by the skin of its teeth Fast forward your time machine then to i950 Yale University and the Woolscy Hall ceremony adding the World War ll dead to lists of those killed in earlier wars Ask the attendees on that occasion about the future they saw ahead of them i suspect that for many ot'them it would not have been that of Wilson but rather the one laid out in George Orwell's novel l9B l published only the year before Big Brother was of cause Stalin trartsparently disguised The very indispensabiliry ol' his role in defeating fascism now made communism seem close to invincible with Mao Zedong s recent victory in China that ideology dominated a huge stretch of territory extending from the Baltic to the Paci c There were to he sure some 22 democracies in the world that year but there were twice as many regimes that would have quali ed by the Freedom House stmdards as either authoritarian or mullnrilt The world was hardly safe for democracy yet IV So did the Cold War make it so That's an intriguing question because promoting democracy is not exactly what the Cold War was noted for while it was going on And yet the Freedom House statistics - the jump from 12 democracies in 950 to 120 by the year 2000 -suggest some connection between the Cold War and the expansion of democratic governance this did not all happen alter that con ict ended So did democracy spread because ofthe Cold War or in spite ol'it Correlations it s worth remembering aren't always causes The in spite of' will be familiar to you They emphasize the division of most ofthe postwar world into Soviet and American spheres of in uence the extent to which that in uence constrained the autonomy of those who fell within it and especially the means by which Washington and Moscow chose to conduct so much of their competition - the nuclear balance ofterror This seemed the ultimate affront to democracy because it risked the denial ol lit e itself in the pursuit of geopolitical stability The United States would win one Air Force general is said to have commented if alter a nuclear war there were only two Americans le You'd better make damn sure general a civilian aide replied that one is a man and the other a man Critical to the in spite ol argument Is the assumption of moral equivalency the claim that the two Cold War systems were equally repressive It's easy to forget now what a popular position this once was it grew out ol'the anti-Vietnam War and an ar- liar - at lawn-an matter la Interview or on cart hhslalltl atlas Cal-Ill 1 D1278 anti-nuclear weapons protests oftlse 19st and 1910s It informed much of the revisionist historiography on the origin of the Cold War that was being produced during those years It was why Ronald Reagan felt obliged so pointedly to characterize the Soviet Union in I933 as an evil empire And as late as 1984 - Orwetl's year -ir was still possible for that exquisite barometer of academic sell indulgence the Oxford Union to debate the proposition Resolved there is no moral difference between the foreign policies ofthc U S and the Such arguments began to lose their credibility though as people like Andrei Sakharov Vaclav Havel Lech Wilma Pope John Paul II and ultimately Mikhail Gorhachev himself made it clear that they saw a considerable moral difference between the democratic governments that were ourishing on one side of the Cold War divide and the autocratic regimes that were hanging on increasingly desperately on the other side of it It became far more dif cult to blame the Americans and their allies for maintaining an anti-democratic system when their adversaries were so eloquently condemning - and effectively dismantling their own Even before the Cold War ended then moral equivalency arguments had lost much of their appeal - today hardly anyone makes them A more serious objection to the claim that the Cold War fostered the growth of democracy has to do with the underlying tectonics I mentioned at the beginning ofthe lecture- If late 19 century improvements in rnariretization and mass communication continued throughout the 20 as they surely did - would they not have incubated democracies quite effectively whether there had been a Cold War going on or not' is not What happens beneath the surface of events ultimately more significant than the events themselves The problem here though is the evidence unthe rst ill of the 10 century that marketiaation and mass communication could as easily incubate authoritarianism Using them to explain democratization during the Cold War requires showing that these processes had somehow changed that at some point they began to reward only lateral but no longer hierarchical forms of political organization i think it s possible to make that case but only by bringing in what my political science colleagues would call exogenous variables Did markets themselves generate safeguards against their own excesses or did states learn from the painful experience of the 19303 that they had better these Did the means of communication shift all that dramatically in the 194th or was it the war that sensitized people to their possible abuses Tectonic determinism is always dif cult to confirm because the tectonics tend to manifest themselves in particular contexts the effects of which can't always easily be distinguished There has been one attempt to link Macedonian to technological advance by way of the Cold War though it s what we might call the Te on argument The older people here will recall the justifications the National Aeronautics and Space Administration used to make for the space program when budgets looked likely to be cut without it we were told housewives would never have had Teflon since this better method of frying bacon had evolved from the need to avoid frying astronauts as their space capsules re-entered the atmosphere The Teflon eaplanation has been stirrer lat-ta 1 expanded in various ways without the inducements the Cold War provided to develop the necessary technology it's often said we would rtever have had such inmvatlons asjct-powered airliners interstate highways SOD-chem satellite receiving dishes mobile phones and of come the internet which began as a supplementary command and control network for the Pentagon in the event of nuclear war And without these things we could never have had globalisation which in turn has promoted democratization Or so the argument runs 1 don't think much of it though for a couple of reasons First it reverses chronology the movement toward democratization was well tmder way before most ofthesc innovations were Second it asstunes that what people have is more approachbecame clearln I999 when the New York Times columnist Tom Friedman published his Golden Arches Theory ofCottllict Resolution which noted that no state with a McDonald's franchise had ever gone to war with another one Unlortunateiy the United States and its NATO allies chose just that inauspicious moment to begip bombing Belgrade where there Were an embarrassing number of golden noises All of these in spite ol arguments - and in their own way the Teflon and Golden Arches explanations as well - disconnect democratization from the mainstream of Cold was history lhey build a wall between domestic politics and geopolitics that seems unlikely to have existed hr the minds of people at the time They strike me for that reason as less than plausible So what if we were to take seriously the alternative position however unlikely it might seem which is that the Soviet-American superpower rivalry actually promoted democratization That the diffusion of democracy is at least in part an even if an totexpected one of the Cold War itseli'l V The case in favor of this argument would focus on the role ofthc United States and emecially on the differences in the way It handled its responsibilities in the two postwar eras I spoke earlier of Wilson's insight that economic and political progress had to proceed simultaneously that just as one could not expect prosperity without open markets and unconstrained politics so one could not postpone prosperity - as Marxism Leninisrrt and ultimately Malina also attempted to do - ahd still expect to get democracy Wilson s had not embraced this logic though alter World War 1 and as a consequence the United States made no susta med effort to implement his vision it did a cr World War ii What made the difference Part of the answer I'm sure was simply guilt despite their power the Americans had done so little to prevent the coming of the second war that they were determined after it was over not to repeat their behavior alter the rst war But part of the reason also was that the world