W DUVlDW D11 uwwu 130W 13 3lBmC3VU D 3WlB W13UJfiJ13 WUJWCl wWfiJ EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 86-36 1OBJECTIVE SA ISFACTION SCORE DI RECTOR'S MEMORANDUM I COLl EC Ij j I ' d1 JJ ' o ' Vice Admiral B 14 11 7 'I CURE FOR TIME- IN- GRADE SyNDROME ooooooooo 9 A LITTLE T A PROBLEM o ooooooooooooo o ooo 10 BACKING INTO LANGUAGE ACqUISITION o o 11 NSA-CROSTIC No 10 ooooo oo o A J S o oo o oooo o 14 HOW MANY AFRICAN COUNTRIES CAN YOU SPOT r i o oooo 16 1 LANGUAGE PROCESSING FORUM 117 C A A NEWS fi 18 WHAT EVER DOES HOWEVER MEAN 19 LETTERS TO THE ED I TOR o o o o o o o o 21 '1'1118 BOEURUMtlNI' eONI'AINS COBEY ORB t l1t'f IU1tL QI sifiell hi BIHKSi 'QUeSS HSA eSSM 1l 9 i GBS 89 1165l E Kgm l QeellMlsil U s 1'Ui 'il II 'III QrijJioo'lr e Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on '10-'1 2- 20'1 2 pursuant to E O '135 26 vl DR Case # 54778 DOCID 4009804 TOP SECRET Published Monthly by PI Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations VOL IV NO 11 NOVEMBER 1977 WILLIAM LUTWINIAK PUBLISHER BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief Arthur J Salemme 52365 Collection 1 Cryptanalysis Language o - 4902sj Machine Support Mathematics Special Research Traffic Analysis Production Manager ' 1 52365 t P L 1 89555 1 53 3s Reed Dawson 3957s Vera Filby 7ll9s I -------------- 44775 Harry Goff 4998s For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to CRYPTOLOG PI TOP SECRET 86-36 P L 86-36 D OC '- Ir-T'D'--- _ ' ' '_ I -- --------------- 'F'E t OI ' ' ' 14'F I i CIT ------ TOP SECRET UMBRA ne ef the majer effert ef the intel- ligence community has been the monitoring of the development and testing of Soviet missiles The main sources of data for this purpose are provided by the reception and exploitation of instrumentation test signals that the Soviets transmit to assist their engineers in testing and evaluating these weapon systems The instrumentation signals along with beacons and space vehicle command signals are commonly referred to as telemetry The following paragraphs provide information about a new direction in telemetry -- the making of external measurements of missile transmissions -- and give some insight into the application of this development in WI the Office of Space and Missiles Background As a result of the decreasing availabil i ty of exploitable telemetry internals i e the data transmitted to monitor critical missile parameters like fluid flow and acceleration -- either because of encryption of that data or because of low received-signal strength -- the Scientific and Technical Intelligence Community e g MIA FTD has been forced to explore the area of externals data It is of extreme significance that from the external characteristics of the signal the community can now recover data on weapon systems that would otherwise not be available L --------- ------IL -- P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c November 77 CRYPTOLOG -----I Page 1 _ OF SECKEl' UMBR1 o L1 6 - DOCID 4009804 TOP SBCRBT UMBRA Conclusion The extraction and uses of externals data require the continued interaction of experienced signal analysts with experienced missile system analysts so that each extracted characteristic can be identified as a parameter of interest or discarded as a byproduct of interference collection recording or processing In general externals telemetry data alone does not permit determination of the missile capabilities The externals data must be used in conjunction with other data types e g internals models simulation programs to obtain the highest confidence estimates of Soviet missile capabilities 1' --1--- I _ 1----l -- I ' 1'----1-- I i--l----L I - - - - C 1 - C - SATIS FACTION SCORE r--- r-- AN EFFEC IVE MEASUR'E Lr-- - - OF COLLECTION PERFORMANCE_ - - f -- - r-- - -r-- - r--r---- t - - r-- -- f r---- - t - -- - r-- i '1 - --- I-- J '- r1 11 OBJECTIVE roo 1- -- 1 - --I E I - - - I' 'S -- _ r--- - f--- -- - I I -- - ---l- --- '- ---l I-- f--- --' --- -I--8 L l -- ' - c-- f - I- rl I - - - I-- - _ -' --- r -C I--t The following a 1'tiale is a slightly l -J 'r rs - B 5 2 c J reVisedexce t f om 8tationAccountI I Objective Score by BS2 lJJunel9 ZZ Ed November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 2 TOP SECREtF UMBRA EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 P L 86-36 77 w-rr E L 86 36 November 77 Page 3 DOCID 4009804 S136RET 8POK November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 4 8136R13T SPOKE EO 1 4 c F L 86-36 ----p - _ _ _ __A _ I ---J ------------- J E O l 4 - -c _ DOCID 4009804 P L 86-36 L- SECRET SPOKE November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 5 SBCRBT SPOKB DOCID 4009804 SBCRET SPOKB November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 6 SECRET SPOKE EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009804 CONFIBBN'fIAlJ EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 L L a - IIIL L IIIIE - - a Jlt a RAN 0 U M GUIDANCE Recently I came across a copy of the Director's tor's permission to reproduce the Memorandum in 4 August 1977 Memorandum and was greatly imentirety in CRYPTOLOG In that way we could pressed by its clarity and succinctness Since inform our readers of what the program will ena fairly large percentage of the Agency's popu- tail The Director has graciously granted that lation is not as well informed as mi ht be depermission and we are pleased to eproduce the sired concerning the objective ofL -_ _ _ _-1Mernorandurn in this issue and the constraints and considerations to be CoUection Edi tor a lied to that ro ram I requested the Direc- 1 1 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 7 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 P L 86-36 CONFIBBN'fIAJ DOCID 4009804 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 CONPIBEN'fIAb November 77 CRY TOLOG Pa c 6 CONFIBBN'fIAI J nO-CID UNCLASSIFIED A PROPOSED CURE FOR THE TIME-IN-BRADE SYNDROME 1111 IF ollowing a recent promotion ceremony several employees were overheard discussing the merits of the people who had been promoted Generally their comments concerned the time in grade of those recently promoted and how that time in grade compared to that of known contemporaries There was only an occasional reference to professionalization But there was absolutely no comment about performance That conversation was typical of those heard daily in almost any element w thin the Agency Invariably whenever promot10ns are discussed the first question concerns how much time in grade the person had Rarely does performance enter into these discussions The failure of even employees them elves to consider performance or capabilitity 1S a w1despread problem which I have labeled the time-in-grade syndrome The time-in-grade syndrome permeates NSA as well as other governmental agencies - and is f stered by pro otion and pay policies job asslgnment cr1ter1a and the employees within the sy tem It grew from the once-popular belief st111 expounded by American labor unions that management should reward its employees for long and faithful service This belief was substantiated by using the argument that experience is necessarily the best teacher and thus was a prerequisite for adequate job performance In other words performance was only an outgrowth of experience The use of experience as a criterion developed from the primitive societies where invariably the oldest men occupied the highest positions Our society although not rigidly following this practice is partially an age-graded society where age position and prestige are positively correlated These practices ingrained since birth tend to proliferate and strengthen the time-in-grade syndrome Fear of subjective criteria for performance evaluation has also fostered the time-in-grade syndrome since time in grade is a relatively easy criterion to establish and denies charges of favoritism or discrimination In fact many still believe that seniority is the only really valid promotion consideration These people believe that granting promotions to those with extended time in grade is a way of rewarding the employee for loyalty and devotion No one would deny that loyal service deserves some reward but no supervisor can get effective results with people if there are limitations in the opportunities to make the best use of subordinates' capabil i ties Advocates of the time-in-grade criteria hold that ability increases with service especially in the lower-level jobs on the promotional ladder No doubt this is true in the beginning formative years of an employee's career but beyond a certain level continued length of service at the same level actually reduces an employee's ability by producing what is referred to as a trained incapacity As The employee becomes so inbred with the problems and procedures of his present job that he 1S unable to adjust to new circumstances and situations The expert becomes too expert See James J Healy The Ability Factor in Labor Relations A fobitration Journal Vol X No I 1955 pp 3-11 November 77 CRYPTOLOG UNCLASSIFIED Pa e 9 P L 86-36 DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED so long It must be made apparent to everyone that performance and capability will be the primary promotion criteria Peripheral areas which may serve as indicators such as education training and any professionalization certifications obtained must be considered but only as an extension of the primary factors of performance and capability Time in grade should never be considereg since an employee should not be nominated for promotion unless he or she has fulfilled the minimum requirements To ensure that this system works and to protect the managers against any charges of discrimination some basic changes in the method of preparing promotion recommendations must be made When a deserving employee has attained the minimum time in grade to be considered for promotion a record of that person's previous performance and a statement of his or her projected capability together with supporting data pertaining to education training and professionalization should be submitted through the existing promotion channels Each recommendation should be identified by an arbitrary designator without any references to name age Who to promote should be decided by the color sex time of service or most important manager on the basis of his knowledge of the time in grade The selection panel would then employee's past performance and more important be able to make their choices solely on the a judgment of the employee's capability to per- important performance indicators thus eliminatform in a position of higher responsibility ing one of the major causes of the time-in-grade Promotions should be fairly and capably used to syndrome Likewise job assignments should be place in each job the most competent and promade on ability considering grade if necessary ductive employee available Promotions should be but not eliminating obvious choices simply a reward only to encourage those employees who because of their grade make a successful effort to increase their knowNaturally these two changes are going to ledge and skill maintain a high level of productivity and demonstrate a capacity to perform cause much discussion and certainly some of those ingrained with the time-in-grade syndrome in a job of greater responsibility It should not be necessary to stress that promotions made are going to be upset This is normal when making any change in behavior patterns In the on the basis of performance should not concern long run it should improve the Agency's operations race sex religion national origin or age and efficiency with the resultant cure being The cure is not easy since the time-in-grade worth the bitter pill that must be swallowed syndrome has been ingrained into the syste or Frank Lloyd Wright once said An expert is a man who has stopped thinking In unionized shops the relative importance of seniority has always been greater than in nonunion organizations Recently there has been new emphasis placed on the importance of ability and compromises even in unionized organizations with many organizations now using a formula which provides more or less equal consideration to seniority and ability Many contracts are even being written to allow exceptions for those employees who are head and shoulders above their contemporaries in terms of ability In general promotion decisions ultimately determine who will make the key decisions within the organization At stake is the quality management of the organization Remedying a mistake in the promotion process is a very difficult and expensive procedure and could result in serious decay or destruction of organizational efficiency The initiative for promotion must belong to the managers and it is their responsibility to see that worthy personnel are promoted It is the employees I responsibility to qualify for promotion T ese radio frequencies have been recovered on the Third Army network Recover the system of generation and allocation Address 518 011 176 234 469 853 503 217 004 606 180 1 UnU 3rd 15 38 420 796 562 87 149 281 356 618 P L Army Inf Bde Inf Bde Arty Regt Sply Regt In Regt In Regt In Regt In Regt Inf Regt Inf Regt 4716 4691 4762 4898 5041 4085 4165 4241 4280 4370 4438 2 J 4051 4116 4237 4303 4356 4505 4610 4686 4690 4805 4893 4796 4876 5012 4023 4161 4305 4330 4420 4620 4683 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 10 UNCLASSIFIED 4 4281 4327 4606 4750 4766 4875 5055 Solution nextl_ month U 86-36 _ L _ _J DOClD _ _ 4009804 L 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED n this paper as in the 5 May 1977 SIGLEX talk on which it is based I try to illustrate the relative ease for the mathematically literate in English to acquire analogous literacy in some foreign i e nonEnglish language In mathematics mostly and in many not all of the so-called hard sciences frequently the speaker writer must say a specific something and the appropriately literate audience reader knows what that specific something is This foreknowledge does not remove the necessity of learning the syntactic essentials of the foreign language but it can facilitate the task to a significant degree With more and more worthwhile material in mathematics electronics physics biology appearing in the open literature in such languages as Russian Chinese Japanese and even such has-beens as German the working mathematician engineer etc might do himself a service in obtaining at least minimal competency in reading the relevant material Even were it possible -- and inexpensive -- and rapid -- to obtain a relatively good reliable translation of the original material the translator himself perhaps herself never itself' would have to be at least minimally competent in mathematics engineering etc I suspect that it's much easier for the ordinary mathematician to learn to read in Russian about mathematics than for the ordinary Russian linguist to learn to read about mathematics in any language I My few examples are all from an area of elementary mathematics that of the theory of equations and specifically the mathematical construct called a polynomial see Fig 1 ax n bx n-1 o degree n Sx 3 2x 2 l7x degree 3 Fig 1 cx 4 d The word component -nom- has the meaning or term Hence binomial refers to an expression that has two terms trinomial to one that has three terms etc Fig 2 sketches' the etymology in English of the word polynomial and also shows its equivalent names in Russian and Chinese I name poLynomial qJIeH many terms Fig 2 many term expression many-term Etymology of polynomial When two polynomials are mUltiplied together as shown in Fig 3 the result -- another polynomial -- is called the product of the first two I ax 5 o ooo bx 3 o o o -abx 5 3 abx S Fig 3 A fact well known to the mathematician is stated in Russian in Fig 4 mostly to suggest how the Russian handling of the double negative can be made more palatable to the mathematician by an example where he knows that the engLish sentence has a single negative rrpoH3Be eHHe OTJI WHOrOqJIeHOB the product of polynomials OT HyJISi from zero HKKor a 6y eT never not will be paBHIDL BYJIlO equal to zero Polynomial He different Will never be Fig 4 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 11 UNCLASSIFIED -- L DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED Another glance at Fig 4 might help recall that the degree largest exponent of the product of polynomials is equal to the sum of the degrees of the polynomials being multiplied That's precisely what is being said in Figs 5 and 6 except that Fig 6 insists that the two polynomials be non-zero CTeneHb npoH3Be eHHH BYX the degree of the product of two cYlQle to the sum MHOrOqAeHOB paBHa polynomials is equal CTeneHeA 3TKX WHOrOQAeHOB of the degrees of those polynomials Besides examples of syntactic be1wvior the mathematician is likely to run into other examples of foreign linguistic cavortings where he is almost uniquely equipped to determine the unique exegesis The German fourletter abbreviation a growing unpleasant phenomenon world-wide in Fig 8 presented some difficulty until the German clues nouns begin with capital letters combined with the translator's knowledge of what mathematicians aLways say in such instances Fig 9 shows the standard and idiosyncratically mathematical renderings in English Russian and Chinese plus some additional hints of morphological behavior in the four languages at issue Fig 5 'lJ f L _ _ two r R L r non-zero polynomialls 1J Sei o B d A m 1 let ' s r f is' 9 t J product ' s degree is equal to Fig 8 these two polynomial s ' s degree s EURJ1 O ' s sum He not Fig 6 Having done some study of Russian Chinese syntax morphology lexicology how to handle a dictionary when the alphabet is different or respectively nonexistent our mathematician may simply be reinforced by examples such as the last two He might be taught something about Chinese syntax in the next example Fig 7 precisely because he knows what the sentence is saying and therefore will learn albeit the hard way what a nice relative pronoun is doing in a place like that l l 1 5 4 this D equation E 81 J I ohne BeschriInkung der Allgemein hei t without limitation of general-ity 1 which rational C A j L may F root s B t 1V I have G '- 9z no lose o6 IHOCTH geIieral-ity - 4i general 1fL -ity with no loss of generality Fig 9 Another way in which mathematicians can back into l nguage acquisition is by recognizing in a foreIgn transliteration names that they are already familiar with For example the name of the French mathematician Hadamard b 1865 is spelled in Russian as AAaMap because neIther the H nor the D is pronounced in the original name l The transliteration of Western tl t3 are H Letters indicate sequence of translation into English Rational roots which this equation may have are Fig 7 orpaH HBaH limiting lThe rules for transliterating words and names from 18 languages into Russian are given in the book P C rHAHpeBCRHA r A CTapOCTHH HHoCTpaHH e HweHa H Ha3BaHHH B pyCCR014 TeRCTa Foreign Names and Designations in Russian Text a copy of which is available in the PI Language Library Room 3W076 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 12 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED words and names into Chinese is complicated by the fact that the process involves characters whi h can e interpreted either according to the1r mean ng or according to their sound Fig 10 shows this two-faced comportment of the character horse Note that the Chinese also drop the R from H damard name FORTRAN formula GESTAPO GeheimstaatsE0izei uaT9 6 translator euaTHqeCl Oe o pam eHHe software not literal translation mathematical processing MA horse Character used for meaning sea horse _ Fig 11 Certainly acquiring proficiency in reading any foreign language is not easy However it may be easier than you think It may also be more necessary than you think It might also be fun sea horse ''''J _ river horse - hippopotamus 2 fOr Character used sound 3 MA - DA motor horse arrive o - J- q AJ 1 '- 0 n - MA SI KE horse overcome think -R 1'3 y A DA MA - r I - Marx -fb MA FEI expense you horse 3Sometimes when transliterating a foreign word or name a particular Chinese character will be selected for its sound and aZso its meaning or connotation Hence the character would be particularly appropriate in transliterating say the name of a British cavalry officer In PI' QuarterZy RejieW for u n jtlists February 1972 said ItIt was re entlr brought to my attention by aBritish fn end that the Chinese term for that venerable cocktail the martini - _ Fermat Hadamard no sep- arrive horse arate meaning Fig 10 Finally Fig 11 exhibits another frequent trick in modern languages the neologism obtained by concatenating the original characters sometimes syllables of consecutive words To reconstruct the original string of words one needs to know that neologisms are sometimes formed this way one needs to be knowledgeable in the field in question and occasionally one has to be lucky 2Which strangely enough is derived from Greek words meaning river horse 1 Ii could have been more imaginatively written as _ L 1 also pronounced MA-TI-NI but meaning 'horse-kick-you' Actually although the Chinese translit ation is standard some Chinese do appreciate the horse-kick-you pun There is at least one other transliterated foreign word in which the sound of a syllable got confused with the meaning of the Chinese character used to represent it According to Aspects of Chinese Socia Zinguistics Essays by Yuen Ren Chao Stanford University Press Stanford 1976 p 398 In the Shanghai tramway system the cars did not run all night and passengers going out nights would naturally be interested in the last cars on various lines But the penultimate car was also of practical importance According to the essayist the folks in Shanghai transliterated the British pronunciation of last car by three Chinese characters roughly pronounced in Shanghai LA SI KA Since the middle character in addition to having the sound SI also has the meaning four and the number before four is three the Chinese char acter for which is pronounced SAN the obvious move at least in Shanghai was to list both the last car LA SI KA and the next-to-last car LA SAN KA November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 13 UNCLASSIFIED P L 86-36 P L 86-36 DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED NSA crostic No 10 By A J S P L 86-36 The quotation on the next page was taken from the pubZished work of an NSA-er The first letters of the WORDS speZZ out the author's name and the titZe of the work DEFINITIONS WORDS November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 14 UNCLASSIFIED -- DOCrO 40'09804 1 I UNCLASSIFIED SoZution next month P L 86-36 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 15 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED P L 25 frica is in the news every day How much do you really know about the countries on that continent Give yourself one point for each one you can correctly name and locate on the map 0-8 8-12 12-16 17-20 Over 20 Very poor Not too bad Getting better Excellent If you didn't cheat you're in the genius category Answel's on page 20 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 16 UNCLASSIFIED 86-36 --------- - ---rrOCID 4009804J--r-- - W L 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED LANGVAGE PROCESSING FOllVM jt--------I P Vi L anguage processing has undergone many changes at NSA as a result of such varied pressures as reorganizations increases and decreases in personnel and the influences of data-processing procedures Changes in technology and target-country practices as well as shifting policies and priorities have placed requirements for flexibility upon a discipline which by its nature responds slowly to change language acquisition is a time-consuming process In order to keep pace with rapidly changing demands good communication is essential To provide a central focus for persons in various elements PI has inaugurated a LANGUAGE PROCESSING FORUM Meetings of this forum feature speakers and discussion on a focus topic Audience participation is encouraged in order to obtain views opinions and information about successes and failures from a broad sample of persons actively engaged in language processing I Minutes of each forum meeting including suggestions recommendations criticisms expressed and languageprocessing requirements resulting therefrom will be distributed to a mailing list of interested persons and to all managers of elements having potential interest in the topic discussed I I The impact of CRT cathode-ray tube technology upon language processing provides the content of at least the first two meetings The first of these which was held on 28 October was titled The Impact of Interactive Computer Graphics on the Processing of Ideographic Languages A panel consisting of I I I hed a di scussion focusing on factors that must be considered in choosing which type of display system fUll-graphics or alphanumeric is most app ptiate for a giyenJ rocessing application The second program Is an Interactive CRT Really the Answer And I f So What Was the Question s pla nned for late November or early Decemb r Look for the notice giVing time and lace Attendance s open to anyone interested in the issue To suggest 1anguage-p dcessing topics for consideration by the forum get in touch withl HP16 x5642s or _ _ _ _ I P16 f 4032S P L 86-36 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 17 UNCLASSIFIED - - -nl m P L DOCID 4009804 P L 86-36 86-36 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 CONFIDENTIAL P L If you don't h One of the a few DUes are $1 aVe a ph board mem_ ' _ 00 per one - - Write to Year the B to sign up lRanagd ndg did yoU Te member yoU special tour hymefwifk fic de BROF 0_ _ oo o A ' period cals Directives journals and of the I hardly know where to start The Five-Foot services and the SeAs DDT's' TeleCOMMENTS Shelf of Great Cryptologic Literature abbreviaetc But far too many people in our ted FFSGCL and pronounced foffs- gickle for bus l ess spel d most of their ene rgy just all those who have to pronounce abbreviations keep1ng up w1th what's happening in their actually exists A large box arrived in my of- own field Reaching this audience when writfice not long ago containing two large noteing about some other field isn't easy -- I books chock full of interesting reading - don't think it happens nearly as often asmany COMSEC -- courtesy of Harry Daniels and uthors think it does Most cryptologic writ1- - --_ _--1 hese books contain a series of 1ng unfortunately is aimed at insiders __ lectures onCOMSEC by David G Boak as well not just people inside cryptology but as surveys and examples of current systems and rather the people inside the writer's skill equipment and lots of other interesting good- field ies You can find these books as soon as I Can you tell me a little more about what finish reading them on the shelf in the Cryp- you do Didn't you read my article report tologic Collection of the PI Technical Library Room 3W076 1 14017s can paper It's all there in black and white help you find the shelf Among he books that Yes I read it That's why I'm calling have been suggested by other people are Think back over what cryptologic writing you Sinkov Cryptqnalysis Kahn Cpdebreakers can remember that made an impression upon you Blair Silent Victory Pratt jSecret and Urwhere the subject was outside your own field gent H F Gaines Cryptanatysis Dover L or pet 'project areas Howmanydifferentwriters D Smith Cryptography Dover Winterbotham or articles reports papers can you recall UZtra Secret It's not easy to write about your favorite The point of the shelf you will remember subject in such a way that an outsider will is that each item descri s the activities of completely understand you and sense your enthua skill field to people utside that skill siasm If you take this statement as a personal' field i e i other cjyptologic skill fields challenge try doing it and send in your article to CRYPTOLOG It's just the sort of thing Not everyoneagrees about what should be on that CRYPTOLOG was set up to publish the shelf Some peop e are themselves aggressive seekers ofinfo mation about what's going By the way Dave Gaddy now claims that the on in other people's territories and these five-foot shelf wasn't his idea after all I people were quick to share with me where they think he just doesn't want to find out how we find their information Project Management will pronounce DGFFSGCL P L 86- 3 6 November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 18 CONFIDBN'fI AIJ 86-36 DOCID 4009804 P L 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED WHAT EVER DOES HOWEVER MEAN E nglish adverbialsare poorly understood by most writers whether they be innovative writers report writers or translators The difficulty is greatly enhanced for translators if they tend to look upon lexical items in a foreign language as having one-for-one word correspondences in English i e they have a once-a-word-always-aword mentality The function of the word is oftentimes more important than its gloss -- its so-called meaning or equivalent As an example let us take the English lexical item however Writers and translators have great difficulty with this word They have been exposed to teachers or books maintaining that but cannot initiate a sentence much less a paragraph and must be replaced by the more elegant however Then too their sources stress that words such as however nevertheless etc must be set off by commas But see page 49a of Webstep's Thipd New International Dictionary for usage of the comma with transitional words and expressions i e adverbials 4 1 3 Commas set off transitional words and expressions as on the contpary on the othep hand consequently fupthermore moreover nevertheless therefore whenever they are or would be spoken with the adjacent rising or sustained pauses that indicate subordinate matter 'The question however remains unsettled ' 'Nevertheless we shall go ' 'On the contrary under the rules a vote is in order ' 4 1 3 1 Such expressions may occur in context so as to be spoken without significant pauses and may likewise require no punctuation 'We shall therefore proceed with the operation ' 'The weaklings will consequently be forced to drop out ' 'A clear-cut decision is on the other hand too much to expect ' The translator has the added difficulty of the fact that oftentimes a number of words in the foreign language can be translated as however in English But oftentimes the dictionaries label the foreign word as some given part of speech in that language and then give English glosses which are not the same part of speech in English and this does become confusing So let's take a look at this English word however What part of speech is it It's a conjunction a concessive conjunct and an interrogative In each function its placement in a clause or sentence and its punctuation are fixed As a conjunction however is a simple subordinating conjunction It is also one of IIG03 the so-cailed wh-elements which are initial markers of subordination in interrogative wh-clauses in relative wh-clauses and in conditional-concessive wh-clauses i e who whom whose which where when whether how what why whoever whomever which ever wherever whenever whatever however However is also a concessive conjunct i e it is an adverbial that occurs peripherally in clause structures but is primarily connective in function Adverbials as a class can occur in four positions in the declarative form of a clause I initial position i e before the subject Ml - medial position #1 a immediately before the operator DO etc or b between two auxiliaries M2 - medial position #2 a immediately before the verb or b before the complement in intensive BE-clauses e g He is soon to be transferred E end position a after an intransitive verb or b after an object or complement Concessive conjuncts are contrastive i e they signal the unexpected surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said just before He has been in office for only a few months He has however achieved more than any of his predecessors But note that when however is-positioned initially it is sometimes used in conversation to indicate that the speaker wishes to change the subject I think you had no right to speak to him in that way However I really wanted to let you know what I think about your recent letters to me Conjuncts also occur as correlatives reinforcing particular subordinators however is one of eight conjuncts yet still however nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding anyway anyhow that can occur after five concessive subordinators although even though while granted that even if However as a conjunct along with the antithetic then and though can also be linked to a preceding clause by the coordinator but However In the article The Legendary William F Friedman NSA Cryptologic Spectrum Winter 1974 Vol 4 No 1 Lambros Callimahos mentions that a code message that Mr Friedman broke started with the words But though November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 19 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED doe not follow the but immediately i e it cannot be initial unless there is no conjunction in front of it --- yo-l l- can phone the doctor if you like but I very much doubt however whether he'll come out on a Saturday night You can phone the doctor if you like However I very much doubt whether he'll come out on a Saturday night As a subordinator however can occur in a nominal clause Subject However the election goes will depend on the situation Direct obj ect I can't imagine however he got into that situation I can't imagine how he ever got into that situation Subject complement The question is not however it came up but who will solve it Appositive My original question however will he go to the Middle East this time has not been answered Adverbial complement Prepositional complement I wasn't certain however long he'd been here No one was consulted in however small a way But however more usually occurs as an adverbial clause He is welcome however he comes However much advice he gets he does exactly as he sees fit Note that in restricted circumstances namely with an abstract noun-phrase subject of a subject-verb-complement clause the verb BE can be omitted from a universal conditionalconcessive clause However great the pitfaUs are we must do out best to succeed This particular type of clause can also be treated as an optative subjunctive or as front-placing of the main verb However that may be he will do his best Be that as it may he will do his best However is also one of a group- of informal intensificatory uestion-words whoever whatever whichever whenever wherever however but these words are usually spelled as two separate words and thus distinguished from the subordinating wh-words There are various ways of intensifying the emotive effect of a wh-question however However did you think of that However did you think of that How in heaven's name did you think of that etc Another use of however is for premodification of a maximizer fully thoroughly totally completely perfectly entirely utterly extremely absolutely to form the opening of a dependent adverbial clause However totally they believed in the leader's integrity they were prepared to examine his actions dispassionately Conjuncts in initial position extend the scope of the adverbial to subsequent clauses David doesn't have any money of his own However he can ask his parents for some and he might be able to borrow a small amount from his sister This small excursus into the syntax and semantics of however is a slight indication of the complexity of adverbials in English and is illustrative of the insights to be gained from a linguistically sound analysis of English Now all that remains is to do a similar analysis of the words in some one foreign language that can be glossed as however and then do a comparative syntactic and semantic linguistic analysis of this lexical item which is however in English and which in translation from a foreign language can at times be glossed as however November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 20 UNCLASSIFIED DOClD 4009804 UNCLASSIFIED ' 'KS E I Ireaentlyreae'ivedt he following letter in response to his artiale Early Days in NSA Computing CRYPTOLOG August 1977 Russ Congratulations on your fine article Early Days in NSA Computing Since I consider myself one of the parents of ABNER it was especially interesting to me Agency or of the contributions by that Agency which helped in laying the foundation of the computer industry The NSA over the years has been required to observe a policy of anonymity and with good reason Butj in t hisageof maturirrg p L 86-36 i o i il e o 7P e e 'X for acknowledging that NSA too y sesJ 5m7 ' puters In fact that AgencY ' s- c onp ibu- ii' tions to the computer indY$try h ve be en outstanding This arricie ret tes for tne first time some of the detail's behi'Tld dle NSA computer s t-orY ' ' I Iha told U - th t heh ' s iera o extra copies of his ar tl de avai ilbl e and that any CRYPTOLOG reade t who would like to have one can contact either him on 4656s or 8214s or 1T1213 Room2N090 801s U ' It's too bad we don't often get the chance to mention names of people in some of the things we write for publication An example is the enclosed article Influence of U S Cryptologic Organizations on the Digital Computer Industry which you may have seen In case I addition t a l ' rZetter you haven't I've inscribed this copy I orig- I whiah wasn't ev aaa ess d to us we re- inally had a long list of names for the acknow- L aeived two genu ne Lett p s to the Editor ledgements paragraph But since it was writte n Both of theTTj _- hereinWileT' abridged fOT' for distribution outside yes many things e' reasons ofmoak modes til -- would 'like to used to consider classified may now be s ia out aOT'reat errors of fget loud I was told it would be safer and give less annoyance to those named if we left off To theE d itor CRYPT9LOG the list of names Some copies have already In the article ' Eipletives Deleted CRYPbeen distributed and it's expected the article TOLOG August 1977 your reference to sh- skwill eventually have its mpact on students pairs in English is slightly misleading It of comp'uter history $0'1 note th at you is true that the Greek skatos is etymologically mention 'who Indeed dId contrIbute related to the appropriate sh- sk- pair in brilliant work on ABNER Too bad you didn't English H w ver the true origin of these also recognize Ray Bowman and I 1 pairs lies 10 the Old Norse contribution$ to who were really the ones in charge of the engin- English gating from the period of the V king eering But that's the way with naming names invasion S of Britain Typically in these one doesn't know where to leave off for fear pairs s ch as skoot shoot or skirl shrill the of leaving somebody out sk- woff'comes from Old Norse and the ah- comes from l t s cousin in Anglo-Saxon As a re-employed retiree I am working for D4 the people in charge of answering requests A542 under the Freedom of Information Act My exTo the Editor CRYPTOLOG tension is 4656s or at FANX-III 8214s I am starting work on an article about early machines i Your contention in Expletives Deleted' including special-purpose ones pre-computer that Ferdinand de Lesseps was creator of the provided the story can be written for unclear d Panama Canal requires some clarification readers It will be like walking a tightrope Isthmus be realized that this statement is not so I'm not sure what good the result will be entirely accurate If we study canal roots we Thanks again for a nice job on ABNER arid t-he find that although Monsieur's company was successful in developing the Suez Canal it failed 701 etc in Panama It finally took Yankee ingenuity to 1 t'l 4 create it among those who know canals best that's alimentary De Lesseps these Ibleep Editor's note inaccuracies the better The Introduction tol l Influence Howard C Heron Sl4 of U S Cryptologic Organizations on the DigiEditor's reply tal Computer Industry National Security I'm always pleased to publicize my own misAgency May 1977 ii 36 pp Unclassified takes as I tell my kids It proves I'm human contains the following statement I really don't mind these two clarifications at An unfortunate aspect of historiall Now i f someone had challenged my etymology cal accounts of computer lore is the of the term raspberry I would have been omission conspicuously to some of us U completely deflated of mention of the National Security 1L - November 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 21 UNCLASSIFIED f Pl-Nov 77_53_25567 DOCID _ _ I UI 4009804 iA_ t KE I IIIS BOCUPtI N CON INS COB 'IlORB MA RIl This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu