CTATbH CONTENTS B KpacHoe Articles V Krasnov The Industrial Despotism 5 Zdenek Mlynar Crisis of Political System in Eastern EUrope HH 1lYCTPHAnbHASI 1lECnOTH H and the USSR in the 80-ies 43 Gil Martine Future Began 20 Years Ago 62 113 npc J J1ClloBIDI Roman Szporluk Defining Central Europe - B HoeblX coeeTCKUX ycnoeuRX onRTb Ha'lan ynoTpe6nRTbcR TepMUH nezanbHblu MapKcu3M IJnR TOZO 'IT06bl npOTonK­ HyTb ceoe npoU3eeaeHue 8 ne'laTb U u36e­ l aTb noeyweK qeH3ypbl aeTOp eblHY l ­ aeH UaTU Ha Maccy ynoeoK U KOMnpoMUC­ coe nOnUTU'IeCKaR Mblcnb 8blcTynaeT 'la' CTO e MUCTUcjJuqupo8aHHou cjJopMe MapK' CUCTCKue KaTezopuu 3aMeHRIOTCR UHbIMU 60nee paCnnble'laTblMU U MeHee onaCHbl­ MU MHozoe O'leHb MHozoe 0 C08peMeH­ HOCTU npuxooUTCR 8bl'lUTbleaTb e KHuzax o npownOM UCKyccTeo8ea'lecKue TPYObl nopou OOn l Hbl 3aMeHRTb pa60Tbi no co· quonozuu Power Politics and Culture 74 Mecislav Maneli Juridical Positivism and Philosophy of Law in Poland 87 Karel Kaplan Stalin and Comecon 113 Lubomir Sochor Kautsky and Bolshevism 131 Zdenek Hejzlar The Polish Events and the Prague Spring 138 Miroslav Novak The Parallel Structures and Reform Communism 144 Mihaj o Mihaj ov The Third Yugoslavia 148 Nationality Ouestion Frantishek Silnitsky Nationality Program of CPSU 155 J7ezanbHblu MapKcu3M Ha'lana XX ee­ Ka B03HUKwuii OT'IaCTU noa oneKou qap­ CKOU qeH3ypbl euaeeweu 8 HeM Hoeeu­ wee cpeOCTeo anR 60Pb6bl C peeonlOqu­ OHHblM HapOaHU'IecTeoM 6blfl OCY l aeH J7eHuHbIM H08blU nezanbHblu MapK­ CU3M 3acnY l ueaeT eCRKoiJ nOOaep l KU HeaOZMaTU'IeCKU MblcnRU ue UCTOPUKU UCKYCCTeoeeabl coquonozu U 3KOHOMU­ CTbl oalOT XOTb KaKue-TO onopbl 8 HaweM uoeonOZU'IeCKOM 6onoTe l fecTHaR KHuza oa l e U3ypoooeaHHaR qeH30pOM ece l e Maksudov Analysis of Nationality Structure of the Red Army According to the Census of 1920 169 Our Archive Karl Kautsky Communists at Work 181 L Sternberg Inorodtsy Ethnic minorities 225 Documents V I Lenin Kautsky - the Renegade 270 New Polish Document 272 About the Authors 274 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6bIJ1H nHIllb c06CTBeHHOCTbIO BnaCTHTenH I1MeHHo JTH qepTbi BOCroqHOH JKOHOMHKH 3aCTaBHnH MapKca rOBopHTb 06 a3HaTCKOM cnoc06e npoH3BOnCTBa npoTHBonocTaBnHH ero 3arranHbIM MonenHM qacTHaH c06cTBeHHocTb Ha 3eMnIO Cbl­ rpaamaH orpoMHyIO ponb B CTaHOBneHHH KanHTanH3Ma y HaponOB BOCToKa Bo06me He pa3BHnaCb BOCTOK 3Han 60raTeHmHe Topro­ Bble ropona 3anonro no EBponbI HO TaM He B03HHKna 6YP Kya3I1H He pa3BHnHCb HOBbIe 06meCTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHH leCJIOTI1'1eCKHH xapaKTep BnaCTH B JTHX CTpaHax ocymecTBneHHe eIO Ba KHeHIIIHX naCb npH nOMOmH JIpHMOrO rocrrOnCTBa Han nIOnbMH HeCMOTpH Ha OTCYTCTBHe qaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH Bo06me-TO H paHHee eBporreH­ CKoe cpe lHeBeKOBbe eme He 3HallO qaCTHOH co6CTBeHHOCTH B Bbl­ HemHeM CMbIcne HO TaM pa3BHTHe mno B COBepIlleHHO HHOM Ha­ npaaneHHH••• CornaCHO nOH TeopHH He06xonHMOCTb HHnYCTpHallH3amru B OTCTallOH CTPaHe rne HeT lJ1H nora HH c06CTBeHHhlX KarrHTanOB HH npyrHx He06xonHMbIX cj laKTopoB He MO KeT 6bITb ocymecTBneHa cna60H HaUHOHallbHOH 6yp a3HeH HOCHTeneM 3THX 06'beKTHBHo rrporpeccHBHbIX H3MeHeHHH B 3KOHOMHKe oKa3bIBaeTcH rocynap­ CTBO 3axBaTHBwee npH nOMOmH Hal1 HOHallH3amru H npymx CpenCTB rronHYIO BnaCTb Han HapO lHbIM X03HHCTBOM MonepHH3HPYH cTpaHy rocynapcTBO O lHOBpeMeHHO nenaeTCH KaK a6conlOTHbIM c06CTBeH­ HHKOM TaK H cOBoKynHbIM 3KcnnyaTaTOpOM Bce HaceneHHe B pe­ 3ynbTaTe paCIIanaeTCH Ha nBe 06mHOCTH KnaCCOBoro THIIa - roc­ rrOnCTBYIOmyIO 3TaKpaTHqeCKYlO H rrOnaaneHHYlO npOH3BonHmylO XOTH B B03HHKmeH CHCTeMe H HeT TOH KeCTKOH H qeTKOH COl1 Hallb­ HOH CTpyKTYPbl KOTOPaB pa3BHnaCb Ha 3anane B HeH cymecTByeT 06'beKTHBHbIH aHTarOHH3M Me K lY 3THMH ilBYMH 06mHOCTHMH H X03HHCTBeHHbiX cj lYHKUHH H HanHql1e rocynapcTBeHHOH MOHononHH nOT aHTaroHH3M MO KeT 6bITb pa3peilleH rrYTe'M KnaCCOBOH 60pb6bI Ha rnaBHbIe cpenCTBa npOH3BOnCTBa Ee3ycnoBHo TaK Ke H COBeTCKaB 61OpOKpaTHH MO KeT paCCMaTpH­ Bce 3TO He cnY'laHHbIe 'Iep­ TbI a xapaKTepHbIe oc06eHHOCTH a3HaTCKoro cnoc06a npoH3BOn­ 38 BaTbCH KaK 3TaKpaTlflIeCKaH 061UH0CTb KnaCCOBoro THna HMeIOmaH 39 OC1l081lbie 'lepTbI KnaCCa XOTH H He COOTBeTCTBYIOIl aH ero TpaAHlUi­ OHHOMY orrpeAeneHHIO rro BceM rrapaMeTpaM npHMeIJaHHSI 3TaKpaTH'leCKHH crroc06 rrpOH3BOACTBa BrrepBble pa3BHnCH HMeH­ HO B COBeTCKOM COI03e OTKYAa 6bITI 3KcrropTHpOBaH B BOCTO'lHYIO EBporry B KHTaM H B lJ PYfHe COlO3Hble CTpaHbI TPHHa L UaTblit C'he3n PKf 0 flpOTOI OnbI M 1963 c 155 Donee HnH MeHee 2 caMOCTOHTenbHO OH Ha'lan CKna ll bIBaTbCH H BO MHorHX rocyAapcT­ New Left Review 1977 No I05 p 55 Bax BCTalOIl HX rrepeA rrpo6neMoH HH Il yCTpHaJIH3all HH H BbI6HpalO­ r r Bonona30B Or qepHbllUeBcKoro K fInexaHoBY M Mry 1969 c 145 Il HX HCKarrHTanHCTH'leCKHH rryn KaK rrpaBHJIO 3TaKpaTHH BbICTY­ rraeT 4 rrOA jJnaroM COll HanH3Ma 6YAb TO apa6CKHH a jJpHKaH­ CKHM W Leonhard Was is Kommunismus Munchen 1976 S 38 HJIH MapKCHCTCKo-neHHHCKHM COll HaJIH3M 3TO rrOMoraeT K MapKC 1 3HrCl1bc e04 T 1 c 271-272 Aep l aTb B rrOA'IHHeHHH MaCCbI H 3aBoeBbIBan CHMrraTHH MHpOBoro 06Il eCTBeHHoro MHeHHH HH'ITO He ll CHHTCH HblHe UK BbICOKO H He 6 TaM lKe c 271 paCTpa'lHBaCTCH TaK 6e30TBeTCTBeHHO KaK KpaCHBble CJIOBa llHIIIb 7 HHorAa 3TaKpanfH HCrrOJIb3yeT peJIHrH03Hbie JI03YHfH KaK JTO CJIy­ 'lHlIOCb B I1paHe Ho B JII060M CJIyqae ee 3aAa'la COCTOHT B rrpOBeAe­ 8 HIm MOAepHH3all HH 6e3 AeMOKpaTl13all HH rrpOH3BOAHTeJIbHbTX CHJI 3TaKpaTHH eCTb rrapOAHH Ha COll HaJIH3M H OAHOBpeMeHHO aJIbTepHa­ THBa COll HanH3MY OHa aHTHHapO ll Ha H Bpa l ll e6Ha HOH AeMOKpanm OTO l ll eCTBnHH ce6H 9 C COll HanH3MOM Hcrronb3YH 10 II MeTHpYCT caMY HACIO OCBo60 l AeHHH •• Ilo3TOMY CMeIIIHbIMH H 6ecCOAep l aTenbHbIMH Ka l YTCH 6eCKO­ 12 He'lHble crropbI nH6epaJlbHbIX HHTCnJIHreHTOB Ha TeMY B03MO l eH JIH AeMOKpaTH'leCKHH COll HaJIH3M Borrpoc CTaBHTCH H3Ha'laJIbHO He­ BCpHO I1HbIM KpOMe ACMOKpaTH'leCKOrO COll HaJIH3M 6bITb He MO­ 13 14 l CT KYAa Ba l Hee 6bIJ10 6bI crrpoCHTb Ha KaKOM OCHooaHHH MHoro­ 'IHCneHHble COBpeMeHHble 061ll eCTBa 3KCI1JlyaTHpYIOT cnOBO COll Ha­ nH3M H eCTb JIH cpeAH HHX XOTb OAHO KOTopoe 6bI Toro Ha3BaHHH A ecnH HeT TO B03MO l eH JIH COll HaJIH3M Bo06Il e 3AeCb BnpO'leM MbI CTaJIKHBaeMCH He C TeOpeTH' CCKHM a C npaKTH'IeCKHM BorrpOCOM B03MO l J OCTb ycrreIIIHoH rrepeCTpOHKH 06Il eCTBa MO l HO AOKa3aTb JIHIIIb COBepIlIHB ee J Luigal'olitiillsed paevamurcd I Tartu 1935 19-20 B I1 IICHHH nee T 45 c 417 BCHKOH rro n nHH­ MapKCHCTCKYIO HnH peBonlOll HOHHYIO TepMHHonOfHlO OHa KOMrrpo­ 3aCJIy l HBaJIO Revolution and class struggle N Y 1978 p 179 TaM lKC c 357 New Left Rcview 1976 No 100 p 151 B I1 IIeHKH flee T 45 c 345 New Lcft Review 1977 No 1 03 p 62 3Hl K1 l10nCnH4eCI J df Cl10Bapb 'TpaHaT T 40 c 607 IS flOCI Onbl Y peaJ1bHblit HHTCpHal KoHaJ1HCT IICHHH B ny CXCMY He Yl l1a­ llblBaJ1ClI 6bIJlO CllCl1aHO BCC B03MOlKHoe 4TOObl 0 HeM 3aOblJlH OH ObIJl 3aMeHCH MIf ponOI1I4CCI HM ncpCOHalKCM ncAyrnl oit JICHHHblM HaUIlfM I1l1bK4eM If T n If T n B nOM CMblcnc 04eHb nOKa3aTcnCH paI T nplfBO Ul­ Mblii B KHlfrc B JIeoHapna qTO TaKoe KOMMYHlf3M - 5 aBrYCT3 1938 r KaK pa3 B l'OllOBlll my 3HaMeHKToro nOKyrncHItJI 3CCpl If Kalll1aH Ha lKlf3Hb JIc­ HHHa 6blJlO 3anpcIII eHo ny6nHKOBaTb HOBbie BocnoMHHaHtu 06 OCHOB3Tene OOnbllJCBIfCTCKOii napTHH 1 aJ1bCH Plfl KPOBaJ1HCb Tal lKC 4 oTocHlfMKH Ha 1 0­ TOPblX IIeHKH 6eCenOBaJ1 He CTeM CKCM cnellyeT 16 E Fischer F Marek Was Lenin wirklich sagte Wien-Munchen Zurich 1966 S 166 17 E Fischer Auf den Spuren der Witklichkeit Hamburg 1968 S 231 18 H Arendt Elemente totalcr Herrschaft Frankfurt a M 1958 S 183 40 41 p 19 20 Th Adorno Soziologische Schriften Bd I S 366 Revolution and Class struggle p 186 21 Le Monde 4 mai 1980 p XVI 22 L'Esprit 1976 fcvr No 2 p 253 23 Partisan Review 1977 No 2 p 180 24 A R fypeBIi' Ilpo6nCMb reHe3liCa Q eonanli3Ma B 3arranHoit EBporre M 1970 c 13 25 26 30eHeK MflUHapJfC o cJ AKTOPAX OBYCnOBmfBAIOUI HX KPH3HCbl CHCTEM COBETCKOrO THnA B 80-e rO lbl ' R HC HaMcpcH 3aHHMaTbCR rrpOpOlJCCTBaMH HeihIIcro pa3BluHR TaM lKe L'Esprit 1978 No 7-8 p 27 CMcrCM COBcrCKoro THITa OTHOCHTeJIbHO lJ aJlb­ R OCTaHOBJllOCb rOJlb­ KO Ha 06lUMX 'Icprax xapaKTepHhlx J JIH TCH IJ CHl MM KoropbIC B CEO­ eM OCHOBC 06ycflo8fleHbl JTOU cucTeMou H 1 0TOPhIC BbI3hIBalOr M 6y­ lJ yr BhI3hIBarh KPM3MChl B cTpaHax r lJ C COBCTCKaR CMcreMa ycraHo­ 27 28 O Sik Der dritte Weg Hamburg 1972 S 209 CM K MapKc 1 3HreJlbc Co' T 19 c 496497 0 KOPCHHOM ornli­ '1IiH eBporrelicKoro KCTOpH'leCKOrO pa3BHTHJI OT a3KaTCl oro BMJIaCh R 1I0rrhITalOCb TaK Ke orBcrHTh Ha KOHKPCTHhIM BOITPOC Ka­ KHMM HOBhIMH B rrpomnoM ClUC HC npoHBHBlUHMHCR nOCnC IJ CTBHH­ MM MoryT 6hlTh lJpCBaThI KPM3HChl CMCTCMhl COBCTCKoro TMIIa M ITO­ IThlTKM MX npCOnoncHMR B 80-c rr R rrocTapalOch rrpoaHamnHpoBaTh JIOT Borrpoc Ha OCHOBC J aHHhlx 0 BHYTPMIIOJIHTH'ICCKOM pa3BHTHM CHCTCMbl COBCTCKoro TMITa M C YlJCTOM MC J YHap0 J HhIX CBR3CM T eH IJ eHUHH np01IBn llOlUHeCR B npouecce npeo J oneHHJI KpH3Hca cOUHanhHo-nomfTlfllecKHX CHCTeM COBeTCKoro THIla OrrbIT IIOKa3hIBaeT 'ITO HHCTMTYThl B03HHKlUMC B COBeTCKOM Co­ 103e B 30-e rOAhI He rrpeTeprreJIM Ka'leCmeHHbiX U3MeHeHUU no-­ ITPC HCMY CYlUccrBycr ITOJIHoe CJIMRHMC rrOJIHTMlJCCKOM M 3KOHOMM­ lJeCKOM BJIaCTM JIlO J H rrO-npC HCMY 3aBMCRT Ii B COIJ HaJIbHOM CMbI­ cne OT rrOJ1HTM'IeCKOM BnaCTM CKOHl eHTpHpOBaHa B a6COJIlOTHaR BnaCTb rrO-rrpC HCMY PYKax IJ eHTpa KOMMYHMCTM'ICCKOM rrapTH ITO-rrpe HeMY orCYTCTByeT 06paTHaH CBH3h Me JY 06lUeCTBoM H BJIaCTblO H rrO-ITpe HeMY leMCTBYCT McxaHH3M ITOJIHrH'ICCKOrO Ha l­ 30pa OrpaHH'IeHHH HH popMal MH H KOHTPOJIll Ha l YMaMH JIlO leM ' OTphlBOK K3 KHlirH Zd Mlynar Krizc v sovctskych systemech 1953­ 1981 pB p vck k tcoreticH analyze Index Koln 1983 42 43