of the early 9205 had seemed relatively benign there were no obvious urinals to American security The world of the late 1940 in contrast scorned anything but benign We can of course debate the accuracy of the view that Stalin posed as great a threat to the European balance of power I Hitler mm nenlm treat 1 D1280 had the few Soviet documents we have are inconclusive on that point and even ifwe had all the documents my fellow historians would still nd ways to disagree as to what they showed For our purposes here though what's important is not what Stalin's intentions really were but what American leaders believed them to be About that there s little doubt and as a consequence the administration had resolved by I941 to set very di 'erently from the way in which its predecessors had acted a qumtcr earlier What it did was to transform Wilson's idea ofa world safe for democracy and capitalist-n into a strut-eggI ol'containment and then to sell it - as Wilson had never managed to do do the American people Stalin certainly helped for aid-tough planning for the United Nations and the Drum Woods system preceded the onset of the Cold War it s not at all clear that the United States would have sustained these commitments to intenralionailsm had there been no Soviet tlueaL There certainly would have been noTnunanDocoireno Marshall Plan andnoNonh Atlantic Treaty Organization And I suspect there would not have been as well what now looks to have been the single most important contribution the Americans mark toward global democratization that was a new and rentarltably ambitious effort at democratic aimed this time at two ol'the most persistently authoritarian colon-es on the face oftheeanh those ol'Gerrnany and Japan Only Americans 1 think would have attempted something as rash as this Only an innocence bordering on ignorance ol the countries Involved could have led them to consider it Only audtoritarion preconsuls like General Lucius Clay in Germany and General Douglas MacArthur in Japan would have bypassed a Washington bureaucracy more rimmed to the punishment of defeated enemies than to their rehabilitation Only the willingness to make distasteful compromises oto cooperate with recently hated adversaries - could have made the new policy work And only the realization that a greater adversary was arising out ol Etuasian lntothe system ofWestem dentocraticstates could windupasallics oi'thenewenemy-only this I lhinlt could have American people and to those other American allies who had dtemselves sulfered at the hands of the and the Japanese Each ol'these irnprobabilitiec had to intersect with and reinforce the other in order to produce an effect we today talte for granted that then two formerly authoritarian states are now and have long been safe for democracy and capitalism It was however another of Wellington s 'm run things The coins of events could easily have proceeded otherwise To see how reset your time machine but now in the counter-lacuna mode that allows you to change a single variable tc-rttn a subsequent sequence and see what dili erencc this made Begin with the death of Franklin D Roosevelt in April 945 but changejust both Germany and Japan the punitive ocurpation policies laid out by the late president s in uential Treasury Secretary Henry In which FDR had at Amalia-n n- ailing-dil- mumps-magnum mail-awn My ltd-ill 1 10 one point himself endorsed The scenario then proceeds as follows After the sacking of Generals Clay and hlaeArtlutr the American occupation authorities in Gennany and Japan duti tlly follow Washington's orders The Gennans and the Japanese quickly come to resent the resulting repression combined with starvation md communists inbothcountriu begintogainsupport occupation so dif cult to administer that the new Republican majority in Congress resolves early in I947 to bring the boys home and to stop pouring money down foreign mas Tntman and his advisers belatedly try save the situation by devising various plans which they name for themselves but when the Soviet blockade forces the Western powers out of Berlin early in 948 American authority crumbles throughout West Gmnany and the spillover elI ects are felt in Japan as well Coordinated coups ofa Democratic National Convention which feels it has no choice but to replace Truman withtheonly American whoseernstohavenchonce the former vice president Hem'y A Wallace Having run succecs tlly on the platform He'll keep us out of the Cold War President Wallace follows the example of Neville Chamberlain ten years caller and negotiates peace in our time with it Soviet Union that now that its ally Mao Zedong has triumphed in China as well dominates the entire Eurasian continent George Orwell's book is of course suppressed but still it's his vision not Wilson s that turn have lm machine sequence which is ofeourse the Yale tercentennial in 2001 a grouper professors are lecturing Imowledgeably on the theme isms Outrageous you say Off the well Well no more so I think than what any American would have said at the beginning of the 1940 if told what the Americans would actually have accomplished by the end ofthe 9405 That mil would have scented notjust but fantastical VL Those ofyott who are into choostheoty -or'I'ont Stuppnl a theatrical renderings of it - will know about something about butter y effects those tiny theendofit Honoring its wings over Beijing can in theory at least set olTa hurrlcane over Bermuda that's why weather forecasting is so dif cult it's since extended into the realms of physics mathematics paleontology economies and now even into politics with the very recently discovered Florida butter y ballot What's implied in all of this is something historians have blown all along but haven't always explained well that under certain circumstances small events can set uncut-antr- hummus syn 1 D1282 in motion touch larger onenthatthe relationship beta eel center and consequences isn t always proportionate that there are great turning points in the put end tilt the points upon which the r turn on can be exceedingly us all The lids-ii period In instructs a turning point I think ior llt ilron's vision cl 1 world tale for democracy and eepittiisn Until that noneat the cards had seen ed meted against it Even victory in it orld War ll Ind not reversed a trend ed more likely to lead to authoritarian vistas lltu to democratic oaer lint after ii the authoritarian tide -il' you will pardon this profusion ol metaphors-began to recede hat it tell behind was a slowly eta crying democratic notld Foril taro ol'tlte roost authoritarian states in history were on the tray tr becoming denomeier utnd if they were recovering their econonic strength asthey did to -tbeo that out as powerful a denonttretioa It can he in raised of the practicality principled eharacterol Wlison's vision The Soviet Union had nothing with which to counter it all it could offer an ideologically based promise that seemed increasingly at odds with practicality It would take years - indeed decades - for the contrast so become so clear that it began to shape the Cold War's outcome but in the end it did just that The nuclear weapons and other instruments of war the super-powers piled up during that con ict did little to determine how it actually came out But the distinction between a vision realized on one side and denied on the other turned out to be decisive Would it all have happened without the Cold War 1 rather doubt it for in the tradition of what ee enterprise is supposed to do it was the competition that forced the United States in this critical instance to do the right thing What's the right thing todo today though in every dl 'crent world in which there'sso little competition isno norm 2101 -the neon logical stop on our time machine tour ol'Ynle ceremonial occasions - things ocetn'to me which i should iilcctolist in ascending order of their importance First rodent ourshorleonrings The Cold War was a bridal lime and the hind-Sun committed its shine of brutalilles in trying to win it Paradoxically an tin-titer we got from Europe which was always the main arena of Cold War competition the less scrupulous we were about supporting democracy too many people in Latin America Africa the Middle East and Southeast Asia suffered as a result Even in Escape we did not always prefer the democratic alternative as at record in Spain Portugal and Greece clearly demonstration Our enthusiurn for capitalism was always more consistent than our cnthusirunn for democracy despite our ideological commitment to the principle that the two went hand in hand The historian's equivalent ol'trutlt in advertising demands that we acknowledge this even as we should try to understand the reasons for iL They involved chie y a lingering pessimism about the climate for democratic transplants - a fear that these might not survive in places where the tesentrnents generated by l 01283 12 pavmyarw u ccmtuoyw SmndiquEima iu had mm In u md nan Mm achhU onu i dlhn rm to unmet-blah ma a ol'lmdm w or minim mfym'I hisfareigrnpolicymd ymunhasith ofhh in W mm new Fungal our many Emmimsdonm bacterium mwh cne ngmn w Wh uupc- cm 11 imam it WeW va mo Mleme we could But lime wubhm hh um ifwwm mad 1 D1284 attractive personal characteristics -perhaps growing out of his previous career as a professor -- and it seems now that in its otherwise quite justi able rediscovery of Wilson our foreign policy is embracing it too The Clinton administration expected the world to be impressed by its repeated claims ofArncrican indispensability eten as it failed to de ne coherently the purposes for which we were indeed indispensable The new Bush administration hasn't done any better its recent humiliation ofSouth Korea for attempting to restore remaining remnants of the Cold at together with its unnecessarily ahrupt rejection of the Kyoto Protocol at just the moment the evidence on glohal warming has hecorne compelling suggest a disregard for the opinions that's quite at odds with how we waged -aad won-the Cold War These tendencies if my sound instructive myself aeed correction My third suggestion would he to Witch-e contingency history of dernocratiration during the 20 century suggests anything at all it is that this was a contingent not a determined process- there was nothing inevitable about it An in probable combination ofcircarnstances allowed what ia the long sweep ofhistory will seern like a relatively sonall push by the hcnericaas-thc democratisatinn of Germany and Japan-to have very big effects No theory of which are aware could have predicted this sequence of events and that ought to caution as as we assess the prospects for democratisation in the future it would he a great mistake it seems to toe to nssaute that democracy grows automatically out of any one thing To say that it depends solely upon Whom the United States ignores the uniqueness nl the situation in which that more indeed critical during the early Cold War To any that it results from economic itgrows out ol eapitalisrn ignores the mic capitalists have played - and notjust in people the right to determine their own neglects the fact that some people are does anyone really Israelis and the Palestinians today would fully bene t all sides And to say that doesn't necessarily make itso fortlrezl lt snlso accuse thatcombinntions ol'cnnoes can have contradictory on well as complimentary effects We tend to assures the complimentary of Wilson's great principles economic integration and political 9 1mean because they mostly were din-lag the Cold War But has not the post-Cold War era already etrposecl fault notin fact resorting direction The backlash against globalization that has surfaced so eorrspimously over the past couple of years at places like Seattle Washington Pragtre and Dnvos only that wesbouldlongago havemticipated' itisthatpcopledo not always vote in the way that economists think the face oftlrese contradictions istorernember facials Berlin privilegeto Mb MwV- muuhn EH1 1 11 man when was atOxl ord eightyeaxs ego andto witnessat first hand his congeniaiity and conversational brilliance his interest in anything end everybody and his emphatic impatience with any eli'ott to look at the world from any single point of view He was more than anyone else l ve ever met or read about a nu philosopher of democracy As befits a man who loved the distinction between foxes and hedgehog Sir isaiah taught us many different things but also one big thing and yet he avoided the contradiction this might seem to imply have in mind his concept of the whim of values the idea that while we can and should pursue multiple goods they at not all mutually compatible Some will complement one another some will contradict one mod-m we camot to the sameextentand inall situations have democratic politics - is the an ofbalaneing incommensmute goods ol'malting tough choices oflteeping the whole picture and notth part ol'it in mind chatting an ecological View ol'our own existence- For the word ecology in this sense implies the balance it takes to keep an organism healthy We understand it well enough when it comes to our plants our pets our citildten and ourselves we know how catty there can be too much oiony good thing and how harmful the consequences can be l'tn not sure we know that yet though itt ll political world - to say nothing ol'an academic world - that so o en encourages investments in single emses even it in the name of democratic principles For this is as Berlin reminds us fundamentally an anti-democratic procedtue the search for perfection he writes does seem to me a recipe for bloodshed no better even if it is demanded by the sincerest of idealists the purest ofheart This is then democracy '5 Aehillcs s heel it s a disconnection of means from endsnotall thatdil'l'etentfront theonentthetopol the slippery slope thatproduccd at its bottom the great anti-democratic movements of the century that ha just ended it's what ought to haunt us as we think about the reentry that's new beginning and especially as we try to guess what may lie between us on this celebratory occasion for Yale University and our descendants a hundred yous from now open the next one mint-Ivy he 1 Dl286 T0 Paul Wolfowitz FROM Donald Rumsfeld DATE May 29 2001 SUBJECT Where in OSD do we have a policy planning slaf Thanks C A 7 052901 43 3 9 U10152 l01 1 0 1 snowflake TO Larry Di Rita FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Treaties 1 need a brie ng on what all these treaties arc IMF CBTB etc -all the ones I am going to be talking to lvanov about lneed a paragraph or a single page basically stating what each treaty does and July 30 2001 9 43 AM Cleo what the principal provisions are that affect us and affect them-but not a lot of detail Thanks 07300 I -I 0 in OE U13266 I01 1 1-L-0559IOSDI421 July 31 2001 8 27 AM TO Doug Faith FROM Donald Rumsfeld UBJECT Oil We ought to have on our radar screen the subject of oil-Venezuela the Caucausai Indonesia-anywhere we think it may exist and how it ts into our P strategies LU Thanks Mi WSIOI-IG U12665 102 1 snow ake July 31 2001 3 34 PM TO Larry Di Rita FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Reductions I just noticed that the total SecDef of ce is civilian 27 military 29 for a total of 56 Why don t we get it down so it is roughly equal military and civilian and reduce the number down to at least 40-45 Why don t you come back with a proposal as to how you propose to do that Thanks 50 0 60 073 U12661 02 A 1 August 8 2001 10 55 AM TO Pete Aldridge CC Torie Clarke Powell Moore Lan'y Di Rita FROM Donald Rumsfeld 3 SUBJECT Savings Please give Larry Di Rita a speci c list of things you have stopped or cut out and where you have saved money We need to keep a running log I just read your memo of August 6 and you are obviously doing some things-but we need to capture them You can t just do it and let it sink We have to know it 0A0 Thanks Attach 8 6 01 Aldridge memo to SecDef re Detailees to DHR dl'l 08080 I -9 I Inter-10snow ake August 16 2001 12 24 PM SUBJECT Anecdote for Missile Defense Anecdote Missile Defense The United States does not today have the ability to defend against ballistic missiles No nation currently has the ability to defend against ballistic missiles except for Russia where Moscow has a deployed missile defense system with interceptors armed with nuclear warheads Think back to England during the World War 11 blitz when they were on the receiving end of German V- and missiles In the 19803 there was the SCUD war between Iran and Iraq Think back ten years ago to the Gulf War when Iraq was ring ballistic missiles into Saudi Arabia and Israel and people were being killed 28 Americans killed and 99 seriously wounded by one ballistic missile into Saudi Arabia ma Oll ol-S U12708 1 WW7 02 TO Admiral Giambastiani FROM Donald Rumsfeld DATE September 2001 SUBJECT It took us ve minutes to get connected to the Powell Rice call this morning And then when I was talking to Colin Powell the COMB cut us off We have got something to improve the communication system around here Ed 09070143 5 4 9 02 1 snow ake September 10 2001 10 15 AM Number of defense agencies-l 5 Number of health care activities and surgeons general-3 Number of inspectors general4 plus thousands of assigned staff Number of separate legal mctions-l 0 4 general counsels and 6 judge advocates general Congressional relations Jnctions-l7 in Services and Agencies Public Affairs Functions-l6 in Services and Agencies 15 this all really necessary 091001-15 1 1-L-0 cm 0730 $7 4 8 U12728 l0 snow ake September 10 2001 5 56 PM TO Larry Di Rita FROM Donald Rumsfeld VA SUBJECT Armed Forces Staff College Jim Roche has suggested that they abolish the Armed Forces Staff College Apparently they have a 16-week program that is worth about 4 weeks and they could cover the same subjects in the Army Navy and Air Force Staff Colleges Please look into it Thanks 091001-snow ake September 12 2001 4 06 PM TO Larry Di Rita FROM Donald Rumsfeld f3 SUBJECT Schedule and Recognition There will be a national day of prayer on Friday and I will be going to the 5 Nationnl Cathedral I 1' Someone ought to be thinking through what kind of an event we are going to have for the pe0ple who died here Dame 0912014 9 $52 U12729 02 1 Dl476 snow ake September 18 2001 8 05 AM T0 Torie Clarke FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT TV Interviews In the future when I do these TV interviews from the Pentagon I would like to be sitting down so I can lean forward rather than standing Thanks MINIsnow ake qu fl September 24 2001 11 45 AM SUBJECT NSC The NSC is tactically not strategically oriented It is a problem L am 4 j 1 u13114 102 1 snow ake if September 24 2001 2 27 PM TO VADM Giambastiani Larry Di Rita CC Paul Wolfowitz FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Preparation for Meetings I received four papers from Feith WoIfowitz and others 30 minutes before I left for the PC meeting on Sunday I told them I thought they really ought to stop doing work for me if I won t have time to read it It is good work and it could be helpful but often it arrives at a time where it does me no good If I see it after the meeting is over I assume it is OBE so I never read it It concerns me to see these busy people wasting time God bless them-they are smart able people they are working their tails off Why don t we have a rule that unless they can get me a piece of paper 24 or 36 hours in advance don t bother I Thanks Q 092401-15 U13115 MR 1 snow ake We September 28 200 2 53 PM TO Jim Haynes FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Spy Please look at this article about a spy-another person we let off with a sentence that is too light Attach Tampa Tribune Spy Sentenced to Life in Prison 90'0 0923014 mew Ul jbu IDZ DI511 The usage rate of preci- gteon-gmded munt tiiocrits has en growrn sai regory Fetter an ans at with Forecast International nc They were the stars of the Balkans Chicago-based Boeing may have trouble increasing JDAM production because it already had been meeting a in demand because of con tn the former Yugo- mt - rt tr orcc report sat supplies of IDAMS were de- letcd severely after that con- and production Simula- tions showed that sup liers wouldn't be able to meet surges tndemand accordt to Aerospace Daily a trade lication Boeing Spokesman Robert declined to comment Shares of Boeing rose ll cents to $34 40 today They ha have fallen 48 percent this year pnmanly on concern re- gardin the company's com- merci - bra-triers Spare Parts Boeing and other makers of missiles Including Ray- theon and Locldteed may have to boost production because missile inventories can be de plated quickly in wartime ana- satd Dickerson an ana at orecast lntemational said missiles typically take about 10 months to make Aircraft engine makers General Co and ggtteg minim ies Corp-'1 tt so may see a boost of more de- mand for parts and spares ana- said Textron Inc maker of may see sales use If there ts a war CEO lwouldn t y if the military has asked on messes lf and when the nation gears up lg stronger military acttons are many Bell helioopters I Cam beil said to an interview _t usually means an increase tn spares and replacement pan volums up Smi up Plc 3 UK - based aircraft components maker expects an increase tn orders for spare for F-l coptem ghm Kciti'i 1 lu-Wheelhome Aim-alt are expensive beasts to matntain satd Rich- ard Aboula a an analyst with the Teal Group New York Times September-28 2001 49 In A Military Town Osama'a Place Cafe is Tast ing Tolerance By Stephen Kinzer SPRING AKE N C Se t 26- In a town full of so diets on the edge of Fort Bragg there could be worse names for a restaurant these 51a 5 than Osma's Place but it is to think of arty That however is the name of a homey little cafe said here An American ag now hangs near the from door and only a few regular customers we stopm conung trt Others say they feel sorry forthetmfortunateownerand tron wish him well when they order their burgers or pita sand- Wtches The name Osama has long been an honorable one in the Arab world ll means bi cat and the walls of Osarna s lace are decorated with framed ic- tures of lions and ti ers ut the fact that is given mm of a reviled terrorist mu It a tinge that sends down some spires Osarne's Place was Opened in 1997 by Osarna Youaef a Jordantan win settled in North Carolina more titan a decade It is a leasant handful tables Fonnica counter a short-order grill Roof fans turn languidly tn the ammo warn'ah ln 1999 Mr Yousct sold the restaurant to another Jor- daniart Ghessao Mustali who chose not to change Its name This was already a popu- lar place and people around here knew it by a certain name Mr nigh siud g a recentevemng' ow nt v- ing bad luck Since declarations by American leaders that this month's terrortst attacks were grobabl planned by Ocean tn en some customers have urged Mr Muster to change his restaurant s name He seems uncertam how to re- witha behinda zone l'm not going to do he hind the counter He said he satd de ant at one potnt shared the anger that most When Timothy McVeigh did Americans were now feeling that terrortsm tn Oklahoma '1 don tthink anythin is owned a place ning to happen to us r called tmothy s changed the alunoud said sounding less thanoettain Americm le Later owever one of are very smart an Mr Mustal a s waitresses Tina wouldn t do anything against Jeter satd several people she us lmons mFln-toqmt But atewol'tltern a ems as 5 owner gest that he mi have $31 m2 connected to attacks A Tampa WW few Ms Jeter said have September 2001 told her they would 50 Spy Sentenced To Life Prison Mr Marlena a Muslim looked surpnsed and hurt You never told me that he By Paula TAMPA - A soldier didn t want to get you known as the set or hurt egit-our feelings stood at and wtthout Jeter repli a shred of remorse That sent Mr Mustet'a accepted his who is 27 into silent reflec- Thursday for 25 years of be- traying has country Maybe should think Ltfe tn prison about changin the name he George Tm rno ' won't said after a ew moments be remembered as htstory's People are very frusmtted most-famous spy But he goes tltsedars to federal prison at age 75 '1 ove this country as with dubious distinction muchas I love my own cottn- _Tro mo ' who passed try i work 12 hours a day six secrets to the Sovret days a week People here all Union during the Cold War know me was the longest-working spy tn But what if someone who U S history federal prosecu- isn't from here drives by and tors said A rented colonel in gets some crazy idea the Arm Reserve he also is BusinessatOsarna's Place the est-ranking of cer is steady for most of the day ever of espiona e and evenin No one seems Trotinte 'c spy nor was uncomforta le ordering house so damaging prosecutors said 5 ialties like Dumas Steak that rt thave changed the ob or Osante's Chicken Cal- world if Untted States and the Sovrets had gone to war Muslims come in all The events past smiles andcolors one Woman month really showhow fragile sai as she picked up a takeout our nattonal security rs and radix if an in happens Department of Justtce prosecu- while I'm in ere i hope l'd tor Laura lngersoll What have the courage to stand up for 20-pin agiret it years with the Sovret Unton Many families in Spring could have had consequences Lakehaveatleastonemember we can only be grateful we who is posted at Fort Bragg never had to face Dozens of them have and Tro rno _origlnally faced still are regulars at Dame's 27m 33 years_tn prison But he ace received a ltl'e sentence in lot of le mi tnot part because President Bush want to come in here ut not asked for tt necessarily le from the Assistant Secretary of De- base Rick hung said as fans ohn Stenbit wrote to the he wa ted for his pizza on the pres - They re often more educated dent s ehal' asking that than 5 nd the rest of his r Must-fur cousin Mo- life behind ars less hemmed Mahmoud helps be- page 41 of 47 1 snow ake 3 W9 October 1 2001 7 55 AM TO General Myers FROM Donald Rumsfeld 9A SUBJECT Information Ops We asked to see the lea ets and the radios to get our arms around that I think the time is now Thanks Dill dh 12032 1 1-L 0559l0801517 2 15750 9130 October 15 2001 8 20 AM TO Paul Wolfowitz FROM Donald Rumsfelc O SUBJECT UAVS Would you please get program decision memoranda dra ed to instruct the Services to do what they should on UAVs A er you get them drafted Pete VJ Aldridge has gone over them and all of us are comfortable let s just send them down We need to quit begging them to do what is right and just tell them to Thanks man 10mm anuwnanc A z' 5 October 22 2001 8 06 AM %4 T0 RADM Quigley FROM Donald l SUBJECT Cartoon Please see il you can get this cartoon Thanks Attach LU I 0121 I ll'mhingrau Times cannon LN mam 2201 5 0 I02 1 1-L-0559l0801554 amt 8 mt- mnical control 1 of terrorism is n Over the past so to 50 million peo- ted for havrng oil views Nest to the ic let- Ul revolutionary cnme used to put tens oi thousands of Chinese dissi- dents to death sancc the Cartoon- nists took yer Reports of amsts tnals and son- tences of nature can be_heard nearly everydav not to mentton the 295 continued deaths of lter Gong lAllLlul 'l In li -i' the war against terromm Chtna wakes up Septterronsm l_t must be very thankful to Osama Laden But the Bush should not be fooled by Chtna's onto the bandwagon of anti- taut-varucput Lanna Inn urine 3 abotn facc to Its stance on terrorism The Bush should not loosen up due on China s continued abuse of human rights its crackdown on re ious freedom its suffocating 0 free exciton to of ideas its persecution of Jl hull-I gorng Ame aware Goo sity sr 118 nd aden le East's worst ele- scrtous about elim- s-headed monster of rrortsm we must Ar Arafat_ts part of rt the solution tn't shift the blame tlte terrorists carry a pf restaurants to smdependentlv stop they stop 'lt e that when thev 9 very least with rs ii at yime thin- rn l ts political to appease Mr pre ared last year rat 0 Jerusalem all it and some oflsrael a ready to let Mr ate that would have One hosttle to ace - Mr Arafat let any real mean- ins Mr Arafat would ltave a reed to that deal But he can dn'r because the pep le he represents want no deal wit Israel no peace 'Ib tltern tlte Middle East con ict ends when the blue-and-whtte flag with the Star ofDavtd lites no more At least some Israelis know bet- ter than t_o believe Mr Arafat When he promises to mend up thosewho commit terrorist acts he erther never for on done Li known Palesti a ofwt Patent Undt Alli-31' to 30 0t limited lsrael force 50 000 ro 3min nely 1 5 pas-pelt United ssiost any minim views l oi West enemy But 1 no one than drug 3- tests-on ts nova tam unt ror eel A fat 5th Herita ily values never more urgent yoflife perha it look back or a I_ask ourselves country's pros- am on it derives from rsity ofotts inhabi- Founding Fathers of zensmto eat- Je' '5 or Workers t-L Rather they at broad human re haste freedoms assocrate with tib- Fathers vernment they not seek a ruling structure that would mold the people into whatv ever sorted the governments needs They did not desrre nor could they justify a government that would exemtse such despot- rsmlover and bodies instead they did something quite extraordmary They create a government that encouraged a free market otrdeas that encour- aged a diverst of rspectives and they truste that thrqu the friction of these dtverse mm we would achieve progress So when we think of America perspectives united by _the com- mon belief in freedom and a pursuit of happiness under With this_ liberty howev er comes a special Here the government does not hammer its valpes Into the vouth it does _not fabncate the young in a pattem of being Here In Anten- ea we are gtyen so that the heron task of ha value svstem ts left to each I t- vrdual famrly This In an extraordrnary act of faith we think of a broad tapestry of 1 we leave it to each meat to demon- strate to their eht dren the tdeas of compassion human 9 love With our sense of self-gov- ernment we leaye It to each tndt- vtdual family to instill In dren a sense of striving and personal For reason we must never allow ourselves to be lulled into indifference when it comes to fam- tly valpes So It saddens me when i read that marriage rates have plum- meted to a mares low or that divorce rates continue to hover Just above 50 percent lt worries me when I read that arents now 5 nd less time lhetr chil- ren or that the children of dual- tngome families are le largel to rarse themselves Each day ESP children come home they cook their whetht gazing indeed the ltke tel es inch As assess stand menta uea ar lt is that to ours resides ily Ame any October 26 2001 8 02 AM TO Torie Clarke FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Press Brie ngs We have to avoid having briefers react to every single event We need them to kind of cool it down The press needs news and therefore they are going to keep trying to get it But we don t have to keep reacting to everything Thanks BM I0260l-6 Piease respond by u12949 102 1 0576 0 20 I In If ap snow ake 0 TO Torie Clarke FROM Donald Rumsfeld DATE October 27 2001 SUBJECT Pronunciations Attached is a memo that I am told is correct Someone ought to check it out If it is right then we sure ought to make sure the President is given that information as C well as the folks in the Pentagon C Thank you 102701 00 Attach Memo on Pronunciation 8 49 AM 0170b U129510 02 1 snow ake 9 MEMORANDUM We ve got to say Islam with an instead of a instead of Izlam and the same thing with Muslim It s Muslim as Opposed to Muzzlum It s got to be with an instead of a Thanks 102701 05 3 49 AM 1 DI579 Maia November 13 2001 10 16 AM TO Doug Faith FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Newt Gingrich Because of the way things are going in Afghanistan I suggest we get Newt Gingrich to focus on something other than Afghanistan That is to say the rest of the world Thanks Pfease respond by U1 i702 02 1 1-L-055QIOSDI524 4 fo December 3 2001 10 40 AM TO Paul Wolfowitz FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Next Case I have a feeling we are going to have to make our case on anything we do after Afghanistan You have to get a team together and decide what we ought to say and shouldn t say for each of the items in our Way Ahead Please do that and get back to me soon Thanks mum Please remand by 3 U1h760 02 1 Dl684 5 t December 10 2001 2 43 PM by TO Paul Wolfowitz CC Doug Faith 3 Gen Myers Gen Pace D FROM Donald b SUBJECT Way Ahead In connection with the way forward work each of you is doing it seems to me that we ought to be thinking about Khobar Let's factor that in as well as the USS COLE Thanks 121001-25 Please respond by C E79 0 v 33 U15079 02 1 1 161 December 17 2001 3 40 PM TO Paul Wolfowitz Dang Feilh FROM Donald Rumsfeld OIL SUBJECT in Central Asia 33 We need to think through what presence we want in Central Asia when the war on terrorism is over Thanks 121101-15 Please re5pand snow ake December 27 2001 9 42 AM TO Gen Franks cc Gen Myers FROM Donald Rumsfeld SUBJECT Looking Ahead Attached is an article from the New York Titties 'om December 27 that is well pmo worth reading I It might give us some thoughts as to how we want our footprint arranged in the Middle East after things settle down The time to get started may be sooner rather l 9 than later lot Thanks Attach 1712710 New York Times Douglas lchl Holy War Lurcd Saudis A5 Rulers Looked Away I 2270 I -2-l Please respond by 11-L-0559IOSDIBQS Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page I of 9 New York Times December27 2001 Pg 1 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away By Douglas Jeh RIYADH Saudi Arabia Dec 21 1n the last decade as thousands of young Saudis left their country to wage Islamic holy war Saudi leaders let them go aware of the danger they might pose to the United States but more focused on the danger they would pose at home At least four times in the last six years Saudis who were trained or recruited in Afghanistan Chechnya Kosovo or Bosnia have been among the terrorists who carried out bombings of American targets in Saudi Arabia Kenya Tanzania and Yemen But not until October after the American military campaign in Afghanistan began did Saudi Arabia detain young men trying to join that ght Until then the Saudi royal family performed a diplomatic and political balancing act Choosing accommodation over confrontation the govemment shied away from a crackdown on militant clerics or their followers a move that would have in amed the religious right the disaffected returnees from other wars and a growing number of unemployed It appears to have been a miscalculation of global proportions Western diplomats now say As they look back to examine the roots of the Sept ll attacks of cials in Saudi Arabia Europe and the United States describe a similar pattern In country after country Al Qaeda's networks took hold often with the knowledge of local intelligence and security agencies But on the rare occasions that countries did address the terrorist threat they chose to deal with it as a local issue rather than an interlocking global network The result for Osama bin Laden s most audacious strike against the United States Eumpe was his forward base Saudi Arabia his pool of recruits the United States a vulnerable target In interviews here former senior Saudi of cials said they had recognized the exodus of warriors as a source for concern for the kingdom and its American ally But they insisted that they thought the danger could be contained Only after Sept ll did Saudi Arabia cut diplomatic ties to the Taliban government of Afghanistan which was spreading a fundamentalist form of Sunni Islam dear to the Saudis even as it forged ever closer ties with Al Qaeda The Taliban were recognized by just three countries The severing of ties appears to have been belated 1n the waning days of the Taliban and Al Qacda in Afghanistan a former Saudi of cial estimated this month that the number of Saudis there as combatants prisoners or casualties probably numbered between 600 and 700 and possibly as many as 1 000 As many as 25 000 Saudis received military training or errperience abroad since 1979 according to estimates by royal Saudi intelligence Rather than prevent young Saudis from enlisting in military ventures abroad or silence the sheiks encouraging them some of cials say Saudi Arabia has mostly tried to de ect the problem outside its 0 SD 394 2 27l200 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 2 of 9 borders The Saudis policies made the world safer for Saudi Arabia and the Saudi regime said Martin an assistant secretary of state for Middle East policy during the Clinton administration who has become a prominent critic of the Saudi strategy don t think it was their intention to make it unsafe for the United States But that was the actual if unintended consequence of buying off the apposition and exporting both the troublemakers and their extremist ideology Saudi of frciais say that an aggressive effort to stop the flow of holy warriors or halt nancial transfers to militant groups or address the sources of a drift toward radicalism might have only in amed the sentiment of extremists who saw both the Saudi government and the United States as their targets There was absolutely no way and no reason to stop them from going said one former senior Saudi of cial He said that his government had ofcourse seen the jihadis or holy warriors as a major problem and had tried to monitor their travels with help from foreign govemments But he insisted that the young Saudis would have found a way around any barriers that were imposed Although a blanket ban on travel is clearly not enforceable Westem of cials say that the Saudi government could have made a greater effort to identify potential tennrists orjihadis and disrupted their travel plans Since Sept ll for example the Saudi government has discouraged travel -- especially those under suspicion - to countries like Afghanistan Among 15 Saudi hijackers who helped to carry out the Sept ll attacks American of cials say some came from this new generation of jihadis apparently recruited while traveling Others were apparently recruited in Saudi Arabia itself But none appeared on any Saudi watchlist an American of cial said A former American ambassador to Saudi Arabia said that the problems posed by an exodus that exposed young Saudis to further extremism and to members of Mr bin Laden s Al Qaeda organization should have meant that the issue was addressed directly But he said the United States had never pressed for Saudi action Alarm bells should have rung said Wyche Fowler Jr the former ambassador who served in Riyadh until the beginning of this year Someone should have said wait a minute we can't have people marching off to choose their own jihad without examining the foreign policy and security repercussions Through its history Saudi Arabia has always tried to balance contradictory goals preserving ties to the United States and the West its defender in the Persian Gulf war while accommodating what most view as a deeply conservative majority that sees those ties as alien and potentially harmful to Islamic interests The United States meanwhile has tried to balance its heavy dependence on Saudi oil it imports about 18 percent of its oil from the kingdom - with concerns about radicalism within the country It has been wary of undermining or questioning the Saudi royal family On both sides of a crucial alliance hesitation and caution long prevailed over the confrontation of dif cult issues Until Sept 11 the Saudi balancing act seemed to be acceptable The participation of its citizens in the earlier attacks had not received much attention in the West At home an internal terrorist threat that had ared in 1995 and 1996 seemed to have been shut down 2271 91an 33 9 395 1207 2001 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 3 of 9 But with the attacks of Sept 1 1 American and some Saudi of cials say shortcomings in the Saudi approach have become clearer In one of two 90-minute interviews for this articler a former senior Saudi official acknowledged that his government might have underestimated the extent of the problem but he said the full dimensions of the problem had become apparent only with hindsight That there were people calling forjihad against America well bin Laden had been calling for that for the last three years said the former Saudi of cial who spoke on the condition of anonymity The call had been there the declaration had been there But the fact that we had people who were willing not only to heed that call but to go against everything Islamic that was unimaginable A Sheik s In uence Young Saudis Intent On Becoming In a cramped of ce at the rear of Princess Zohra Mosque Sheik Saleh al-Sadlaan is dispensing judgments that carry enormous weight On this night his callers in person and by phone line up for his rulings on countless matters Islamic from divorce to fasting and prayer The hardest questions he says include some that have become among the most frequent Is it time young Saudis want to know to wage jihad in the defense of the Muslims whose suffering appears on their television screens from places like Chechnya and the Middle East If he says go we will go because he is our sheik declared a prayer caller Abdul Hadi 24 In fact Sheik Sadlaan said he had Spent years trying to persuade his best young Saudis to stay home But his advice seems tinged with ambivalence If he truly wants to defend lslam that is one thing he said If he just wants to be brave that is something else la the last few years he said young men have come to him more often than 1 can say ready to leave their lives as students behind having set their sights on A half-blind man of 61 Sheik Sadlaan is a professor at the kingdom s leading Islamic university and a religious adviser to a senior member of the royal family What he says carries the weight of the demon Saudi Arabia s of cial religious establishment and what he says carefully is that the king is his in-ram and the king does not currently advise young men to march off to holy war But asked about other scholars like Sheik Hamoud al Shuaibi who since Sept ll and the American retaliation have openly called for jihad against the United States Sheik Sadlaan stops short of condemnation He made a mistake but it was not a major one and it does not detract from his reputation he said of Sheik Shuaibi a former teacher Even the Saudi government is not known to have taken action against Sheik Shuaibi despite his statements that those who support infidels or unbelievers should be considered unbelievers themselves a statement that would seem perilously close to treason in Saudi Arabia still home to more than 5 000 American troops Out of roughly l0 000 religious scholars in the kingdom perhaps just l50 embrace such a radical view according to American estimates But among this group only a handful is known to have been detained by Saudi authorities since Sept 1 l and in the videotape recently broadcast in the United States Mr bin lZ Mlnm os 1393 1712712001 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 4 of 9 Laden was eager to know how Saudi scholars had interpreted his actions What is the stand of the mosques there Mr bin Laden was heard to ask Honestly they are very positive answered the visitor identi ed by a senior Saudi of cial as Khaled al-Harbi a veteran of conflicts in Afghanistan Chechnya and Bosnia who named several Saudi scholars as having Spoken out in favor of Mr bin Laden s campaign Even if only a small fraction of Saudi religious scholars are sympathetic to such causes Sheik Sadlaan acknowledged that some Saudis saw their rulings as more credible than his own ties to the government and the royal family The mosque is named for the mother of his patron Prince Abdelaziz bin Fahd a minister of state and the son of the king ln 9 cases in 10 the sheik estimated juggling a visitor's questions with the demands of an insistent phone he had persuaded young Saudis to set aside their dreams of jihad But he wondered how often his advice made a real difference If they don t like what I have to say he said they ll go to some other scholar who will tell them what they want to hear Bin Laden s Rise An Early Glimpse Of Militant Forces Shortly after Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait in 1990 Osama bin Laden approached Prince Sultan bin Abdelaziz al-Saud the Saudi defense minister with an unusual proposition Mr bin Laden had recently returned from Afghanistan heady with victory in the drive backed by Saudi Arabia and the United States to capel the Soviet occupiers As recounted by Prince Turki bin Faisal then the Saudi intelligence chief and by another Saudi of cial the episode foreshadowed a worrying turn Victorious in Afghanistan Mr bin Laden clearly craved more battles and he no longer saw the United States as a partner but as a threat and potential enemy to Islam Arriving with maps and many diagrams Mr bin Laden told Prince Sultan that the kingdom could avoid the indignity of allowing an army of American unbelievers to enter the kingdom to repel Iraq from Kuwait He could lead the ght himself he said at the head of an group of former mujahedeen that he said could number 00 000 men Prince Sultan had received Mr bin Laden warmly but he reminded him that the Iraqis had 4 000 tanks according to one account There are no caves in Kuwait the prince is said to have noted You cannot ght them 'orn the mountains and caves What will you do when he lobs the missiles at you with chemical and biological weapons Mr bin Laden rcplied We ght him with faith The conversation ended soon afterward and the proposal was left to rest But Saudi o eials now say that the episode offered an early glimpse of several of the forces the kingdom would spend the rest of the decade trying to contain 12127000 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 5 of 9 One such force was represented by Saudi veterans of the Afghan war at least 15 000 men who had helped to drive the Soviets from Afghanistan in the name of Islam Many returned to ordinary lives but others did not Some remained in exile abroad enlisting in other con icts in places like Bosnia Others were jailed by the Saudi government In one sign of concern a person knowledgeable about the kingdom said the Saudi interior ministry conducted extensive pro ling of 2 500 veterans in an effort to identify those who were a potential security threat A second force was Mr bin Laden himself who soon returned to Pakistan As early as 1992 Prince Turki said We started receiving information that he was active in recruiting Saudis to go there and that he was in cahoots so to speak with some very unsavory characters from Egyptian Al Jihad to Algerian groups people who espouse terror as a means to carry out political ends A third was anti-Americanism which gave rrther ammunition to Mr bin Laden s cause particularly when American troops stayed behind in Saudi Arabia after the Persian Gulf war Mr bin Laden was only one among the critics who said that the presence of in del forces for the protection of the kingdom showed that the ruling al-Saud family was no longer legitimate since its responsibilities included the protection of lslam's holiest sites at Mecca and Medina At the same time Saudi of cials concede the problem of intcmal discontent was intensifying for other reasons a surging population stagnant revenues that sent per capita income plunging and growing unemployment Some of that disenchantment prompted direct criticism of the Saudi government Royal prolligacy and corruption were increasingly seen as indefensible The response was evasive For decades a former senior Saudi of cial said the Saudi approach has been to argue and then to co- opt in a way and to act as if crimes weren t committed unless there were actual calls for an uprising against the government In the case of Mr bin Laden who by 1992 had in fact called for a toppling of the government the Saudis moved slowly They stripped him of his citizenship in I994 But their attitude still betrayed uncertainty for several years they relied on cmissaries from Mr bin Laden s family in the hope they could persuade him to change of cials said Among a series of shocks that brought extremism to the kingdom the rst came in November 1995 with a bombing in Riyadh that killed 5 Americans and wounded 37 Within months four Saudis had confessed to the crime including one who had served in Afghanistan saying they had been inspired by Mr bin Laden's calls to oust the nonbelieving forces from the kingdom Then in June of I996 came a second attack The bombing of an air base in the eastern city of Al Khobar killed 19 American airmen and wounded hundreds more Mr bin Laden was long suspected of involvement but Saudi and American investigators ultimately discounted that theory blaming Saudi Shiite Muslims with ties to Iran Mr bin Laden declared war against the United States in 1996 and two years later he announced the forging of his Coalition Against Crusaders Christians and Jews Yet it was not until June 1998 that 111211913 515910391393 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 6 of 9 the Saudis sought his arrest On a trip to Afghanistan Prince Turki won what he said had been agreement from Mullah Muhammad Omar to surrender Mr bin Laden Three months later after the August 1998 bombings of the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania Mullah Omar reneged We didn't leave any stone unturned Prince Turki said in an interview of the effort to secure Mr bin Laden s arrest He said his government had maintained relations with the Taliban even afterward despite the fact that Mr bin Laden's group had been implicated in the August attacks in order to leave a door Open for a Taliban change of heart In fact it seems clear that Saudi ambivalence toward a movement close to its own Wahhabi interpretation of Islam persisted Some American experts did question whether the Saudi government was prepared to bring Mr bin Laden back home and face a potential backlash from his admirers l think there was a conscious idea among the Saudis that they would rather have Osama in the Hindu Kush than anywhere else said F Gregory Gause an expert on Saudi Arabia at the University of Vermont In the Kenya attack the terrorists included Mohamed Rashed Daoud al- Owhali a Saudi who later confessed to being recruited in Afghanistan In the next major terrorist attack the bombing in Yemen of the destroyer Cole in October 2000 another Saudi Taw q al-Atash who lost a leg in Afghanistan has been identi ed by American of cials as a likely leader In response to these events the Saudis stepped op their supply of intelligence to the United States on Mr bin Laden and his Al Qaeda network of cials from both countries said George J Tenet the director of central intelligence traveled four times to Saudi Arabia between 996 and 2000 Mr Fowler the ambassador worked closely but secretly with Bakr bin Laden the dissident s elder brother to shut down sources of Al Qaeda s nancing At the same time the Saudis stepped up their oversight of money transfers But one problem persisted the charities whose rnds sometimes found their way into the hands of extremists included prominent members of the royal family on their boards With more conflicts involving Muslims breaking out in Bosnia Chechnya and elsewhere many Saudis reached deep into their wallet Since 992 one Saudi charity the Al Haramin Foundation has increased twentyfold in size distributing hundreds of millions of dollars over those years to schools and re rgee camps in what of cials of the group say are strictly humanitarian missions American of cials say this largesse has been prone to signi cant leakage with money channeled to extremist causes and terrorist groups The Saudi government never intentionally funded terrorism that s nonsense argued a former State Department of cial with long service in the region But what you had was a really serious command and control problem Sharing Intelligence Cautious Cooperation But Strained Ties Almost every day since Sept ll an of cial based at United States Embassy in Riyadh has met with Saudi counterparts to discuss the investigation regular face-to- face encounters that both sides regard as a major deveIOprnent in intelligence-sharing between the two countries hnpz ebirddticmilmcezoolIe2001 ram 2001 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 7 of 9 But the two sides still walk on eggshells the Americans careful in their questions and the Saudis guarded in their answers American of cials said Even in the post Sept ll meetings one senior Bush administration of cial said the Saudis dribble out a morsel of insigni cant information one day at a time There are reasons for such caution Saudi and American oi cials say The very idea of close ties between the home of Islam's holy sites and the West remains alien to many Saudis Since the Persian Gulf war of the partnership has come under increasing strain because of differences over lsrael and Iraq over the American troop presence and over terrorism on which American requests for cooperation have ofien been perceived as insensitive to Saudi sovereignty The United States sometimes expects Saudi Arabia to do publicly what they are willing to do only privately said David Mack a former deputy assistant secretary of state who served during the early 1990's as the top American diplomat in Riyadh They do not by inclination like to talk about what they re doing whether it s good or bad Still some American of cials say the United States has leaned much too far in the direction of deference thus failing to avert terrorist attacks In the mid-1990's one administration of cial recalled the Saudis would not acknowledge the existence of a Shiite Muslim group called Saudi Hezbollah which was later acknowledged by the Saudis to have been among those responsible for the 996 bombing in Al Khobar They would take our request and promise to get back to us and never did the of cial said On the issue of Saudis heading off to holy war Mr Fowler the former ambassador said I'm willing to acknowledge up front that we missed it It s the kind of thing that with hindsight wish 1 had thought to raise Even on terrorist nancing Secretary of Defense Donald H Rumsfeld said during a visit to the kingdom in September that he had not asked the Saudis to freeze the assets of pe0ple and groups linked to Mr bin Laden even though the United States had asked all countries to do so He said at a news conference that such matters were being handled by others We understand that each country is different he said each country lives in a different neighborhood has a different perspective and has different sensitivities and different practices and we do not expect every nation on the face of the earth to be publicly engaged in every single activity the United States is Not infrequently Saudi and American of cials say the tiptoeing results in miscommunication This month a delegation led by a senior State Department of cial arrived in Riyadh the Saudi capital to discuss the issue of terrorist nancing only to nd that the kingdom s most senior princes were already in or on their way to iidda for their annual retreat in the last 0 days of Ramadan For their part Saudi of cials say they were angry that the United States has not shared in advance some of its investigative ndings including the recent videotape showing Mr bin Laden and a Saudi visitor Scrambling to respond some Saudi of cials mistakenly identi ed the visitor as a Saudi cleric who it turned out was still in the kingdom A former Central Intelligence Agency of cial said that American deference and other constraints including efforts by the Saudis to discourage efforts by American diplomats to mingle with ordinary IWLBBEQIOSDIQOO 1207 2001 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 8 of 9 people had left the United States dangerously dependent on the Saudis for information that could affect American as well as Saudi security It s not that there are divisions within the intelligence community about Saudi Arabia said the of cial Kenneth M Pollack who served on the National Security Council staff in the Clinton administration It's that the intelligence community doesn t know Undetected Danger Hijackers Remain Mystery to Saudis Saudi of cials have revealed next to nothing about the Sept ll hijackers The of cial position is that even the theory that Saudi citizens were involved remains unproven But in private Saudi and American of cials say the real mystery to the Saudi government is not whether Saudi citizens took part but how so many of them were able to evade detection by the Saudi authorities All names that have been mentioned in the incident Prince Nayef the interior minister said in an interview when asked what his government had learned about the Saudis named by the Americans as hijackers they do not have the capability to act in a professional way The statement amounted to yet another denial of Saudi involvement in the Sept 1 attacks To the Saudis American of cials say the fact that the Saudis involved in the assaults were unknown to them was almost as startling as the attacks themselves In recent years the mubahith the Saudi equivalent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in ltrated Al Qaeda cells within the kingdom while the monitoring of the Saudis ghting abroad was thought to have kept a handle on potential troublemakers American of cials say it is now clear that Al Qaeda networks were more deeply entrenched in Saudi Arabia than either the United States or Saudi Arabia understood But they also say the Saudis may have missed clues left by young men like Hani Hanjour a reclusive religious young Saudi who told his family that he was working as a pilot in the United Arab Emirates from 1997 to 2000 but never left a phone number and is now of having been in Afghanistan at least part of that time Among the Saudi hijackers only two including Khalid al-Midhar ever turned up on the State Department s antiterrorist watchlists American of cials say and not until after they entered the United States They had been identi ed as suspicious not by the Saudi authorities but because they stopped in Malaysia to meet with Mr Atash the suspect in the Cole attack Some American of cials say that the Saudis placed a higher premium on hounding potential troublemakers out of the kingdom than keeping tabs once they left Isn t it better that they go off and ght a foreign jihad rather than hang around the mosques without a job and cause trouble in Saudi Arabia said one such of cial who spoke on the condition of anonymity in summing up what he called the Saudi view They ve radicalized a groUp that wouldn t have been so radical had they stayed home At the Zohra mosque in Riyadh Sheik Sadlaan said the end of Ramadan seemed like a good time for re ection The news from Afghanistan had been disturbing with the names of young Saudis killed in battle beginning to circulate around the kingdom posted on Web sites but never mentioned in Saudi newspapers which operate under close government supervision 12 27 200 Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away Page 9 of 9 The dead included young men like Badr Muhammad al-Shubaneh whose tearful relatives were telling callers that they still could not explain why the 22-year-old college freshman a social studies student at King Fahd University in Riyadh had abruptly left the kingdom a year ago to end up killed in Afghanistan in the rst week of December It's a big problem Sheik Sadlaan said of the zeal fnrjihad It will create problems for the country and beyond But with Muslims seen as under siege in so many places he said he could not imagine the militancy ending any time soon It's notjust the Saudis he said The strong desire to help and defend and ght for the Muslims it s felt all over the Arab world 1231191391359 03 0 902 tam 20m 55 snow ake r2 5 December 29 2001 1 49 PM at 45 Va T0 VADM Giambasliani c FROM Donald Rumsfeld Du 4 SUBJECT Info from Denny I 1 42 Please ask Denny to get some information on the Iraqi Kurds in the ngr l and the Shias in the south I would like to know how many there are how all they are armed what lhcy do what their history is etc Thanks 3 0 EL 10 6b 0 0 mu 0 man-ah J g 21This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu