Me'lUClla6 MaHeIlU 20 TaM lKe CTp 36-37 21 Milan Kundera The Book of Laughter and Knopf 1981 p 3 22 The Book of Laughter p 159 23 Marcin Krol A Frozen Image of the Past Survey vol 25 No 1 Winter 1980 p 104 24 Bohdan Cywinski The Poisoned Humanities Survey vol 25 No 1 Winter 1980 p 97 25 Forgetting New York KOMMYHI13M 11 IOPl1 Ul1QECKl1iii HEOn0311TI1BI13M I 3BOnJOLUUf KOMM 'HHCTH'leCKOrO npaBa B HCTOPHH TeopHH H npaKTHKH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKOH IOpHcnpy­ AeHl lHH CJIeAyeT pa3JIH'laTb HeCKOJIbKO nanOB Recenzja z Moskwy 0 polskich podrecznikach historii Zeszyty historycz­ ne No 57 Paris 1981 pp 73-91 26 Jan Nowicki Internacjonalizm puka do szkol Glos No 5 reprin­ ted in Glos Niezalezny miesiecznik spoleczno-polityczny Paris Insty­ tut Literacki 1981 pp 154-157 27 Kenneth C Farmer Ukrainian Nationalism in the Post-Stalin Era Myth Symbols and Ideology in Soviet Nationalities Policy The Hague Boston London Martinus Nijhoff 1980 p 30 I1epBbIH nepHOA HaqarrCH cpa3y BCJIeA 3a COBeTCKOH peBOJIIOUHeH B OKTH6pe 1917 rOAa HOBoe peBOJIIOIlHOHHOe rrpaBlUeJIbCTBO rrpo­ B03rJIaCHJIO JIHKBHAallHIO BCeH rrp mOBoH CHCTeMbl Bcex 3aKOHOB KOTopbIe 6bIJIH BBeAeHbI H 06HapoAoBaHbI rrpe Ae HbIe BJIaCTH H rpa AaHe HOBoro rOCYAapCTBa AOJI HbI 6bIJIH AeH­ CTBOBaTb comaCHO HOBbIM np mOBbIM HopMaM H C06CTBeH1iOMY rro­ HHMaHHIO peBOmOIJ HOHHOH 3aKOHHOCTH 3TOT rrepHOA 6bIJI cpaBHH­ TeJIbHO KpaTOK B HaqaJIe 1920-x rOAOB 6bIJIH pa3pa6oTaHbI HOBbIe KOAeKCbI 3aKOHOB H pOJIb peBOllIOIJ HOHHOro C03HaHHfI KaK KpHTe­ 28 Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin Wittgenstein's Vienna New York Simon and Schuster 1973 p 271 pHIl 3aKOHHOCTH H CnpaBeAnHBOCTH CTarra HCqe3aTb 29 Wittgenstein's Vienna pp 271-272 JIaCb HeOrpaHHqeHHaH BJIaCTb H OHH rro-rrpe KHeMy He rrpH3HaBaJ1H Pa3YMeeTCH H rrOCJIe nora 3a opraHaMH 6e30naCHOCTH coxpaHH­ rrpeAeJIOB B 60Pb6e CO BceM TeM qTO 061 HBJIflJIH KOHTppeBOilIOllHeH 30 npaBHTenbCTBa MHoroHaUHoHanbHblX rocYAapCTB nOHHMaJOT 'ITO co­ fiJIJOAeHHe npasa HaUHll Ha caMoonpeAeneHHe yrpolKaeT uenocTHoCTH 3THX rOCYAapCTB B 1969 r BCKope nocne COBeTcKoll oKKynauHH qexOCJIOBa­ KHH 'IelllcKHll HCTOpHK MHJIaH IIiBaHKMall ep onyfiJIHKOBan CTaTblO 0 HHKo­ JIae I Hero fiopbfie npoTHB peBonlOUHoHHbIX ABHlKeHHll B EBpone B 1848­ 1849 rr lIiBaHKMafiep nOKa3blBaeT HaCKonbKO XOPOlliO nOHHManH pYCCKHe l apH 'ITO Ha I PoccHell BHCRT yrpo3a pacna la H 'ITO BOCnpemlTCTBOBaTb 3TO­ My MOlKeT JIHllIb CHJIbHaJI l eHTpanbHaJI BJIaCTb palKllaHCKHe CBofiollbl CTaBHT nOll yrp03y He TOJIbKO 'laCTHble HHTepeCbI HMnepHll HO H caMO HX cymecT­ BOBaHHe Milan Svankmaier Cetnlk Evropy a soucasnost 4 Str 10-11 OHH He TOJIbKO 60POllHCb C BparaMH KOTOPblX caMH e H OrrpeAeJIfI­ JlaBa H3 KHHrH Mieczyslaw Maneli Juridical Positivism and Human Rights Hippocrene Books New York 1981 TeopHH ''IopHllH'leCKoro n03HTHBH3Ma pa3BHJIaCb H3 KpHTHKH KOHuen­ l HH e '''' 'eCTBeHHoro npaBa KOTOpaJI fiblna xapaKTepHa IJ m XVII-XVIII Be­ KOB ORa YTBeplKllana l TO KalKllblll 'IenOBeK KalKAbIll rpalKllaHHH pOlKllacrcH cBofioAHbIM H OT npHpO U l HeKOTopble rOBOpHnH OT Bora OfiJla laeT onpelleJIeHHblMH HeOT'lY f laeMbIMIl npasaMIl KOTopble HHKTO BKJlIO'laH H cy­ lUeCTBYJOllI YlO rocYD apCTBeHHYJO BJlaCTb He MOlKeT HapywaTb 3Ta TeOpll OfiOCHoBblBana CnpaBeAJIHBOCTb cBeplKeHIl H MOHapxHll KOTopble OfiBHHHJIHCb B HeYBalKeHHH K eCTeCTBCHHblM npasaM nOllAaHHbIX OIlHaKO C'lHTaeT npoclleccop MaHeJIH - K HaJIleMY BpeMeHH TC npasa KOTOpble npelKlle Ofi'bl B­ JIHJIHCb CCTeCTBeHHbIMIl ycneJlH BOfiTH B 3aKOHbl 3anHCaHbI B KOHCTHTYUIl ­ lX YTBeplKlleHbI B MelKllYHapOllHblX lleKJIapauHHx H loroBopax lTpUM nepeeOOQUK4 86 87 I I JIH B KaqeCTBe TaKOBblX HO H pa3BH3aJIH KpaCHbIH TeppOp OrrpaB­ llbIBaH ero 6eJIbIM TeppopOM B Te BpeMeHa 6bIJIO orry6llHKoBaHO MHorO 3aKOHOB KOTopble P0PMYllHP0BallHCb CTOllb HeorrpellelleHHO 'lTO rroll HHX MO l HO 6bIJIO rrOllBeCTli Bce 'lT0 yrollHO HanpHMep 3a­ IIpaBo eCTb BOJIH rocnollcTBYlOmero KITaCca 3Ta KopoTKas 3a 6blJIa B03BbIllieHa BbIllHHCKHM llO POJIH HCTO'IHHKa ero Hayq­ HOH IOpHcnpylleHIIHH B TO IKe BpeMH BbIlllHHCKHH 3JIHMHHHPOBaJI MHome llpyrHe HlleH CHCTeMa HHcrreKTopOB MapKca KOTopble ropa3llo 60JIee cymecTBeHHbI llITH pHJIOCO pHH KOTOPbIM BO BpeMH rOllOlla nopyqaJIOCb 06bICKHBaTb qaCTHble llOMa rrpaBa C caMoro Ha'IaJIa O pHIIHaJ1bHaH COBeTCKaH IOpHllH'leCKaS Te· KOHOllaTeJIbHbIM rropHllKOM 6blJIa BBelleHa H KBapTHpbI a Tex rpa l llaH KOTOPbIX OHH HaXOllHJIH BHHOBHbIMH B OpHH OKa3aJIaCb O 1 HOCTOpOHHeH nOCKOJIbKY nOllHOCTblO npeHe6pe­ COKpbITHH 3arraCOB npOllOBOJIbCTBHH HJIH cneKyITHIIHH nOllaraJIOCb raJIa 3ana 1 HOH TO'IKOH 3peHHH BKJIIO'IaH clOlla H MapKCHCTCKYIO CYllHTb H paCCTpeITHBaTb Ha MeCTe IIOll06Hble 3aKOHbI MO l HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK 06pa3IlbI ITeraITH30BaHHoro 6e33aKOHHH BTOPOH nepHOll HaqaITCH co BTOPOH rrOJIOBHHbI 20-x rOllOB H 3a­ CaMble cTpaurnble acneKTbI 3TOH TeopHH HaHJIy'IlllHM 06pa30M Hll­ JIIOCTPHPYIOTCH JIH'IHOH KapbepOH caMoro BbIllHHCKoro Bo BTOPOH nOJIOBHHe 30-x rOllOB OH BblcTynHJI reHepaJIbHbIM 06BHHHTeJIeM Ha KOH'lIiJICH B 1953 rOllY nOCJIe CMepItI CTaITHHa 3TO 6bIJI nepHOll Ha 3HaMeHHTblX rrOKa3aTeJIbHbIX npolleccax orrrr03HIIHH OR rrpeCJIe­ npOTH I eHHH KOToporo 3aKpemmHCb KOlleKCbI H 3aKOHbI 1 0BaIT caMbIX BblJJ alOmHXCH COBeTCKHX IOPHCTOB KOTOPbIX 06BHHHIT HOBoro rOCYllapcTBa a peBOJIIOIIHOHHoe C03HaHlie 6bIJIO rrOll'IHHeHO o pH­ IIHaITbHbIM OrpaHH'IeHHHM Ho no 6bIJI TaK I e H nepHOll CTaJIHHH3a­ UHH pOCTa 61OpOKpaTHH H BCeCHJIHH TeppOpHCTH'leCKOH nOITHIIHH B H3BpameHHH MapKCHCTCKO-JIeHHHCKOH TeopHH KepTB ero pH­ TOpHKH narnyKaHHca CTyqKY PeHCHepa CHa'IaITa CMemaITH C 3a­ HHMaeMbIX rrOCTOB a 3aTeM nOCJIe rpa l llaHCKOH CMepTH KaK npa­ OCHOBHbIe qepTbI COIIHam CTH'leCKOH 3aKOHHOCTH pa3pa6aTbIBa­ BHITO Ka3HHJIH JIHCb B 3TO BpeMH BblIllHHCKHM KOTOPbIH OKa3aITCH BOIKlleM COBeT­ pOBaHbI CKoro lOpHllH'IeCKOrO ppOHTa B 1944-1948 BnOCITellCTBHH OHH 6bIJIH rrOCMepTHO pea6HITHTH­ TeopHH rrpaBa BbIllHHCKoro MO l eT 6bITb cBelleHa rOllax B BOCTOqHOH EBpone 6blJIH OCHOBaHbI HO­ ITOIKeHHHM K llByM no­ nOCKOllbKY ll106aH CHCTeMa npaBa HBllHeTCH Bblpa l e­ BbIe COIIHaITHCTH'leCKHe rOCYllapCTBa I1x npaBHTeJIbCTBaM Ha npoTH­ HHeM BOllH rocnOllCTBYlOmero KITaCCa OHa npH3BaHa CllY l HTb HH­ l eHHH nepBbIx qeTbIpex HJIH nHTH JIeT 6bIJIO n03BOJIeHO coxpaHHTb TepecaM H IIeJIHM 3Toro KJIaCCa OHa HBllHeTCH opYllHeM KllaCCOBOH OTlleJIbHble meMeHTbI llOBoeHHoro 3aKOHOllaTeJIbCTBa HOBbIe pe­ 60Pb6bI a rrOTOMY He MOIKeT 6bITb llerallbHbIX OrpaHH'IeHHH KOTO­ l HMbI ll06aBITHITH HOBbIe 3aKOHbI K CTapblM H npeTeHllOBaITH npH pble 3amHIUaJIH 6bI ll1060ro HHllHBHllYYMa HllH Bce 'IellOBe'IeCTBO 3TOM Ha TO 'ITO 3TH ll06aBITeHHH He HapYllialOT IIeJIOCTHylO CHCTeMY ComaCHO BbIIllHHCKOMY KllaCCOBaH 60Pb6a llHKTyeT 'ITO HMeHHO B 1949-1950 rOllax cHTyaIIHH peUlHTeITbHO H3MeHlmaCb rrOCKOJ1bKY 3aKOHHO HaBH3aHHbIH COBeTCKHM pacnpoCTpaHHITCH rrpaB fTeITbCTBOM npollecc CTaJIHHH3aIIHH H Ha 3TH CTpaHbI COBeTCKaH IOpHcnpYlleHIIHH ee KOHIIerrIIHH npaBa 6blJIa YCBoeHa B HeH3MeHeHHOM BHlle Bce OCTa­ TOIJHble pa3ITH'lHH CTaJTH HecymecTBeHHbI IIocITe 1950 rOlla npaBo­ BOH nopHlloK 3THX cTpaH HH'IeM He OTITHqaJICH OT COBeTCKoro 06­ pa3IIa 3aKOH CllylKHT IIellHM rocnOllCTBYlOmero KJIaCCa H C03lla­ eTCH BO HMH ero HHTepeCOB B CBeTe TeopHH BbIlllHHCKoro lla l e nOHHTHe 6YPlKYa3HOrO rrpa­ BorropHllKa KOTOPOMY npHllaBaJIH 60JIblllOe 3HaqeHHe MapKC 3H­ rellbC H lla l e neHHH YTpa'IHBaeT BCHKHH CMbICll I1c'Ie3aeT TaK I e H rerellbHHCKO-MapKCHCTCKaH JJ HaJIeKTHKa 3Ta llHaJIeKTHKa nOllpa­ 3YMeBaJIa 'ITO 06meCTBeHHbie H rrOllHTH'IeCKHe HHCTHTYTbI a TaK I e IIpoIIecc lleCTallHHH3amm llOJIrHH H nocTeneHHbIH Ha'IaJICH rro­ H COOTBeTCTBYlOmHe HM IOpHllH'IeCKHe HOPMbI MorYT 6bITb OllHO­ CITe cMepTH CTaITHHa HalleJI OH CBoe oTpaIKeHHe H B 06ITaCTH npaBa BpeMeHHO KaK nOlle3Hbl TaK H BpellHbI JlliH B IOpHcnpYlleHIIHH H IOpHllHIJeCKOH allMHHHCTpaIIHH COBeTcKoro Co­ KllaCCOBbIX CHJI B CHCTeMax npaBa ITI060H aHTarOHHCTH'IeCKHX H COIIHaJIbHOH popMallHH 103a H llpyrHx COIIHaJIHCTH'IeCKHX cTpaH nOHBHITHCb HOBble 3JIeMeH­ CO 1 epIKaTCH HOPMbI KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb KaK nporpeCCHBHhIMH TbI Halla 3alla'Ia paccMOTpeTb HaH60JIee cymecTBeHHbie H3 HHX TaK H perpeCCHBHblMH TaK 'ITO rrO lJ1HHHbIH YIJeHblH iWJIIKeH Hx aHa­ TeopHH rrpaBa pa3pa60TaHHaH Ha npOTH I eHHH CTaJIHHCKOro ne­ ITH3HpOBaTb C TO'IKH 3peHHH llBH I eHHH pa3BHTHH H B03MO l HOrO rro­ pHolla 88 OnHpaJIaCb Ha Te3HC KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOrO MaHH pecTa CITe 1 YlOmero OTpHuaHHH B CMbIClle CHHTHH Bce 3TH TOHKHe 89 pa3nHlllm 6bInJil HaMepeHHO 060HneHbI 0c pHUJilanhHOH COBeTCKOH Te­ QT06hl 060HTJil Bce 3TJil c pHnococ pCKHe JilneonOmlleCKJile H no­ OPJileH npaBa nOCKOnbKY OHJil 6pOCaJIJil KpJilTHlleCKJilH CBeT nJilaJIeK­ TJilKJil He TonbKO Ha 3ananHhIe npaBOBble CJilCTeMbl HO TaK f e Jil Ha COBeTCKYIO ferenhl'IHCKO-MapKCHCTCKJilH nonxon 6hIn xapaKTepeH TaK f e H UJHI JIeHHHa n03TOMY CTaJIJilH H BblWHHCKHH nOn f Hbl 6hInH nOJJ ­ BeprHYTh ueH3ype TaK f e Hero B CBoeM MeMopaHnYMe COBeTCKHM 3aKOHOnaTenHM JIeHHH peKOMeHnOBaJI BHHMaTenhHO paCCMOTpeTb Bce 3ananHhie CBOUbI 3aKOHOB IIT06bl OTblCKaTh B HHX 3aKOHOJJ a­ TenbHble nOnO f eHHH KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITh 6naronpHHTHbI nnH Ha­ pona KOTopble 3aIUHruaIOT HHTepeCbl TPYUHruHXCH H n03TOMY JJ on f ­ Hbi 6blTb nepeHeceHbl B HOBble COBeTCKHe 3aKOHhl 3TH peKOMeHJJ a­ UHH HHKorM He UHTJilPOBaJIJilCb B CTanJilHCKJile BpeMeHa KaK Bnpo­ lIeM Jil B rrOcne-CTaJIHHCKHe Korna MHoro rOBopHnOCh 0 B03Bpa­ Te K neHJilHH3MY HJil OnHH KOMMYHHCTHlleCKHH IOPJilCT HH pa3Y He CKa3an HJil 06 OUHOM 3arranHOM 3aKOHe lITO OH 6narOIIpHHTeH TPY­ UHruJilMCH a n03TOMY nOCTOJilH 6blTb YCBoeH KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKJilMJil BnaCTHMH To lITO 6bInO OCTaBneHO BhIWJilHCKJilM B onpeneneHHHx cOUHanH­ cTHlleCKOH 3aKOHHOCTH CTporoe HeYKnOHHoe ee c06nIOJJ e­ HHe 6blJIO MeHee Ba f HO qeM TO 0 qeM YMaJIqHBanocb A 6bInO Bo Bcex KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKHX cTpaHax 0c pJilUJilanbHall TeOpJilH npa­ Ba OTO f lleCTBnHeT BonIO rociiOnCTBYIOruero pa60qero Knacca C ero HHTepeCaMJil B lIeM 6bl 3TH HHTepeCbl HH COCTOllnH 3Ta neT­ CKaH TeOpJilll Bce erue He OCTaBneHa COBeTCKOH 0C PHUHaJIbHOH IOpHC­ na f e Jil nocne rrorrbITOK JJ eCTanHHH3aUHH IIpaBHruaH rpyrrna MO f eT Jil npeBpaTHO rrOHHMaTb CBOH c06CTBeHHhle HHTepeCbl H TaKHM 06pa30M KaK TOMY CBHneTenbCTBOM TblClI'lH rrpHMepOB MO f eT BBOnHTb 3aKOHbI KOTopble BpeUHbl na f e nnH Hee caMoH Ta­ KHe oliIJil6KH B03MOiKHbI rrpH nI060H COUHanhHOH CJilCTeMe - OT aH­ THqHOrO pa60BnaneHJilH no COBpeMeHHblX 3ananHbiX H BOCTOIIHblX 06ruecTB HH CTanJilH HJil BblllIJilHCKJilR He f enanH nOIIYCTHTb lITO npaRHruaH rpynrra JilnJil Knacc MorYT HenpaBHnbHO HCTonKOBaTb CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH JilHTepec H60 OHH crapanHCb 060HTJil cpa3Y nBe np06neMbI MOiKeT nJil cOUJilanJilCTJil'leCKOe npaBHTenbcTBO rrpoBeCTH 3aKOH KOTOPblH HaHOCJiln 6hI yruep6 Hapony MO f eT nJil 6YP f ya3Hoe rocynapcTBO C03naTb 3aKOH 6narorrpHHTHbIH nnH HapOna 90 lime CaMOO'leBHnHhle JilneJil 6YP f ya3Hoe npaBo cny f JilT HHTepe­ caM OnHOH 6YP f Ya3JilJil rrponeTapCKoe rrpaBO Bcerna Jil TonhKO Cl1Y­ f JilT HHTepecaM HapOna DpyroH npJilllJilHOH HX yrropcTBa 6hInO f enaHJile CTanHHa H Bbl­ llIHHCKOro H36eiKaTh KaKoro 6hl TO HH 6bIl10 06c neHHH TeOpeTHqe­ CKOH B03MO f HOCTH HeneranhHblx 3aKoHoB HnH Bo06rue BClIKOH Cl10 f HOCTH B OTHoweHHlIX Me f nY Tpe60BaHHlIMJil cnpaBennJilBOCTH cYllIecTBYIOIUHMH 3aKOHaMH H IIp06l1eMa Y3aKoHeHHoro 6e33a­ KOHHlI aHaJIJil3HpOBaJIaCh caMHM MapKcOM B ero 3HaMeHJilTbIX paH­ HHX OqepKaX 0 npYCCKoH ueH3ype B BoceMHaJJ UaToM JIYH EOHanapTa BO Bcex Tpex TOMax KanJilTaJIa - 6pIOMepa eCJIH Ha3bl· BaTh l1HllIh caMble CYIueCTBeHHhJe ero BhlCKa3hlBaHHH Ha ny TeMY HMeHHO MapKC HarrpHMep HaCTaHBaJI lITO ueH3ypa nOn06HO pa6­ CTBY He MO f eT CTaTh l1eniJIhHOH JJ a f e eCJIH OHa 6yneT npOBeneHa B 3aKOHax XOTh COTHH pa3 OUHHM Jil3 C3MbiX HeocrropHMhlX C PHl10­ COC PCKHX 3aMe'laHJf R MapKca Ha nOT CqeT 6bInO rrpH3HaHHe 'ITO Bcerna CyrueCTBOBaJIH 06'heKTHBHhle H cy6'heKTHBHhIe rrpOTHBOpellJilH Me f ny cpeJJ CTBaMJil H uemIMH peal1hHOCThIO H B03MO f HOCThlO HHTe­ peCaMJil H BOl1eH neHCTBHTel1hHOCThlO H ee BOCrrpJilllTJileM 06'heKTHB­ onyrueHo cnenYIOruee rrpyneHUHeH nJilTJil'leCKJile cnOiKHOCTJil OHH rrpenrrOtIHTal1Jil OIIJilpaThClI Ha npOCTeR­ HbIMH TeHUeHUHlIMH H cy6'heKTHBHhIMH HaMepeHHHMH Bce 3TH yc­ nO f HHIOIUHe co06pa f eHHH H3 CTaJIHHHCTCKOH TeOpJilH rrpaBa 6hInH HaMepeHHO YCTpaHeHhl CTaJIJilHHCTCKaH TeopHH rrpaBa KaK OHa rrpeJJ CTaBl1eHa B COBeT­ CKHX YHHBepCHTeTCKHX Y'le6HJilKax na f e He OTMeqaeT TaKYIO OCHOB­ HYIO nOl1HTHlleCKYIO H C PJill10COC PCKYIO rrp06l1eMY KOTopaH non f Ha aHaJIH3HpOBaTbclI B l11060H cephe3HOH C PHl10COC PHH rocynapcTBa H rrpaBa KaK OTHOWeHHe Me f ny 06IUHM H HHnHBHnyal1hHbIM 6JIa­ rOM no KaKOH CTeneHH rrOCJIeUHee MO f eT rrpHHOCHTbClI B f epTBy rrepBOMY B HaqaJIe cBoeH nellTeJIhHOCTH CTamiH HanHCaJI rrOl1eMJil'leCKYIO pa­ 60TY 06 aHapxH3Me OH YTBep f llaJI B HeR 'ITO COUHaJIH3M 3a60THT­ ClI 0 Maccax a He 06 JilHnHBJilnYYMax 3TO - He TpanHUHOHHO 3anan­ HbIH H na f e He MapKCHCTCKHH a THrrHqeCKH TOTaJIJilTapHbIH nonxon TaKaH rrpennO f eHHall erue MOJIOnbIM Cral1HHbIM HHTepnpeTaUHH COUHaJIH3Ma rrpHHeCJIa CBOIO H306HJIhHYlO f aTBY n03nHee CTaJIHH BhlllIJilHCKHH H HX rrOCJIenOBaTel1H npeHe6pernH nJill1eM­ MOH CC POpMHpOBaHHOH erue l aH- I aKoM Pycco B ero 06ulecTBeH­ 91 HOM o OrOBOpe npOTHBOpe'llUIMH Me l lJ Y HH o HBH o yaJIbHOR BCeX MeJK o y 06meCTBeHHblM H JIH'lHbIM 6JIarOM JIml CTa­ H BOJIeR CPa3Y BCJIe o 3a OKIH6pbCKOH peBonIOIIHeH Ha'laJICfl npOIIecc pa3­ paCTaHHH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOH MallIHHbI HHKaKHX 3HaKOB OIMHpa­ JIHHHCTOB B KOHTeKCTe COIIHaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO rocy o apCIBa 3a60nlTb­ HUH He 6bIno H B nOMHHe Ha060pOT MHO l HnHCb ciJ epbI rrpHMoro Cfl 0 rro o 06HbIX Bemax 3Ha'lHJIO yrro o 06JIfllbCfl yna o O'lHbIM HHleJIJIH­ rocy o apCTBeHHoro BMellIaTeJIbCTBa 6IOpOKpaTH'leCKHH annapaT He­ reHlaM BMeCTO aHaJIH3a Bcero nora OHH o OKa3b1BaJIH '110 npepbIBHO pOc Kor o a CTaJIHH OKOH'laTenbHO YTBep lJ HJIcH HH o HBH o YaJIbHbIMH H 06ll HMH HHTepecaMH Me l o y JIH'lHbIMH H 06­ KeHHH BO l lJ H Ha XVIII B rrOJIO­ C'be3 o e napTHH OH nOnblTaJICH onpaB o aTb meCTBeHHbIMH IIeJIflMH HHKaKoro Pa3JIH'lHfl HeI KIO He nOHHMaeT lTO flBneHHe OH o OKa3bIBaJI 'ITO COBeTCKoe rocynapCTBO nOJI KHO HX TO l o eCTBa TOI KaK YTBep l lJ aJIH CTaJIHHHCTbl He nOHHMaeT HC­ HenpepbIBHO paCllIHpflTbCfl nOKa HaKOHeII TOpH'leCKOR He06xo o HMOCTH n03HaHHe KOTOPOR comaCHO fere­ o eHTenbHOCTb He npeBpaTHTCH B rocynapCTBeHHYIO neHTeJIbHOCTb JIIO H MapKcy H eCTb cB060 o a COOTBeTCTBeHHO KOnH'leCTBO H MaCllITa6 npaBHTenbCTBeHHbIX npen­ Ho TaK HJIH HHa'le KOMMYHHcIH'IecKoe rrOHHMaHHe 3aKOHHO­ JII06aH 06I1IeCTBeHHaH nHcaHHH l OJI l HbI TaK I e paCTH Koma Bce 6yneT B pYKax rocynap­ CTH HH'IerO He MOrJIO OTBeTHlb o a I e Ha TaKHe BonpOCbI KaK o orry­ CTBa CTHM Horo H60 Bce CTaHeT 06I1IeCTBeHHbIM TaKOBa no ero MHeHHIO nH­ cymeCTBOBaJIa JIH iJ eo o aJIbHafl 3aKOHHOCTb HJIH iJ allIHclcKafl rOBOpHn CTaJIHH - He OCTaHeTCH HH'IerO rrpaBHTenbCTBeH­ 3aKOHHOCTb HeKoTopble COBeTCKHe TeopeTHKH OTBe'laJIH 'ITO iJ a­ aneKTHKa COIIHaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO rocynapCTBa llIHCICKafl 3aKOHHOCTb He CYllIeCIBOBaJIa H60 COrJIaCHO COBeICKOMY COIIHaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO rOCY l apCTBa H COIIHaJIHCIH'IeCKOrO npaBa 6bI­ ClanHHCKaH TeopHfl OiJ HIIHaJIbHOMY orrpe o eJIeHHIO iJ allIH3M 6a3HpyeTcfl Ha 6e33aKOHHH JIa nOJIHbIM nepeCMOlpOM H o eH OTMHpaHHfl rOCY l apCTBa H rrpaBa OHa 6bIJIa Bcero JIHIIIb nOnblTKOif onpaB o aHHfl IOIaJIHlapHOro a o MH­ H He YBa l aeT npaB HH o HBH o yYMOB Ho TO I e caMoe MOrJIO 6blTb CKa3aHO H 0 COBeTCKOM npaBe B COOIBeTCTBHH C KOTOPbIM COBeTCKHe rpa l lJ aHe MOrJIH 6b1Ib apeCTO­ BaHbI nOca l eHbI B TIOPbMY H npHrOBopeHbI K CMepIH IPORKOH COCTOflBllIeH H3 Tpex BbICllIHX 'IlmOB HKBJI H BbIHOCHBllIeH npHrO­ HHClpaTHBHoro BMeilialeJIbCTBa BO Bce acneKlbI 06meCIBeHHOH H HH l HBH o yaJIbHOH l H3He o eflTeJIbHOCTH IIocne CMepTH ClaJIHHa HaclynHJIa BeCbMa OrpaHH'IeHHafl OITe­ rrenb 3a KOIOpoif nocne o OBaJIH HOBbIe 3aMop03KH Te KIO rrpen­ BOp Ha OCHOBe o OKJIa o OB 60JIee HH3KHX 'IHHOB TOH I e CJIY l 6bI 003­ JIaraJI XOIfl 6bI yMepeHHyIO o eIIeHTpaJIH3aIIHIO H o eMOKpaIH3aIIHIO onaCHOCTH H npH3HaHHR no o nHCaHHbIX 06BHHfleMblMH IIpHrOBopbI CHOBa 6bIJIH 06 bflBJIeHbI peBH3HOHHClaMH H npaBbIMH JIH6epaJIaMH TpOHKH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH KOHY TeppopHCTH'IeCKOMY COBeICKOMY 3a­ HO KIO 6bI rrpH3HaJI TaKOH 3aKoH XOTfl 6bI JIeraJIbHblM He rOBopfl Y I e 0 cnpaBe o nHBOCTH H'IeJIOBe'lHOCTH JIpyrHM Ba I HbIM H3MeHeHHeM KOIopoe BHec ClaJIHH B MapK­ CHCTCKYIO TeopHIO rocy o apCTBa H rrpaBa 6bIJIa H o efl OIMHpaHM nbITaIOIIIHMHCH npe o aleJIbCKH nOnOpBaIb COIIHanHCTH'IeCKYIO CHCIe­ My nH6epMaH COBeICKHH 3KOHOMHCT 6bIJI OnHHM H3 nepBbIX KTO npe o nO l Hn BeCbMa YMepeHHbIH nnaH neIIeHIpanH3aIIHH X03flRCIBa MHorHe KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKHe 6IOpOKpalbI 6POCHJIHCb ero ClpaCTHO 3Ia IeopHfl He rrpHHa o ne l HI HH MapKcy HIl 3HreJIbcy OHH OCTaBH­ OCY l lJ alb Ho HeCKOJIbKHMH ro o aMH n03 l Hee Bce KOMMYHllCTH'le­ JIH Ha nOT C'IeI IOJIbKO 06mHe 3aMe'laHlifl CKHe ClpaHbI BbIHY l lJ eHbI 6bIJIH 06paTHTbcfl K peiJ opMaM HHor o a B 6pOllIIOpe neHHHa 'Tocy o apCIBO H peBOJIIOIIHfl H 6e3 TOro CJIHiliKOM 06ll He npe o CKa­ HAymHM ropa3nO l aJIbilie npe o nO l eHHH nH6epMaHa Tor o a BbIHBH­ 3aHHfl 06 nOM CTaJIH eme 60JIee HeflCHbIMH neHHH HHr o e BllJIOlb o O JIaCb CYIlIeCIBeHHafl CBfl3b Me I J Y 3KOHOMH'IeCKOif H nOnHTH'IeCKOH HOfl6pfl 1917 ro o a He CKa3aJI Kor o a I e c06CIBeHHO o OJI I eH Ha­ neIIeHlpaJIH3aIIHeH C O o HOH CTOPOHbI H ponbIO npaBa C o pyroif 'IaTbCfl npollecc OIMHpaHM rocy o apCIBa Henocpe o CIBeHHO JIH BCJIe o JIocTH I eHHfl HanOJIOBHHY JIHIIeMepHoif o eMOKpaIH3aIIHH OKa3a­ 3a 3aXBaTOM BJIaCIH HJIH nOCJIe orrpe o eJIeHHOrO nepHo o a npe06pa30­ JIHCb O'leHb CKPOMHbl JIeMoKpaIM B KOHe'lHOM C'IeTe HeCOBMeCTH­ BaHM COIIHaJIHCIH'IeCKOrO 06meCIBa B KOMMYHHCIH'IeCKoe JIOJI­ Ma C IIeHTpaJIH30BaHHoif I eH JIH nOI npOIIecc Ha'lalbCfl npH o HKTaType npOJIelapHala 1 HOH 3KOHOMH'leCKOif ecn8 HeI pe'lHH H TpynHOCIH KOTopbIe C03 l aJIH no'lBY nnfl HOBbIX TeH l eHIIHR CH 92 KaK H Kor o a o HKTarypa npOJIelapHala MO l eT 3aKOH'lHlb­ 6IOpoKpaTH'IeCKoif CTPYKTYPOH H TOlaJIb­ IIeHlpaJIH3aIIHeR B03HHKJIH HOBbIe npOIHBO­ pa3BHIHfl perpeCCHBHbIX no OIHOllIeHHIO K nOJIHOMY CTaJIHHH3MY H 93 B BCHrpHH HHOIll Ka lap nepBblM OTKPblTO ocy IHJl IpyrylO CTa­ nporpeCCHBHblX HanpaBneHHblX K oonee nocnelloBaTenbHoH TpanH3aIlHH nOnHTHqeCKOH lleMOKpaTH3allHH H TBep lOCTH BblX HOpM BOCCTaHHH B BeHrpHH llOnbllle H qexocnoBaKHH IOKa33 JIH qTO Hapollbl 3THX CTpaH TepHIOT Tepnemie H CTaHOBHTCH RbI B nOH aTMOC j epe HaqanHCb nOnblTKH BOCCTaHOBHTb JHfHCKYIO IOrMY KTO He C HaMH TOT npOTHB Hac Ka lap YTBep­ l llan qTO B COIIHanHCTWleCKHX CTpaHax 3Ta MaKCHMa IOn KHa ObITb nepeBepHYTa KTO He npOTHB Hac TOT C HaMH KTO He npOTHB co­ UUanH3Ma TOT HaIll Ipyr 9Ta KOHllenUUH nOMorna npaaHTenbCTBY Kallapa nocne HeCKOflbKHX 3aKOHa H cy Ia 1l0BellcHHbIX B CTanHHCKHe BpeMeHa 10 HWlTO KeCTBa neT Teppopa npeBpaTHTb BeHrpHIO B ca­ MblH JIHOepanbHblU H3 KOMMYHHCTHqeCKHX pe KHMOB EBponbI 70-x ObIl1H nHKBH IHpOBaHbl CneUHanbHble CY l b1 nOnHIIHH Oe30naCHOCTH llocnblrnanHCb rOJIOCa CTOPOHHHKOB napHTeTa 3arnHTbI H nyon HOCTH OOBHHeHHH B yrOJIOBHOM npOlleCCe COBeTCKHM aBTopaM no HenerKO nOMep KHBaTb Ia Ke 3TH 3nCMeHTapHble TpeOOBaHHH nOCKonbKY TaM BCe eme rocnollcTBoBana IOKTpHHa cornaCHO KO· TOPOH IOJIr Ka K lOrO nOMoraTb rOCYllapCTBY npH YCTaHOBneHHH HCTHHbI JiI npeCne lOBaHHH nlOooro HapyrnHTenH 3aKOHa Ka K IbIH KTO OTKa3bIBaeTCH COrpYAHHqaTb C BJIaCTHMH CqHTaeTCH nnOXHM co­ BCTCKHM rpa K laHHHOM OO'beKTOM ocooeHHO pe3KOH TeopeTHqeCKOH KpHTHKH CTan AHA­ HHH COBeTCKHX 3aKoHoB HO H B TaKHX aHTHcoBeTCKHx YTBep K Ie­ HHHX OY ITO BHHa OOBHHHeMoro He HY K IaeTCH B nOJIHOM 1l0Ka3a­ TeJIbCTBe' qTO H qaCTWlHbIX IOKa3aTenbCTB BnonHe IOCTaTO'-IHO Ha Hero B03JIaranaCb BHHa 3a TeOpeTHqeCKOe OOOCHOBaHHe npaKTHKH OCY K IeHHH HCBHHHblX JIlOlleH BO BpeMR qHCTOK CKHM IlHKTaTOM IOPHCTbI CKnOHflnHCb K oonee pa3YMHbiM H npo­ rpeCCHBHblM npHHUHnaM pa3HblMH nYTRMH nbITaRCb BOCCtaHOBHTb 3ana lHo-eBponeHCKHe lleMOKpamqeCKHe TpaAMmm B llonbIlle nOMep KHBanH H IelO a lMHHHCTpaTHBHblX CYIlOB KOTopble ObmH Obi ynonHOMOqeHbl ocnapHBaTb a lMHHHCTpamBHble perneHHH lHCKYC­ TeMY npO lOn KanHCb H BonpeKH npOTHBOlleHCTBHIO Bna­ cTeH Koe-KaKHe rnaru B nOM HanpaBneHHH Bce-TaKH ObIl1H C IenaRbI B llonbIlle HanpHMep Obm C03 1aH cnellHaflbHblH cy I A IMHHH­ CTpaTHBHblH TpHOYHan llocJIe 953 rOlla Mepe KOMMYHHCTHqeCKOrO pe KHMa npaaHLl He KOMMYHHCmqeCKHe nap­ THH He Y Iep KHBaIOTCH qr06bI He nOllqepKHYTb qTO Ha IaHHOH KOH­ KpeTHOH CTa IHH pa3BHTHH YCHJIHBaeTCH KnaCCOBoe conpoTHBneHHe oyp a3HH C 1956 rO la KOr la 3Ta TeopHH obma o j HUHanbHo OT­ TOPbIH npH3Han ObI qTO ero crpaHa BOllma B nepHOA cnOKOHCTBHH H ocnaoneHHH KnaCCOBbiX npOTHBOpeqHH HaooopoT nOCTOHHHO Ie­ JIanHCb 3aHBneHHH KOTopbIe npH3bIBanH YCHJlHTb O lHTenbHOCTb H ytBep K lanH qTO Ha IaHHOH j a3e pa3BHTHH BparH COUHanH3Ma YCHnHBalOT KnaCCOBYIO OOPbOy· TaKaH nOllHTHKa ocooeHHO HBHO BblCTynana Ha nepBblH nnaH BO qeXOcnoBallKoro KpH3Hca 1968 rO la nOCllC IBYX BOHH Me K­ AY IhpaHneM H apaocKHMH CTpaHaMH 1967 H 1973 rO lOB nocne BonHeHHH B nonbIlle B 1956 970 H 1980 rO lax OCTaeTCH Bce eme HeTpOHYTbIM no KpaHHeH Mepe OAHH acneKT TeopHH HHTeHCH j HKaUHH CornaCHO o j HIIHanbHOM KOMMYHHCTHqe­ qexocnoBaKHH H BeHrpHH IeMOKpaTHqeCKH HaCTpoeHHble IOPHCTbl ny Bcne l 3a Ka K IbIM cymecTBeH­ HblM Me K lYHapO IHblM H BHYTpHnOnHTHqeCKHM npOBanOM IaHHoro BpeMH Bo Bcex CBponeHCKHX CTpaHax KOTopbIe OKa3anHCb nOll COBeT­ CHH Ha pee HcnpaaneHa qeM OTOporneHa BeprHYTa He HarnJIOCb HH o IHoro KOMMYHHCTH'leCKOro nH Iepa KO­ PCH BbIllIHHCKHH Ero nocMepTHo OOBHHHJlH HC TOJIbKO B Hapyrne­ B HeKOTopblX HapO U HbIX IeMOKpaTHlIX ocooeHHO rO lOB Ha ICJIe TeopHH HHTeHCH j HKaUHH KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI 6bma CKO- HlleH HHTeHCH j HKaIlHH KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI no CKOH TeopHH H IeOllOrHqeCKaH KnaCCOBaH oopb6a IOll KHa YCHnH­ BaTbCH B nepHOA MHpHOrO cocymecTBOBaHHJI H IeTaHTa HOO Bep K laeT o j HUHanbHaH TeopHH - YT­ HMnepHanHCTbI Bce eme He OTKa­ 3anHCb OT CBOHX Ha le K I pa3pyllIHTb KOMMYHH3M nblTaHCb IOOHTb­ CH 3Toro nyTeM H IeOllOrHqeCKOH IHBepCHH llo noMY B lllOOOH H3 KOMMYHHCmqeCKHX CTpaH BpeMH OT BpeMeHH OOBHHHIOT XY IO KHH­ KOB yqeHblx H nHcaTeneM B nonHTWIeCKOH cnenOTe B HeKpHTH­ qeCKOM nOllp3 KaHHH yna lOqHbIM oyp a3HblM H3BpameHHHM B KneBeTe Ha ycnoBHH KH3HH npH KOMMYHHCTH'leCKHX npaBHTenb­ CTpOHTem CTBa COUHanH3Ma 6bma OTBeprHYTa KaK HeCOOTBeT­ CTBax llO-HOBOMY HCTonKOBaHHbIH COUHanHCTHqeCKHH peanH3M CTBYlOman COIIHanHCTWleCKOH TeopHH H rYMaHH3MY XpymeB H IPY­ CHOBa H CHOBa HCnOJIb3yeTcH KaK AYOHHKa npOTHB nlOObIX npOHBne­ ruc COBeTCKHe nHllcpbI npH3HanH B HeM 0pYAMe KOTopoe Hcnonb30­ HHH He3aBHCHMoro xYIlO KeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa TaKOBa H IeOnO­ Ban CTaJIHH Hero nanaqH qT06bl apeCTOBbIBaTb H HCTpeOnHTh nonHO­ IICHHblX rpa K laH 94 95 rHH KOTOpaH CKpbIBaCTCH 3a OC3J1 aJIOCTHbIMH CPCTHKOB H KOCMOrrOJIHTOB B HapymcHHc HC TOJIbKO rrpHHUHnOI 3TH TpCOOBaHHH BbIgBHraCMbie HCO-CTaJIHHHCTaMH nonpOCTY CBO­ rrpaBa H gCMoKpaTHH HO H COBCTCKHX 3aKOHOB TaKoBa HgCOJIO 1 wrTCH K CTapOH npeTCH3HH oygTO COUHaJIHCTH'ICCKOe rocygapCTBO rHH H rrOJlHTHKa KOTOPbIC orrpcgCJIHIOT npaBOBblC POpMYJIH m HC MOJl CT npH'lHHHTb rpaJl llaHaM HH'lCrO gypHoro OTClOlla llenaCT­ KH HaCqCT KOHTPPCBOJIIOUHOHHOH aHTHCOIIHaJIHCTH'ICCKOH CH BbIBOg 0YIlTO B 3amHTe OT gCHCTBHH rocygapCTBa HHKaKOH 110­ TCJIbHOCTH - TPCOHOCTH npOCTO HeT POPMYJIHpOBKH HaCTOJIbKO CMYTHbIC H YKJIOlf'lHBbIC 'ITO galOT OCHOBaHHR OOBHHHTb Koro yrogHO JIHoepaJIbI gOKaJbIBaIOT 'ITO BCCOomaH gCKnapaUHH npaB '1eno­ B JrUX HOBbIX OOcTOHTCJlbCTBaX HaqaJIO pa3BHBaTbCH HOBOC BeKa cooTBeTcTBYlOmHe MeJl llYHapOIlHblc KOHBCHUHH H XenhCHHK­ qeHHC B IOpHcupygeHUHH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKHX CTpaH OHO BO CKaH geKnapaUHH 1l0nJl Hbi nonyqHTh B COUHaJIHCTH'ICCKHX cTpaHax JlO KaK OTKJlOHeHHe OT 0 pHUHaJIbHhIX B3rJIHgoB IionHYIO CHJIY 'ITO BHYTpeHHHC 3aKOHbl 3THX CTpaH 1l0Jl KHbI ObJTh BepHCC 3gCCb CJIegyeT rOBopHTb 0 COBOKYUHOCTH TCHgeHUHH rrpHBellcHbI B COOTBCTCTBHe C TpCOOBaHHHMH HOB oro Me l gYHapog­ rr03HUHH KOTopbIe rrpegcTaBJIR IOT COOOIO paJHbIC oOJIec HJIH MCHce Horo npaBa OHH HaCTaHBalOT Ha TOM 'ITO OOH3aHHOCTb cooJllOgaTh gCMoKpaTlftlccKHC H nHOCpaJIbHhle nOAXOAhI K npaBY IIoJroMY HgCH npHHIIHIIbI llCKJIapaUHH npaB '1enOBCKa He HBJIHeTCH HapymenH­ OTgCJIbHbIX rpynrr 3aCJIYJl HBalOT OhITh paccMoTpeHHbIMH oTgcnbHO CM rocygapCTBcHHoro CYBepCHHTeTa C JrOH TO'lKH 3PCHHH cnegoBa­ Ho CCTb KOHCqHO MCJl AY HHMH H OomHe qCPTbI TcnbHO gOJIJl Hbi ObITb ncpeCMOTpCHbI KOHIIerrUHH CYBcpeHHTeTa JIHoCPaJIbHO-KOMMYHHCTJfqeCKHH B3mR g Ha COIIHaJIHCTHqCCKYIO 3aKOHHOCTb nog'lcpKHBaeT HeB03MOJl HOCTh cymCCTBoBaHIDI npaBa oe3 HaJIH'lHH BHgYYMa nCraJIbHbIX npouegyp npH3BaHHblx 3amHTHTh HHgH­ OT aAMHHHCTpaTHBHoro npoH3Bona JIHOCPaJIbi C'IHTaIOT 'ITO coonlOgeHHe cymCCTBYlOmHX 3aKOHOB HC HBnHeTCH cme gocTa­ TOqHbIM gOKa3aTcnhCTBOM 3aKOHHOCTH onpegencHHbiX npaBHTeJlb­ CTBCHHhIX pcmCHHH OHH npHOnHJI alOTCH K HgCC 3aKOHHoro 3aKO­ Ha TO CCTb 3aKOHa KOTOPblH 3amHmaCT HHTCPCCbI rrpaBa H CBOOO­ ghI HHgHBHJlYYMa - B npOTHBOrrOnOJl HOCTb 3aKOHaM KOTOPbIC CTa­ H CBOOOAhlrOCYllapCTB JlJ toepaJIhl KPHTHKYIOT ynpOmelf'lCCKYIO 0 pRUHaJIbHYIO KOHuen­ IIHIO COrJIaCHO KOTOPOH 3aKOH IlOnJl eH HCTonKOBbIBaTbCH COOTBeT­ CTBeHHO PYKOBogR meH nHHHH rrapTHH OHH CKJIOHHbI cpaBHH­ Ban nOT rrpHHUHrr C xopomo H3BecTHoH HgeCH HaUH3Ma 'ITO 3aKOH cJlegyeT TonKOBan B comaCHH C BOJleH plOpepa IIoJIbcKHe KOHCTHTYUHIO JIHOCPaJIbI rrogBeprnH KpHTHKC HOBYIO rrOJIbcKYIO OCOOCHHO gBe ee eraThH rrpHHHTble 16 peBPaJIH 1976 roga CTaThH 3-H YTBepJl llaeT 'ITO ITonbCKaH OObCllHHeHHaH HOBHTCH MHHMO JlCraJIhHblMH nHllIb nOTOMY 'ITO HX BBOgHJIH COOT­ paOO'laH uapTHH HBJlHeTCH BellymeH UOJIHTH'ICCKOH CHJIOH HaUHH BeTCTBeHHO YCTaHOBJleHHbiM rrpaBHnaM Co maCHO CTane 6-H IlPY I oa C COBeTCKHM COlO30M RBJIHeTCH 3Ta HOBaH BepHec CKa3aTb OOHOBneHHaH KOHuenUIDI npaBa cny­ HOBOH uonhCKOH rronHTHKH OC­ ITpo peccop JIemeK KOJIaKOBCKHH CO­ HgconorH'ICCKHM H nOnHTJfqCCKHM 060CHOBaHHCM HC3aBHCH­ BcpmCHHO upaB B oueHKC 3THX IlBYX cTaTcH OHH upellCTaBJIHIOT CO­ MOCTH IOpHgJfqCCKOH CHCTeMhI KOTopaH oonagaJIa ObI nOJiHOMoqH­ oOH rrccBgo-neraJIH3aUHIO IlBoHHoro HapymcHHH cYBcpeHHTcTa nOJlb­ HMH OTBepraTb pcmCHIDI CKoro Hapoga Jl HT KacaCTCH 3 a mHTbI npaB agMHHHCTpaTHBHbiX BnaCTCH Korga geno HHgHBHgYaJIbHbIX rpaJl gaH B03paJl eHHH Ha - OTHOCHTCJIbHO UapTHHHOrO anuapaTa KOTOPbIH He ObIJI H36paH H He KOHTPOJIHPYCTCH OomeCTBOM KOfna H yrroTpe6J1HlO TepMHH m j6epanbHbIl KOMMYHH3M H nOnpa3YMe­ BaID B3nIHAbi nOJThCKHX H BeHrepCKHX J1H6epanOB Ha'IHHaH C nOB a TaK e '1eXOB Ha'lHHaH C npa CKo li ny - BeCHI rrpaBAa J1Hlllb C H3BeCTHblMH OfOBopKaMH - R 1955-1957 fO­ BKJ1lO'IaID B ny rpyrr­ TaK e H COBeTCKHX OTHOCHTCJIbHO COBeTCKoro COI03a cgHHCTBO C KOTOPbIM uPCg­ uHCblBaeTCH COXpaHHTh He3aBHCHMO OT HcnpellcKa3yeMblx H HeKOHT­ POJIHpYCMbIX nepeMCH KOTOPbJC MorYT npOH30HTH B Me l gYHapog­ HOM rrOJIO l eHHH llaHHOH CTpaHbI THKOB CymeCTBYeT HeCOMHeHHaH pHJ10CO pCKaH CBH3b Me J y COBeTCKHM nOAIIOJ1beM H nOJ1bCKHMH HJ1H '1ernCKHMH J1H6epanaMH MHOfHe H3 KOTO­ pblX apeCTOBaHbI HJ1H BblCJ1aHbI llecrrOTH3M H OTpHuaHHC HapOIlHoro CYBcpeHHTCTa He MorYT ObITb JIeraJIbHbI 3aKOHbI KOTOPbIC HX onpaBgbIBalOT HcgeHCTBHTCJIbHhI H HHKTO He OOH3aH HX YBaJl aTh COUPOTHB­ 96 97 BJIHThCH B HapymcHHe cy61 eKTHBHbIX rrpaB rrOIJ TBep J JJ eHHbIX 3aKO­ JleHHe nCeBIJ 0-3aKOHY eCTb 3amHTa 3aKOHa B nO lJ J1HHHOM HOM 60JIee BblCOKOro ypOBHH cne IIpo J eccop l1p J H Bp06neBcKHH Ham fCan IJ Be BbIJJ alOmHeCH MO­ Horpa J HH rro TeopHH HCTOJIKOBaHHH 3aKOHa CJleAYeT nOMHHTb 'ITO MHOrHe H3 nH6epanbHbIX H 'IaHHO CJIO J HYIO TepMHHOJIOrHIO OH HbIX KPHTHKOB XOTHT yny'ImHTh COUHanHCTH'IeCKYIO CHCTeMY He pa3pymaTb ee OHH BOBce He CTpeMHTCH 3aMeCTHTb ee 3arra1J HOH COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMH'IeCKOH CHCTeMOH KOTopaH OCHOBaHa Ha IIpo J eccopa 3pJIHX H 3aBaJJ CKHH C 60JlbillHM HCKYCCTBOM 3aIUH­ OTHlOlJ b He KarrHTaJIHCTH'leCKaH H He aHTHCOUHaJIHCTH'le· CKaH eCJlH OHa IJ IDKe H OrrpaB J bIBaeT conpOTHBneHHe IJ eCrrOTH3MY KOMMYHHCTH'leCKOM 61OpOKpaTHH B uenHX 3amHTbl HCTHHHoro co­ DerKo 31J eCb 3aMeTHTb CXOIJ CTBO Me J AY 3THMH HOBblMH HlJ eHMH XVIII BeKOB C HlJ eHMH H TeopHHMH eCTeCTBeHHoro rrpaBa XVII H KOTopble neraJIH30BanH npaBo HapOlJ a corrpoTHBnHTb­ 6IOpOKpaTH'IeCKOH MamHHbl KOTOpaH Hecrroc06Ha OTpa3HTb HJlH 3a­ mHTHTb rrpaBa OTJJ eJIbHbIX HHJJ HBHJJ YYMOB J eccop BYPlJ a H np0 J eccop P03MapHH CTpeMHJIHCb 06eCne'lHTb OCO­ 60c MeCTO J JIH KOHCTHTYUHH B CHCTeMe 3aKOHOB C UCJIblO 3amHThl IJ eMOKpaTH'IeCKHX UCHHOCTeH BypJJ a B 3TOM OTHOmeHHH rromeJI IJ anbme aero KpHTHKa CTaJIHHHCTCKoro rrpomnoro 6bIJIa rrpHMOH H CH IJ eCnOTH3MY TYT H XOTeJI 6bl OTMeTHTb 06cToHTenbcTBo KOTopoe HaCKonbKO MHe H3BeCTHO HHKOrlJ a He aHaJIH3HpOBaJIOCb B 3arra J HOH 'IeCKOH nHTepaType maJIH HlJ elO CYJJ e6Horo HalJ 30pa 3a JJ eHCTBHHMH npaBHTenbCTBeHHOH HeCMOTpH Ha cymecTBeHHblC pa3HornaCHH Me J JJ Y HHMH H rrpo­ UHaJIH3Ma C 'IenOBe'leCKHM nHUOM H TeOpHHMH OHHbIC IOpHIJ H'IeCKHe HJJ eH KacalOmHeCH HCTOJIKOBaHHH 3aKOHa K YCJIOBHHM KOTOpble rOCnOJJ CTBYIOT B BOCTO'lHOH EBporre HOH c06CTBeHHOCTH H CB060lJ HOH KOHKypeHUHH TeopHH K CKoro IIPHMCHHH 'Ipe3Bbl­ nbITanCH rrpHJIO J HTh TPaJJ HUH­ fI IOpHIJ H­ HMelO B BHAY OC06blH BKnalJ rronbCKOH IOPHC­ rrpYlJ eHUHH B COBpeMeHHYIO IOpH J H'leCKYIO Mblcnb fI Ha3Ban 6bl no HBJIeHHe B03pO J J eHHeM IOpHIJ H'IeCKOrO rr03HTHBH3Ma B COUHaJIHCTH­ 'IeCKOH IIOJIbme CaMbie KpYIIHble npelJ CTaBHTenH 3Toro HanpaBne­ HHH npo J eccopa Ka3HMHp OnaJIeK l1p J H Bp06JIeBcKHM CTaHH­ pe3KoH 3TO 060mJIOCb eMY JJ OCTaTO'IHO IJ oporo OH 6bIJI CMemeH C rrOCTa f cHepaJlbHoro rrpoKypopa TeopHH cy6beKTHBHbiX rrpaB H 3aKOHHOCTH KaK OHa pa3BHTa OrraJIeKOM TaK J C rrpCJJ CTaBJIHeT c06010 npHJIO J eHHe nY'lliIHX eBpo­ rreHCKHX TpalJ HUHH K COBpeMeHHblM rrOJIbCKHM YCJIOBHHM IIOJIbCKHe IOPHCTbl H npo J eccopa rrpaBa OIJ HH H3 caMbiX o6pa­ 30BaHHbiX H CB0601J 0MblCJIHmHX B KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOM 6nOKe l1x cnaB 3pJIHX CHJIbBeCTep 3aBaIJ CKHM ArreKCaHlJ p BYPlJ a AJJ aM Do­ nonO J eHHe B HOBOH cHTyaUHH BnOJIHe cpaBHHMO C IOpHIJ H'IeCKHMH naTKa fp J erop CeH IJ J1ep l1p J H HOIJ JIOBCKHH H oc06eHHo BbIJ alO­ rr03HTHBHCTaMH mHMCH XOTH H npoTHBOpe'lHBbIH HCCJIeJJ OBaTem CTe J aH P03MapHH THBHOH H peaJIHCTH'IeCKOH IOpHcrrpYJJ eHUHH rrpHcrroc06neHHoH K qTO 06belJ HHHeT CO'lHHeHHH Bcex nHX yqeHblx HecMoTpH Ha cY­ mecTBYlOmHe Me J J Y HHMH pa3JlH'lHH Bce OHH C'IHTaIOT 'ITO cy­ meCTBYlOmHe 3aKOHbl IJ On J Hbl HCTonKOBblBaTbCH H rrpHMeHHTbCH Bce OHH IJ OKa3bIBaIOT 'ITO rpa J lJ aHe COUHaJIHCTH'leCKHX CTpaH 06­ XIX BeKa OHH 3aJIO J HJIH J YHJJ aMeHT HOBOH n03H­ Hf J lJ aM CB060 J b1 H JIH'IHOH 6e30rracHocTH rrpH cymecTBYlOmeM B IIOJIbme COUHaJlbHOM H 3KOHOMH'IeCKOM rropHJJ Ke IIo ceH il eHb COUHanHCTlftleCKaH IOpHcrrpYJJ eHUHH 6blJIa CBoero pOJJ a cnyroH HerrpocBemeHHoro rocYil apCTBa IIonbCKHH Heo-rr03H­ cy61 eKTHBHbIMH rrpaBa­ THBH3M MO J eT crroc06cTBoBan rrpeBpameHHIO HeO-CTaJIHHHCTCKoro MH KOTopble He IJ On J Hbl 3aBHceTb OT KarrpH30B H npOH3BOJla rro­ IJ ecrrOTH3Ma B a6conlOTH3M KOTOPblH 6biJI 6bl XOTH 6bl npocBemeH­ nalJ alOT - KaK HX Ha3bIBalOT IOPHCTbl JIHTH'lCCKHX pcmeHHH KOTopble 06bl'lHO rrpHHHMalOTCH B IIonbme rryTeM 3aKYJlHCHblX MaxHHauHH 'Iepe3 'IaCTHble KaHanbI lJ onyc­ THM nYTeM COBemaHHH rro Tcne J OHY Bcc 3TH aBTopbl COrJIaCHbl B TOM 'ITO rrpOB03rJIameHHble KOHCTH­ ryUHeH rrpaBa HMelOT CHJIY 3aKOHa l1cTonKoBaHHH HJIH rrpHMeHCHH fl rrpClJ rrHCaHHH 3aKOHa Ha pa3nH'IHblX ypOBHHX He IJ OJI J Hbl ocymecT­ HbIM 3TO 6bIJIO 6b1 rHraHTCKHM CKa'lKOM BnepeJJ 3bl a6COJllOTH3Ma CJJ Ba JIH MblcnHMO A6conlOTH3M XOTb C KaKHM-TO rrpaBoBbiM rrOpH J KOM H rapaHTH­ HMH rrycTb H OrpaHH'leHHbIMH no MacillTa6aM 60nee 'ICnOBC'IeH 'IeM 6e3 BCHKHX rapaHTHH HH'lCHHbIH a6COJIIOTH3M flCllleK KorraKOBCKHA BblcTynneHHe Ha KOH peCCe norrbCKllX CTYlleHTOB B BerrHKo6pHTaHHlI Annex N 11 1976 CTp II 98 BC3 HOBOH KOH­ uenUHH rrpaBa Aa J e il Blf J eHHe B CTOPOHY 60nee rrpocBemeHHoH J a­ IInaToH rrHcan B 3aKOHax 'ITO orpa- Y J e He a6COJIIOTH3M 99 BaJIH HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb neMOKpaTHlIeCKHX cB060n H rp3 l3H­ CKHX npaB ACCOUHaUHH nOn bCKHX roPHCTOB Hallana H3 l3BaTb yp_ 2 OCHOBbI nOJIbCKOrO ropHJJ H1lecKoro Heo-n03HTHBH3Ma HaJI 3aKOH H H3Hb KOTOPbIH B 3HalleHHro nocne B CHny pMa HCTopHlIecKHx 06cToHTenbcTB HMeHHO B I10nbllle pa3BHnOCb oc060e HanpaBneHHe KOTopoe MO eT 6bITb Ha3BaHO co­ UHaJIHCTHlIeCKHM ropH nHlIeCKHM n03HTHBH3MOM 3TO HanpaBneHHc 1945-1946 ro 1 3X ObInO MHoro COUHaJIbHbIX HC­ TOpH'lleCKHX H Tpa nHUHOHHbIX npennOCbInOK nnH noro HO C TOllKH BTOPOH no 6epaJIH3aUHH HaUHOHaJIbHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH 3aKOHHOCTH - HHa­ lie rOBopH Bcex Tex HneanOB KOTopbIe BnocnenCTBHH CBH3blBanHCb C npenCTaBneHHeM 0 KOMMYHH3Me C lIenOBelleCKHM nHUOM Te rO J bI 6bITIH YHHKaJIbHbI AnH nocneBoeHHoro pa3BHTHH I1onb­ HallaJIO pa3BHBaTbcH B I10nbllle nOllTH cpa3Y nocne 3aXBaTa BnaCTH KOMMYHHCTaMH B 1956-1957 ronax CTaJI pHaJIa I1o-npOCTY TPH6YHOH 3aIUHTbI nH­ IIlH Pa306IUeHHble Me Aoyc06HueH nHAepbI OKa3anHCb Hecnoc06­ Hbl 6nOKHpOBaTb C06bITHH OHH BbIHY ll eHbI 6bITIH npeACTaBnHTbC II 60nee AeMOKpaTHlIHbIMH H nH6epaJIbHbIMH I10nbllla CTana apeHOH 3peHHH npaBa oc06eHHo Ba HbI cnenyroIUHe cpaBHHTenbHO CBo60 lHOH H OTKPbITOH AHCKYCCHH no nonHTHlIeCKHM HOBbIH KOMMYHHcTHlIecKHH pe HM npeTeHnOBaJI 6bITb enHHCTBeHHO HCTHHHbIM HacnenHHKOM neMoKpaTHlIecKoH Map­ TOBCKOH KOHCTJrrYUHH HynHpOBaHa B 1935 1921 rona 3T3 KOHCTHTYUH II 6bIna aH­ rony nOBoeHHbIM nonbCKHM pe HMOM Ta­ KHMH MCTOnaMH KOTopbIe na e MHorHe HCKOMMyHHcTHlIe­ CKHe H HeCOUHaJIHCTHlIeCKHe rocynapCTBeHHbIe neHTenH H roPHCTbI ClIHTaJIH npOTHB03aKOHHbIMH H aHTHKOHCTHTYUHOH­ H ropHAHlIeCKHM BonpocaM KOTopbIe CBOAHnHCb K OAHOH np06neMe no lIbeH BHHe KaK H nOlleMY neMOKpaTHH c06nroAeHHe 3aKOHHOCTH H 3aIUHTa npaB HHAHBHAYYMOB TCPllHT nOp3 eHHe npH COUHaJIH­ CTHlIeCKHX npaBHTenbcTBax H KOHCTHTYIUUIX KTO OTBeTCTBeHeH 3a COBepllleHHbIe npecrynneHHH Pa3nO HBIllHeCH nHlIHocTH He­ KOMneTeHTHble PYKoBO J HTenH I1noxHe 3aKoHbI CKBepHo 3any­ MaHHble H opraHH30BaHHble HHCTHryTbI 06pa30BaHHble H KpHTHlIecKH HaCTpoeHHble nonHKH HbIMH _ HOBbIH KOMMYHHCTH'lIeCKHH pe HM 06'bHBHn liTO nOBO­ eHHM Aa e Te KTO COXpaHHn HneonorHlIecKYro H opraHH3aUHOHHYro CBH3b C napTH­ CHCTeMa npaBa OCTaeTCH B CHne liTO nOn HbI yTpaTHTI CHnY TonbKO Te 3aKOHbI KOTopbIe 6ynyT q OPMaJIbHO H neraJIb­ HO OTMeHeHbI HnH npHOCTaHOBneHbI eH - 6bITIH He rOTOBbI npHHHTb npHMHTHBHble COBeTCKHe Oq HUH­ aJIbHble 06'b llCHeHHH cornaCHO KOTOPbIM npHqHHOH HapYllleHHH 3a­ KOHHOCTH npecTynneHHH H reHOUHAa 6bITIH CKBepHbIe xapaKTepbI CTanHHa - oepHH H KynbT nHlIHOCTH B nonbCKHX YHHBepCHTeTaX nOA06HbIe 06'bHCHeHHH C'lIHTanH nH60 YCTapenbIM nnaTOHH3MOM nH­ HOBbIH KOMMYHHCTHlIeCKHH pe HM meMeHTbI nOBoeHHoro anMHHHCTpaTHBHoro H ropHnHlIeCKoro 60 KOMMYHHcTHlIecKoH BepcHeH cy6'beKTHBHOro HAeaJIH3Ma CMe­ annapaTa H HallaJI nonb30BaTbC II ycnyraMH roPHCTOB KOTopbIe lIlaHHOrO nonYllHnH 06pa30BaHHe no 1939 rona npoq eccopa npaBa KO­ TopbIe nepe HnH HaUHCTCKYro oKKynaUHro B03BpaTHnHCb Ha MaTepHaJIH3MOM H lKOHOMH3­ nellaTb MTorH nOH CBOH Kaq enpbI lIT06bI BocnHTbIBaTb HOBoe nOKoneHHe CKHX roPHCTOB B nyxe pHMCKoro HCKycCTBa C HeAHaJIeKTHlIeCKHM MOM 3TH KpHTHlIeCKHe B3rllH J bI pa3HbIMH nyTHMH npOHHKnH B 06IUeHaUHOHaJIbflOH nHCKYCCHH 0 CYIUHOCTH H q 0PMax COUHaJIHCTH'lIeCKOrO npaBa 6bmH cBeAeHbI B nOrH'lleCKH CTPOHHYro TeopHro B KHHre Ka3HMHpa OnaJIeKa H BHTonbna 3aKpeB­ UHH CKoro I1p06neMbI COUHanHCTH'lIeCKOH 3aKOHHOCTH 06a OHH 6bl­ I1epHon CTaJIHHH3aUHH HallaJICH B I10nbllle cpaBHHTenbHO n03ITHO 1949 rony a oTTenenb nocne CMepTH 1953 rona HeMenneHHO CTana 60nee rny6oKoH B CTanHHa B H nOlllJ1a naJlbWC 'IeM B npyrHX HapO lHbIX neMoKpaTHHX CaMbIe Ba HbIe HHH aHTHCTanHHCKoro llBH eHHH nocne 1953 rona KaCaJIHCb nH npoq eccopaMH npaBa HrennOHCKoro YHHBepCHTeTa B KpaKO­ Be OnaJIeK H 3aKpeBCKHH HallHHaroT CBOH KpHTH'IeCKHH aHaJIH3 C TPaAHUHOHHoro COBeTCKoro onpeAeneHHH COUHaJIHCTH'lIeCKOH 3aKOH­ HOCTH KOTopoe 6bITIO HMnopTHpOBaHO TaK e H B I1onbIIIY I1PHH­ H cTpororo c06nroneHHH CTaTeH KOHCTHTYUHH KOTopbIe 101 100 llHrrbI rrOnOlKeHHbIe B OCHOBY nora orrpeneneHHH GbIJ1H 3anOIKeHll KaK YlKe GbIJ10 CKa3aHO AHnpeeM BbIlllHHCKHM a 3aTeM oqmllHaJII HO YCBoeHbI BceMH KOMMYHHCTHlleCKHMH ropHcTaMH B focynapcTBO H rrpaBO KOTOPbIM Gbm H3naH B 1955 Y'IeG ­ rony S03J101KeHO rrpoBeneHHe 3aKOHOB B 1KH3Hb neHcTByroT KaK Gb YTBeplK J eHHe 6ynTo 3aKoHonopHnOK B COll HanHCTH'IeCKHX CTpaHax TaKaH BepcHH norO orrpeneneHHH caM no ce6e aBTOMaTH'leCKH BOnJIOlll aeT rronHTH'IeCKYro H Mopanb­ HYro cnpaBe J JIHBOcTb HeB03MoIKH0 rrpHHlITb HpaBcTBeHHYro COllHaJIHCTH'IeCKaH 3aKOHHOCTb eCTb OnHH H3 MeTOnOB oCYllI eCTBneHHH nHKTaTypbI rrpOJIeTapHaTa KaKHM-JIHGo rrpaBHTeJIbCTBOM naIKe eCJIH Mbl rQTOBbl Ol WGpHTb opraHaMH rrpaBHTenbcTBa 061l1 eCTBeHHbIMH Opram 3allHHMH cnYlKalll HMH H Ge3 BCHKHX oroBopOK TOTaJIbHOCTb JIroGOH CHCTeMbI HOPM BBo J HMOH PbIH 3aKJIro'laeTCH B 6e30rOBOpO'lHOM H TO'lHOM c06moneHH rocynapcTBeHHbIMH B JlOJIHOM MpaKe OnaneK H 3aKpeBcKHH oTBepfJlH npHMHTHBHOe cranHHHCTCKoe OTnenbHbIMH no npaBHTenbCTBo ero KOHCTHTyUHro ero rrOJIHTHKY ero COlJ Hanb­ HbIe H ropHnH'leCKHe nocryJIaTbI TaKHM oGpa30M onHH H3 BaIKHeH­ iIIliX Te3HCOB OnaneKa H 3aKpeBcKoro CBOAHJICH K TOMY 'ITO pop­ MH ropHnH'leCKHX HOPM KaK OHH BbIpalKeHbl 3aKOHOM H MaJlbHoe coGJIroneHHe HOpM 3aKOHa Bcerna OCTaeTCH JIHlllb OTHOCH- rHMH aKTaMH COllHaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO rocynapcTBa C llenbro TeJIbHbIM EopbGa 3a oCYllI eCTBneHHe 3aKoHHocTH nOBcrony BKJIro'laH rre'leHHH rro J JIHHHOM Ge30rracHocTH COll HanHCTH'IeCKOrO napCTBa rrpaB H cBoGon rpaIKnaH H CouHanHCTH'leCKHe crpaHbI MOlKeT H nOJIIKHa paccMaTpHBaTbcH OTAeJIbHO OT nH'leCKHX lJ eHHOCTeH OT HalllHX npenCTaBJ1eHHH 0 ComaCHO OnaneKY H 3aKpeBCKOMY no MHorocnOBHoe noGpe H crrpaBenJIHBOCTH IIpocToe cYlll eCTBOBaHHe rrpaBoBbIx HOPM - KorrapHoe H HeTO'lHOe onpeneneHl- e CMelllHBaeT TeopHro C KOH rrOXOlKe CKopee Ha n03YHr H paCC'IHTaHO Ha YMCTBeHHyro ne· HOCTb OHH rOBopHnH 'ITO O J HHM H3 CHMIITOMOB Cnell H pH'leCKOrO rrnaTOHH3Ma H HneanH3Ma nepHOna KynbTa nH'IHOCTH GbIJIa Bepa JIeK H 3aKpeBcKHH - nOKa3bIBanH Orra­ CBH3aHO C IOpH J H'IeCKHM popManH3MoM a rrOTOMY HeH3GeIKHbI CYllI eCTBeHHbIe pa3JIH'lHH MelK J Y rrpaBoBbIMH H MopanbHbIMH HopMaMH IOpH J H'lecKHH popManH3M nonlKeH TaKHM GynTO rrpaBHnbHOe onpeneneHHe 3aKOHa H ropH J H'IeCKoM HOPMbI ca­ oGpa30M MO rro ceGe pelliaeT npoGneMY Ho onpeneneHHe COll HanHCTH'le· na lJ eHHOCTb JIHlllb OTHOCHTenbHa UeHHOCTb ropH J H'IeCKOrO popMa­ CKOH 3aKOHHOCTH rrYCTb H HaHnY'llllee HaHHe KOTopoe He KonnOBCKoe 3aKnH­ caMO rro ceGe Momo GbI noGY J HTb npaBHTenbCTBa H nroneM rrpOBO J HTb ee B IKH3Hb IIpoGneMa coGmoneHHH 3aKOHHOCTH HH'IHBaeTCH paMKaMH nHcanH OHH He orpa· TaKlKe H MOPaJIbHbIe H rrOnHTH'IeCKHe aCrreKTbI O J HaKO B COUHanH· CTH'IeCKHX cTpaHax HHKTO He 3HaeT nOCTaTO'lHO TBepnO KaK Ha rrpaKTHKe OCYlll eCTBJIHeTCH JIH3Ma B03paCTaeT Korna rrpaBOBble HOPMbl CBH3aHbI C neMOKpaTH­ eH - rrycTb H He COBepllleHHoH 11 Ha060pOT ero ueHHOCTb YMeHb­ lllaeTCH Korna rrpaBOBbIe HOPMbl BBOMTCR BO HMR HHTepeCOB Aec­ ropHcnpyneHll HH OHa HMeeT Ha rrpaKTHKe CKonbKY TaM He npOBOMTCH npenCTaBJIHTb oGllI eCTBeHHYro ll eHHOCTb caM rro ceGe Ho COllHaJIHCTH'IeCKaH 3aKOHHOCTb rro­ cOllHOnOrH'IeCKHe HccnenOBaHHH 3M­ rrHpH'IeCKOe H3yqeHHe rrO J MeHHeTCH nporroBenbro H rrporraraH J oH Ee3 COUHOnOrH'IeCKOrO aHanH3a CnenaTb 3aKOH neHCTBHTenbHO neHCTBeHHbIM HeB03MOIKHO TonbKO TaKOM aHanH3 oGecrre'lHBaeT TO'lHOe 3HaHHe 0 THrronorHH HapYllleHHH 3aKOHa Ha OCHOBe KOTOPO­ rrOTH3Ma caMOBJIaCTHH H paIllH3Ma MHOlKeCTBO npenBapHTeJIbHblX ycnoBHH J JIH npaBHJIbHOrO HCTon­ KOBaHHR H npHMeHeHHR 3aKOHa HeoGxonHMO '1ToGbl HaJIH'leCTBOBa­ nH MHorHe npe a sapHTeJIbHble YCJIOBHH 3HaHHH 'IeTbIpeX 3aKOHOB nHaJIeKTHKH H HneOJIOrH'IeCKaH BbIneplKaHHOCTb ryT HBHO HenO­ CTaTO'lHbI HeoGxo J HMa pa3paGoTaHHaH CHCTeMa rrOnJIHHHO Hayq­ HOH 3aKOHOnaTeJIbHOH MeTOnonOfHH MOlKeT CJIyqHTbCR TaK 'ITO nalKe H COllHanHCTH'IeCKHH 3aKOHOna­ Tenb HapylllHT npHHllHnbI 3aKOHa eCJIH OH BBOAHT 3aKOH0 J 3TeJIbHbIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH rrpOTHBOpe'lalllHe CTaTbe 8 'IaCTb 1 IIoJIbcKOH KOH­ ro MOIKHO nenaTb oGIlI He BbIBOnbI anpeCYH HX rrOnHH 'IeCKHM neH­ TenHM H 3aKOHOnaTenHM B03neMCTBYH TaKHM oGpa30M Ha rrpaBH­ TenbCTBO IIpH OTCYTCTBHH TaKOM HH popMaUHH opraHbI Ha KOTOpbIe 102 CTlUYllHH 3aKOHbI IIonbcKoH HapO J HOH pecny6JIHKH BbIpaIKaroT HH­ TepecbI H BonlO TPYMIlI HXCH 103 ABTOPbI nOK33blBaJIH tfTO CKOm yrOnHO CTpOrOe 01lm60tfHbIX BpeAHbIX H HeCIIpaBenJIHBbIX He3aKOHHbIX 3aKOHOB 3 CTe j aH P03MapHH - KnaCCHK KOMM 'HHCTH'IeCKoro Heo·n03HTHBH3Ma BBeneHHbIX COUHaJIHCTHtfeCKHMH 3aKOHOnaTeJIHMH caMO IIO HeJIeraJIbHO EbIJIO HapYIlleHHeM 3aKOHHOCTH KOrna nOJIbCKHH B XOBHbIH Cyn M3naBaJI OnaJIeK H 3aKpeBcKHH HanHCaJIH IOpHnHtfecKYIO KHHry HO Ha­ nMpeKTHBbI KOTOPbJe BMeCTO TOrO npOHCHHTb npennHCaHMH 3aKOHa H3MeHHJIH MX CJIOBO nonHHnH ee nOnHTHtfeCKHM HHe OKa3bIBaJIOCb JIHIllb npeAJIOrOM tfT06bI 06MaHHbIM IIyTeM I1x ueJIb 6blJIa KaK MO I HO 6blcTpee HX KHHra 6bIJIa 3aKOHtfeHa YJKe B 1957 rony naTb HayqHyIO H IOpHnH'leCKYIO CBOnKY nOJIOJKeHHH MeHHTh 3aKOH lJTO paBHOCHJIbHO rocynapcTBeHHOH H3MeHe I1neH 6ynTO rocynapcTBO CIIoc06HO nOn06Ha Hnee KBanparypbI BbIpa60TaHHbIX B nMCKYCCHHX nonbCKOH OTTeneJIH B nepHOn JIH­ CaMO Ce6H Kpyra He06xonHMO II03TOMY C 3naTb CneUHaJIbHbIe HHCTHryTbI H OpraHbI KOTOpbIe MOmH 6bI 3 j ­ j eKTHBHO pOTHBOneHCTBOBaTb JII06bIM HOpMaM peIlleHHHM H neHCTBHHM roCynapCTBa KOTOpbIe HapYIllaIOT 3aKOH H npeJKne BCe ro IIpaBa rpaJKnaH HOPMhI BBOAHMhle COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKHM 3aK0l 0­ naTeJIeM nOJIJKHbI IIpenOTBpaIllaTb B03MOJKHOCTH POH3BOJIbHbIX aK­ UHH co CTOpOHbl anMHHHCTpaUHH pernaMeHTHpOBaTb cy6beKTHBHblH C npyroH CTOPOHbl 3aKOHOnaTeJIb nOJIJKeH B03nepJKHBaTbCH OT H3JIHIllHerO KOJIHlJeCTBa neTaJIbHbIX HHCTPYKUHH no CeHM KaK YTBepJKAaJIM aBTopbI TOJKe MOJKeT HeCTH CBOIO nonIO BMHbl 3a npaBOHapYIlleHMH Korna OH He IIpOBOnHT 3aKOHbI He06xo­ nHMbIe AJIH Toro tfT06bI YCTaHOBneHMH KOHCTHTYUHH pOBOnHJIHCb B JKH3Hb Y6enHTeJIbHbIM TOMy npHMepoM MOJKeT 6bITb OTCYTCTBMe 3aKoHa KOTOPbIH n03BonHn 6bl rpaJKAaHaM nonb30BaTbCH HX IIpa­ BOM OT3bIBaTb tfneHOB napnaMeHTa H TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX cOBeTOB CTaTbHMH 2-H H 86-H KOHC1HTYUHH OnaJIeK H 3aKpeBCKHif npenCTaBJIHJIH tfeCKOe rocynapcTBO KaK aHTHTe3HC HneaJIbHOe COUHaJIMCTH­ cOBeTcKoMY rocynapcTBy OHH nOK33aJIH tfTO B CCCP tfpe3BbIlJaHHOe nOnOJKeHHe npeBpaTHJlOCb B nepMaHeHTHoe 11 OKTH6pbCKOH 6YPH H HaTHcKa OHH elll e He YMenH H3nOJKHTb CBOH MneM C JIOrHlJeCKOH CTporOCTbIO KOTopaH CTonb OTJIH'laeT KJIaC­ CHKOB IOpHnHlJeCKOH MbIcnH ABTOPOM KOTOPblH npeononen Bce 3TH HenOCTaTKH H Henocne­ nOBaTenbHOCTH KOPOTKOH 3pbI JIM6epaJIbHOrO pOMaHTM3Ma 6bIJI CTe j aH P03MapMH JlBe ero MOHorpa j HH OTpa3HnM YHMKaJIbHbIH MO­ B 50·e M 60-e ronhl P03MapHH 6bIJI BepoHTHO caMbiM 'IHraeMbIM aB­ TOPOM IOpHnHlJeCKOH j HJIOCO j CKOH H nOnHTH'leCKOH nHTepaTypbI H Ha 3anane H Ha BOCTOKe TIO'lTH lJeTBepTb CTOJIeTHH no ero TparH­ CKonbKY OHH y6HBaIOT MHHUMaTHBy KOTopoe 6bIJIO npenYCMoTpeHo 6epaJIH3aUHH HnnI030pHOH n06enbI B oKTH6pe 1956 rona H nOCJIe­ MeHT B HCTOPHH IOpMAHtfeCKOH TeopHH H KOHCTHTYUHOHHoro IIpaBa aBTOpHTeT JIIo60ro OpraHa HJIH ero npenCTaBHTeneif npHHHTIDt MOPaJIH3HpOBaHHeM OHH ToponHnHcb tfT06bI PHIJ aTb Bec JIOMY CBoeMY nOnOJKeHHIO OHH UHTHpOBaJIH HaMepeHHO 3a6bITYIO MbIcnb IIeHMHa 'IeCKOH m6enH OKono 1969 rona OH COBMeillan j YHKUHH maBbI IOpHAH'IeCKOrO OTnena npH KaHuenHpHH npeMbep-MHHHcTpa C 06H­ 3aHHOCTHMH npo j eccopa KOHCTHTYUHOHHoro npaBa B TO JKe BpeMH OH 6bIJI IIJIOnOBHTbIM aBTopOM peueH3eHTOM KHHf n06pOCOBeCT­ HhlM H3naTeneM 'IaCTbIM rOCTeM-neKTopOM B COUHaJIHCTH'leCKHX H 3anaAHblX CTpaHax aKTHBHblM yqaCTHMKOM 6eC'IHCneHHbIX MeJKny­ HapOAHbIX KOH j epeHUHH_ OH pYKOBOnHn MHorHMH nOKTOpCKHMH nHccepTaumtMH H 6bIJI MaCTepOM nOnHTHlJeCKOrO KOMnpOMHcca XOTb HH p33y He npenaJI HH OAHoro npyra B 06eHx MOHorpa j HHx OH npenCTaeT KaK nocnenOBaTenbHbIH MapKcHCT H CTOPOHHHK cOBeTcKoH IOpHnH'leCKOH IllKonbI OH YMeJI nonb3YHcb 'IHCTO HHTb OCHOBHble KOHuemum H TpanHUHM 3ananHoro TIpH tfpe3BbltfaHHbIX 3aKOHax MOJKeT npaBHTb nI060H ny­ paK Ii Bce JKe IOpHnH'IeCKHMH TepMHHaMH HaJIH3Ma B ero CO'lHHeHHHX IOpHAHlJeCKMH coxpa­ KOHCTHTYUHO­ n03HTHBH3M elll e pa3 OCYJKAaJICH KaK 6YPJKYa3HaH HneonorHH HO j aKTH'IeCKH rJIaBHble nOCTHJKeHHH IOpHnH'leCKOrO n03HTHBH3Ma non BHnOM COUHaJIHCTH­ 'IeCKOrO KOHCTHTYUHOHaJIH3Ma H 3aKoHHocTH 6blJIH P03MapHHOM He TOnbKO YCBoeHbI HO H pa3BHTbI TaK TOMac r066c UHTHPOBaJI CBHToe TIHcaHHe B nOKa3aTenbcTBo Toro 'ITO CBeTCKHH 104 BnaCTHTenb nOJIJKeH 6bITb BbICIIHIM a6conIOTHbIM M He3aBHCHMbiM OT uepKBH 105 OTlJ aBaH ue3apeBO ue3apIO H npH3HaBaH 60 J eCTBeHHble napnm KOBaHHH KOHCTHTYUHOHHbIX YCTaHoBneHHH B KOMMYHHcTH'IecKoM rocy lJ apCTBe YMOJI'IaHHe 6bIBaeT He MeHee KpaCHOpeIJHBO '1eM BCJIYX CTeIPaH P03MapHH IDpH lJ H'IeCKH lJ OKa3aJ1 ' 'ITO KOHCnUY1um I10JIbCKOii Hapo l HoH Pecny6JIHKH BnaCTb 3aKOHa npOB03marneHHbIe npHHUHnbl P03MapHH HH CJIOBOM He 06MonBHn­ Bblrne napTHH H npaBHTeJIbCTBa ECnH TeonorHH MOrna 6bITb CH 0 KaKOif-JIH60 POJIH napTHH 30BaHa '1T06b1 ycneuIHo 3aUIHIUaTb IPHJIOCOIPCKHM MaTepHanH3M KOHa Oc06eHHO KpaCHopetlHBa 6bIJIa KpHTHKa P03MapHHOM MO J HO CKa3aTb 'ITO CTelPaH P03MapHH CTan PO J J epOM Ii31WHOt j COUHaJlHCTJ f'leCKOH IOpHcnpY lJ eHUHH OH B CYIUHOCHI lJ OKa3blBlUlj 'ITO nocne lJ OBaTeJIbHbIH IOpH lJ H'IeCKHM n03HTHBH3M H eCTb nO J J1MHHcl MapKCHCTCKatI TeopHH npaBa SeHUM nOT no cnOBaM MapK reHHH 6YP ya3HOH rrOCpe lJ CTBeHHOCTH - 6biJl CKpbIT P03ManH HOM rro lJ nponeTapCKOH 6nY30H H npe lJ CTaBneH TPy6a lJ ypOM 1I0ro COBeTCKoro IOpHCTa H3BeCT­ KepHMOBa KOTOPhIH nHcaIl 'ITO B CO­ BeTCKOM COI03e nonYCKaeTCH CYIUeCTBOBaHHe raK J e H CTHTYUHOHHblX 3aKOHOB HanpHMep 06 nOJIYKOH­ opraHH3aUHH cY lJ a HJIH o rpa J lJ aHCTBe CaMo Bblpa J eHHe rrOJIYKoHCTHTYUHOHHblif aHTH­ KOHCTHTyUHOHHO a nOToMY lJ OJI J HO 6bITh oTBeprHYTo JIHCTHtieCKOH 3aKOHHOCTH B moxy lJ HKTaTypbl rrponeTapHaTa CTeIPaH P03MapHH HalJHHaer CBOID MOHOrpaIPHIO KOHCl '''''''''' B HCTOJIKOBaHHH H npHMeHeHHH 3a­ P03MapHH lJ OKa3bIBaJI 'ITO KOHCTHTYUHH B ueHOM HMeeT HopMa­ THBHbIM xapaKTep H 'ITO Ka J J hIH H3 KOHCTHTYUHOHHhlX npHHUHnOB KaK OCHOBHOH 3aKOH IlOJIbCKOH Hapo l HoM Pecny6JIHKH C eCTb npaBHJIO C KOTOPbIM lJ OJI J eH COrJIaCOBhIBaThCH JII060H 3aKOH HeHHH TeM caMhIM OH npeO lJ OneBaJI TY rrYTaHHUY KOTOpyIO BHec CTaJIHH 'ITO TaKoe OCHOBHOH 3aKOH OH nO lJ lJepKHBaeT Bo-nen BbIX 'ITO caMO no Ha3BaHHe e lJ HHCTBeHHO H HCKJIIO'IHTenbHO H60 CBoeH pe'lbIO B KOHCTHTYUHID CCCP rOBopH 0 HeH KaK 06 oTpa J e­ O lJ HH lJ pyroH 3aKOH He MO J eT CIJHraTbCH OCHOBHbIM HHH BO-BTOPbIX KOHCTHTYUHH BBO l HTCH HHalJe lJeM Bce lJ pyrHe 3aKOHbI B-TpeThHX OHa 06na lJ aeT CneUHIPHlJeCKOH IDpH lJ HtleCKOH CHnOH BblClUeM no or­ HOllleHHIO KO BceM lJ pynfM 3aKOHaM B-lJerBepTblx OHa -- ­ CH OC06blM MaCUITa6oM perymlpyH Bce IPYH lJ aMeHTaJlbHbIe 3KOHO­ MH'IeCKHe nOnHTH'IeCKHe H peecTpe lJ OCTH J emIH cYIUecTBYIOIUeH COUHaJIhHOH 3KOHO­ MH'IeCKOH H nOJIHTH'IeCKOH CHCTeMhI P03MapHH He OTpHuan nOJIH­ TH'IeCKHH xapaKTep COUHaJIHCTH'IeCKOH KOHClHlYUHH HO OH nbITaJI­ CH nO-HOBOMY HCTonKOBan 0IPHUHaJIhHbIH COBeTCKHH B3rJIH lJ lIa KOHCTHTYUHIO KaK Ha nOJIHTH'IeCKYIO nporpaMMY HJIH nOJIHTH'Ie­ CKYID lJ eKnapaUHID • 1la Ke eCJIH KOHCTHTYUHH H eCTh nporpaMMa TO H sui CTpaHbI generis - B q 0pMe IDpH lJ H'IeCKHX HOPM KOTopble nOJI J HbI H npHMeHHTbCH IOpH lJ H'IeCKH P03MapHH nOCne lJ OBaTeJIbHO npH lJ ep J H­ IlepBaH '1aCTb HJIH naparpaIPbl H 06bI'IHO Ha3b1BaeTCH BBe lJ eHHeM HnH BaJICH CBoeH n03HTHBHClCKOH 6yJIoii lJ enaeT COBeprneHHO HCHbIM 'ITO KOHCTHTYUHH 06H3aTeJIb­ CTpeMHCb pa3 H HaBCer lJ a 3aKpbITh lJ opory lJ JIH HOJIHTH4eCKHX pa3o­ Ha lJ nH Bcex BKnIOI JaH H rrapnaMeHT ceHM CneUHanbHbIe MeTO J hI HCHeHHH KOHCTHlYUHH npoq eccHOHaJIhHblMH nOJIHTHKaMH KOTO­ nYTeM KOTOPblX BBO lJ HTCH KOHCTHTyUHH comaCHO P03MapHHY no lJ ­ pble MorYT MeHHTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHoIOHKryPbI pa3YMeBaIOT 'ITO HH O lJ HH lJ pyroH 3aKOH He MO J eT H He lJ On J eH eii npOTHBOpe'lHTb TYUHH B OC06bIM nQnO J eHHeM npHHa J J1e J aIUHM KOHCTH­ IOpH lJ H'IeCKOH CTpyKType P03MapHH onpe lJ enHeT 3a lJ aqy H HopMaTHBHcTCKOH P03MapHH KaK 6bI YTBep K lJ aJI lITO KOJIh CKOPO nOJIHlHKH 06Ha­ pO lJ OBaJIH KOHClHTYUHIO raTHB B nOJIh3Y IOpHCTOB OHH OTpeKaIOTCH OT qaCTH CBOHX npepo­ QT06bI He OCTaBaJIOCh HHKaKHX KPHSO­ 3aKOHO lJ aTenH OH 06a3aH H3 lJ aBaTb 3aKOHbl He06xo lJ HMbIe J J1 R TOJIKOB OH nO lJ lJepKHBaJI 'ITO lJ a J e 06ecne'leHHH 3IPIPeKTHBHOCTH KOHCTHTYUHH lJ na npeBpaIUeHHH KOH­ TOPbIH ynonHOMOqeH CTaneH CTHryUHoHHoro 3aKOHa Ha 6YMare B 3aKOH J H3HH C npaKTH'IeCKH nOnHTH'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHHH reopHH P03MapH­ Ha 03Ha'laJIa 'ITO HHKOMY He lJ aHO npaBO HCTonKOBblBan KOHCTHTY­ UHIO C KaKHMH-nH60 crreUHanbHbIMH ueJIHMH CTHryUHH lJ on J Ha OCTaBaTbCH B nOM cMbIcne KOH­ HCHOM caMa no ce6e TaK CJIe lJ YH CTporOH JIOrHKe IOpH l H'IeCKOrO lJ OKa3aTeJIbCTBa oTBepranach OCO­ 6atI npHBHJIerHH rrapTHH ceHMa H rrpaBHTeJIhCTBa B 06nacTH HCTOJI­ 106 KOHuenUHH rocy apCTBeHHbIH COBCT KO­ 25-H KOHCTHTYUHH lJ aBaTh orpaHH4H­ TenhHble HCTOJIKOBaHHH 3aKOHOB He HMeeT npaBa TaKHM J e 06pa­ 30M HCTOJIKOBhIBaTb caMY KOHCTHTYUHIO H60 3Ta npeporanma npHHa lJ ne J HT TOJIhKO CeHMY KaK KOHCTHTyUHOHHOMY 3aKOHO lJ aTe­ IlID He CJIe lJ yer 3a6b1Ban 4TO 4JIeHaMH rOCY lJ apCTBeHilOro coseTa HBJIHIOTCH JIH lJ epbl IloJIHT6IOpo npe lJ ce lJ areJIh COBeTa - 06wIH0 JIH60 nepBbIH ceKperapb JIH60 BJIHHTeJIhHhIii rrpe lJ CraBHTeJIh BHYT­ 107 peHHero PYKOBOnCTBa TOllhKo C Y'IeTOM BCerO noro MOJKHO HHTb HneOnOrH'leCKOe H 1l0nHTH'JeCKOe 3Ha'leHHe OObeKTHBHbIX cyXO wpHnH'IeCKHX paCCYJKneHHH H BbIBOnOB P03MapHHa JKH3Hb H 1l0nKpellJIeHHH KOHCTHTYUHOHHblX HOPM KTO-TO nOJIJKeH KTO JKe nWOOH OpraH IlpaBHTeJIbCTBa B paMKax COOCTBeHHblX cl YHKUHH H rrpenOCTaBneHHOH eMY caMOK KOHCTHTYUHeH aBTopHTeTa CeHM rocynapcTBeHHblH COBeT BbIC­ lIlafi llarraTa KOHTPOJIH COBeT MHHHCTpOB CY J bI rrpoKypoPbl Ha­ pOnHbIe COBeTbI H T n OHH HHTeprrpeTHpywT KOHCTHTYUHW l 1f1 rrpaKTH'JeCKHX ueneH TaK 'ITO HX HHTeprrpeTaUHH HarrpaBJIfilOTCH K ee OCYlIIeCTBJIeHHW HO He YMeHbllleHHW HJIH HapyllleHHlO IIoHHMaHHe KOHCTHTYUHM BceMH 3THMH opraHaMH BaeT P03MapHH He nOJIJKHO BocrrpHHHMaTbCH KaK enHHCTBeHHO lIIeCTBYWlIIeH npaKTHKH HH OnHa HHTepnpeTaUH I KOHCTHTYUHH He JKe WpHnH'JeCKOH CHJlbI KaK OHa caMa IIpoTHBorroJIoJK­ Haf TO'lKa 3peHHfI Bena ObI K aocypny TaKHM OOPaJOM rrOnHTH'IeCKaf H WpHnH'IeCKafi cl Hnococl HfI nOJIJKeH HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb KOHCTHTYUHW ecnH comaCHO caMOH JKe KOHCTHTYUHH 3TH HHTeprrpeTaUHH HeJIb3f1 C'IHTaTb HenorpeIUH­ MbIMH ecnH Pa3JIH'lHbIe opraHbI BnaCTH MoryT HHTeprrpeTHpOBaTb KOHCTHTYUHW rrO-i BOeMY H TaKHM oopa30M nonYCTHMO MHOJKeCT­ BO HHTepnpeTaUHH eCJIH HaKOHeu HH OnHa H3 HHX He HanenfieTCH rrpeHMYlIIeCTBeHHOH wpHnH'IeCKOH CHJIOH - no 03Ha'laeT 'ITO KOH­ CTHTYUHH B HCTOJIKOBaHHH P03MapHHa nerarrH3yeT nnwparrHCTH'Ie­ rrJIWparrHCTH'IeCKOe OOllle­ CTBO P03MapHH KOHe'lHO He CTarr ObI rronb30BaThCH nHMH TepMH­ HaMH OH ObI HX rrepBbIH OTBepr Ho cl aKTH'IeCKH OH nOKa3an 'ITO caMa KOHCTHTYUIUI rrOKOHTCfI Ha rrpHHUHrre CTa IUKon H CTa IIBe­ TOB TaK B HCKYCHbIX PYKax CTaporo OYPJKya3Horo crreUHanHC­ Ta KOTOPbIH MHoro neT ObIJl HeTHTynoBaHHbIM KOMaHnHpOM rronb­ CKoro WpHnH'leCKOro cl poHTa KOHCTHTYUHfI nHKTaTYpbl rrpone­ TapHaTa 6blJIa npenCTaBJIeHa KaK 3aKOHOnaTenbHaH OCHOBa parrHCTH'leCKOrO 06111ecTBa Ii nnw­ 6bIJIO '1pe3BbI'IaHHO 3aTpynHHTenbHO l 1H napTHH H rrpaBHTeJIbCTBa 06BHHHTb P03MapHHa B epeCH OH OT­ KPbIJI 3TH rrpHHUHrrbl B nOKYMeHTe ocl HUHarrhHO rrpH3HaHHOM CBH­ lIIeHHblM B KOHCTHTYUHH IIonbcKoH HapOnHOH Pecrry6nHKH 108 BaJKHOH JTO HOpM B 3arrana ellle CToneTHe Ha3an H CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60nee WpHnH'JeCKOH npooneMa HYJKnawTcH nHTepaType COUHarrHCTH'leCKHX cTpaH n03HTHBH3aUHH 06111HX KOHCTHTYUHOHHblX nH 06111He a6cTpaKTHble KOHCTHTYUHoHHHbIe HOPMbl npoB03rllallleHHble npaBa H CB060 J b1 rpaJKnaH B KaKOH­ llHOO naJIbHeHlIleH n03HTHBH3aUHH HnH KoHKpeTH3auHH HnH OHH nOCTaTO'lHO rr03HTHBHbI per se TaK 'ITO HX cnenyeT JIHlIlb rrpH­ ComaCHO P03MapHHY Bce rrOJIOJKeHHH KOHCTHTYUHH 00H3aTenb­ HbI H He nOJIJKHbl HapYlllaTbCH naJKe eCJIH He cyn eCrByeT 3aKOHOB KOTopble rrpenYCMaTpHBarrH ObI nOnKpennem1e HX orrpeneneHHblMH MepaMH 06111He MeCTa HnH B03MOJKHbie na3eHKH B 3aKOHO­ naTeJlhHOH CHCTeMe He MoryT CJlYJKHTb rrpe l 10rOM l 1H nOnpblBa HJlH HfHopHpOBaHHfI KaKoro ObI TO HH 6blJlO H3 KOHCTHTYUHOHHbIX P03MapHHa HCHa ecnH KaJKnblH rrpaBHTellhCTBeHHbIH opraH MOJKeT Ii CKyw wpHnH'IecKyw rrpaKTHKY eCJIH He P03MapHH nepeXOnHT narree H K rrpooneMe KOTopaH rrpHBneK­ na BHHMaHHe MeHHTb COOJIWnaTb H nO llAepJKHBaTb rrOn'lepKH- BepHoe HOO TaKoe norrYllleHHe HCKnW'IanO ObI nwoyw KPHTHKY cy­ HMeeT TOH npHpO J bl COUHaJIHCTH'Ie­ 3aKOHHOCTH H KOHCTHTYUHH ocooeHHO BaJKHbI Korna Mbl no UXOnHM K npooneMe KOHCTHTYUHOHHbIX rrpaB H CBOOOn OnHaKO P03MapHH KOHe'lHO 1l0HHMarr 'ITO nml IlpOBeneHHfI B HX HHTepllpeTHpOBaTb Bce 3TH paCCYJKneHHH OTHOCHTellhHO CKOH nOnOJKeHHH B llWOOM CJIY'lae '1aCrHble HJIH BePHee MeHee OOlllHe 3aKOHbl rrpenHa3HaQeHHbie rrO llAepJKHBaTb HJIH OCYllleCTBnHTb KOHCTHTYUHW aJKe eCllH OHH TpeOYWTCH caMOH KOHCTHrYUHeH He COKpalllaWT rrpaB H CB060 fpaJKnaH H60 KOHCTHTYUHOHHble HOP­ Mbl co epJKaT CBOW WpHnH'IeCKYW CHJIY B caMHX ceoe IIpaBa H CBO­ OOnbl OJIJKHbl YBaJKaTbCH BceMH a MHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH opraHaMH rrpoKypopaMH H cy aMH H60 KOHCTHTYUHfi eCTb ecTecTBeHHafl aBToHoMHaH CHna per se eHcTBHe KOTOPOH oOfl3areJIbHO oe3 KaKHX-JIHOO narrbHeHlIlHx pa3pa60ToK HJIH KoHKperH3aUHH B 3aKOHOnaTenbCTBe CrreUHaJIbHblH 3aKOH - nOKa3bIBaJ1 P03MapHH TpeoyeTcfI KOf­ na BBO HTCH HCKJIW'leHHH HO He rrpaBHJIa CTaJIHHHCTCKHH npH3paK HC'Ie3aJI KaK rrpH 3aKnHHaHHH B Koro­ POM caMoro MIBOJIa rro HMeHH He Ha3blBaWT HerrOKoneOHMaH Ka­ 3allOCh ObI 0cl HUHanbHaH ' 'OfMa comaCHO KOTOPOH B KOMMYHHcrH­ '1eCKHX CTpaHax rrpOnlBOpe'lHe MeJK Y KOHCTHTYUHeH H QaCTHbl­ MH rrpOHBneHHHMH HapO' 'HOH BonH HarrpaBnHeMOH rrapTHeH H Bblpa­ JKaeMOH 3aKOHaMH HeMbICJIHMO OKa3anaCb pelllHreJIbHO OTBepr­ HYTOH nYTeM rrpOCToro HCTOJlKOBaHHH npaBOBOH rrpHpO J b1 KOHCTH­ TYUHH KaK TaKOBoH 109 HC3aBHcHMbIe POITb CYAbl KOTOPblM P03MapHH OTBOAHIT oc06yIO HMCIOT KOHCTHTy1 HOHHOC rrpaBO H 06SI3aHHOCTb 3amHmaTb TIpoq eccop A o aM llOnaTKa BbIcTyrraH Ha lVIe f AYHapo o HOM KOH­ rpecce rro q HITOCOq HH npasa B Ea3enc B 1979 ro y nOrrbITanCH KOHCTHTY1 HIO H rpa f AaHCKHC rrpaBa npOTHB ITI06blX HCITCraITbHblX KITaCcHq HUHpOBaTb TaK Ha3bIBaCMble q YHAaMeHTaJIbHbIC npHH1 H­ BMelllaTCIIbCTB ITI060ro 3aKOHO aTCIIbHOrO HITH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHO­ rrbl COUHaITHCTH1 JCCKOrO rrpaBa OH nepe1 JHCITHIT HX B TaKOM rrOpH o ­ ro opra la 3TH KOHcnny1 HOHHbIC Tpc60BaHHH OKa3aITHCb H3BJIe1 Je­ Ke npHHUHrr BITaCTI1 Hapo o a Hbl H3 KOHCTHTY1 HH CTpaHbl KOTOpaH mjm1 MllJlbHO OTBCpracT pa3­ BOCTb paBCHCTBO B AeIleHHC BITaCTCH a MHHHCTpaTHBHble CYAbl H IOPHAH1 JCCKHH Ha ­ MOCTb rrpaB H 06H3aHHOCTCH C01 JCTaHHe y6C f o eHHH C rrpHHY f o CHH­ 30p 3a C06ITIOACHHCM 3aKOHOB o eMOKpaTHH rYMaHH3M cnpaBe o ml­ rrpaB3X rocno o CTBO 3aKOHa B3aHM03aBHCH­ EnarOAapH P03MapHHY IOpHAl 1 Je­ CM H HaKOHC1 npHH1 Hn HHTepHa1 HOHaJIH3Ma A o aM llorraTKa OKa­ CKHH rr03HTHBH3M B 06XOA Oq H1 HanbHOH HlI COITOrHH H nOITHTH1 Je­ 3aJICH eAHHcTBCHHblM cpe 'H npe 'CTaBHTeITeH KOMMYHHCTmeCKoro CKOH AOrMbl OKa3aITCH BbIlIle KaK CKa3aIT HCKOrAa TIYlllKHH AITCKcaHAPHHCKOrO CTOITrra 6ITOKa Ha KOHrpccce KOTOPbIH CKa3an rrpHHUHrr rYMaHH3Ma npH­ 3HaeT ITmHOCTb 1 JCJIOBeKa H cro caMoro BblClIIeH 1 eHHOCTblO OH Ao6aBHn 3aKOH BCC 60IlblIIC H 60JIblllC C03AaeT YCITOBI1H ll J1H caMO­ TIOHHTHC 3aKOHa KaK Hco6xo HMOrO 0pYAHH TpaHCq 0pMaUHH pCaITH3a1 HI1 HHAl BH yaJIbHOrO qCJIOBCKa TICPCqCHb JIH1 JHOCT­ COBPCMCHHbIX 06meCTB B TOH HiIll HHOH CTerreHH npHMeHHMO K TCM HblX 6JIar oco6cHHO Tex H3 HI1X KOTOPbIC CBSI3aHbl C HHTHM­ rrepeMCHaM KOTOPbIC 6bIJIH Ha1 JaTbI B CTpaHaX COBCTCKorO 6JIOKa HblMH CTopOHaMlf 1 JeJIOBC1 JeCKOH f H3HH H nO J1C f aT OXPaHC rrocIIe CMCpTH CTaITHHa H XX C bC3Aa KTICC CMblCIT 3THX rrCpCMeH 3aKOHOM MO f eT 6bITb B rrcpBOM rrpH6iI11JKeHHI1 orrpe eITeH KaK nOrrbITKa MO­ mHTa rrpaB TpYMmcrOCH H npC f c Bcero TCX H3 HHX KOTOPblC AepHH3aUI1H rrOITHTH1 JCCKOH CTpyKTYPbl 06meCTB KOTOPbIC rOAbl HaxOAHJ1HCb nOA BITaCTblO orrrHc oco6oro pOAa a6COITIOTH3Ma AHKTYIOTCH a YBa f CHl1eM cq epa ITH1 JHOH HMeHHO CTaITHHH3Ma B HcnpcpblBHO paClIIHp ICTCH K 3a 3THM cnC YCT 3a­ ero OCTOHHCTBy 1 JCCKaB JImHOCTb rronyqaeT 3amHTY rrpOTHB 3TOT rrpouccc OTTCrrCITH HIIH B03p0 f lleHHH BHCCITH CBOH paCIIIHpHCTCJI H 06mCCTBC lHOH CBo6o o bl rpa f llaH qeJIOBeITl 6bIX BMClIla­ TeITbCTB onpaB o bIBaeMblX pa3BHTHeM HayKH TeXHOJIOrHH H BKITa ' TaK f C H IOpHCTbI KOMMYHHCTH1 JeCKHe rrOJIHTmeCKHe nHAc­ LA· pbl rrpHBblKIIH KPI1THKOBaTb rrpCACTaBHTeITeH IOpHAH1 JeCKOH HayKH 3a HX OTCTaIlocTb H Hccnoco6HOCTb HATH B Hory C COUHanHCTHtle­ B KaKOH Mepe 3TH CJIOBa COOTBeTCTBYIOT peanbHOCTH HJIH OCTa­ CKHM pa3BHTHCM 3TO CTaIlO rr01 JTH pHTyanOM OAHaKO aHanH3 co- l TCH Bcero ITHlIIb Ao6pblMH rrO f eJIaHHHMH BblXOAHT 3a rrpc o eJIbl Ha­ 1 JHHeHHH y'ICHbIX-IOPHCTOB He rrOATBep f AaCT 3THX rOITOCnOBHbIX YT­ IIIcro TerrepelllHero aHaJlH3a HCHO JIHlIlb O o HO rrporpeCCHBHbIC MbI­ 6bIJIH pa3pa6oTaHbl B CJIHTeJIH-lOpHCTbI 11306pa f aH BpCMeHaMH MI1q bl KaK peanbHOCTb CTpaHax COBCTCKoro 6ITOKa OKa3aJIllCb ropa3 'O 60ITce rrporpcCCHB­ BepHT rrpH 3TOM 'ITO TaKHMH MCTo o aMI1 MO f HO 113rHaTb 3JIbIX o y­ Hbl H ACMOKpaTH1 JHbI 1 JCM rrOITI1TH1 JeCKaH peaITbHOCTb 3THX cTpaH XOB rrpI1HY HB I1X rrepc o aTb BJIaCTb CrrpaBC J1HBOCTH 11 MY POCTH B Pa3YMeeTCH 3TO MHmbI HO Bep f lleHHH lOpHAmCCKHc I1 CH KOTopble 3THX H eHx HalllITH BbIpa f CHHC pa3nwIHble acneKTbI CMoKpaTI1H 3amHTbl CBo6o bI H 3aKOHHOCTIL B OJ HHX KOMMYHHCTH1 JCCKHX cTpaHax 3TOT nporpccc npo BHHyITCH anblIIc 1 JeM B pyrHx 11 AO­ CTH f CHHH nOITbCKOH IOpHcnpYAeH1 I1H Bce emc OCTalOTCH YHHKanb­ HblMH no OpHrl1HaJlbHOCTH ec nocTynaTOB HHCM CKa3aTb 'ITO nOJIHKH Il f OH Xa3ap o He 6y 'eT npcyBeITH1 JC­ HanpaBITCHHC JIH o aJIb­ TIpc o CTaBITeHHC MHtPa HJIH f eJIaCMOrO KaK peaJIbHOCTH HBJIHCTCH HeHlIIero TCOpCTH1 JeCKOrO pa3BI1TlfH OHH OKa3aJIH CHITbHeHlIIec BITI1­ TeM He MeHce BeCbMa crreuH f HqeCKOH q OPMOH KpHTHKH cymeCTBY­ HIIHC Ha CBOHX KOITnCr B KOMMyHHCTH1 JeCKOM Ml1pe l meH C01 HanbHOH 110 orrpCAeITHITH rro o6HO BCCM MHq aM OHH MorYT OKa3aTb B03 o cifcTBHC Ha 6YAymee rrOnHTI11 JeCKOe pa3BI1THC H nOJIHTHqeCKOH pCaJibHOCTH TI03TOMY YMCCTHO 111 3a uaTh BOnpOC HaXOMTCjI nM 3TH IOPMCThI B Onn03HUlili K CBOHM npaBMTcnhCTBaM H K CBOHM llOnMT6IOpO HM B KOeH Kapell KanllaH Mepe llPOCTO OHM Ha ueneHbI n lIIIMM M 60nce rny60KHM nOHHMaHHeM HHTepeCOB HY KLJ M BOnH CBOMX COrpa K uaH '1eM rrpo jleccHoHanhHbIe 6IOpOKpaTbl H annapaT'lMKH OHM 60nhIlle KaphepMCTOB rrOHHMalOT ueHHOCTh 3aKOHHOCTH MnH uOnycTMM rrpe3yMrruHH HeBHHOBHOCTH OHM 3HaIOT 'ITO CTAnHH 06PA30BAHHE BnaCTb peBOnIOUMOHHOrO C03HaHHH Bne'leT 3a C060H xaoc H TeppOp OHH MCKpeHHe XOTjIT pa3BHBaTh HOBOe 06lUe­ H C38'a lJEXOCnOBAKIDI CTBO B COOTBeTCTBHH C caMbIMH pa3yMHhIMH H rYMaHHbIMM 06pa3ua­ MM 06 TOM HOBOM nneMeHH KOMMYHHCTM'IeCKHX Y'leHhIX IOpH­ CTOB H npo jleccopoB npaBa MO KHO CKa3aTh cnOBaMH ll KOHa Xa3ap­ ua COBeT 3KOHOMH'leCKOH B3aHMorrOMOlUH 6bIlI C03 uaH B MOMeHT Kor J a COBeTCKHH COI03 npHcTyrrHn K pa3pa60TKe HOBOM KOHuen­ UMH CBoeM eBponeHCKOM rronHTHKH C caMoro Ha'lana nepe u C3BOM B rrpOTHBOrrOnO KHOCTh rrpaBHlUHM rrOJIHTHKaM OHH Bbl­ CTOjInH uBe OCHOBHbIe 3a ua'lM C03 uaHHe PYKOBo uHMoro H3 O J HO­ cTyrraIOT KaK nIO uH 3aKOHa B KaKOM-TO CMhIcne OHH He Ha­ ro ueHTpa cOBeTCKoro 6nOKa H CBe ueHHC Ha HeT BnHjIHHjI Coe uMHCH­ XOMTCjI B orrrr03HIIHM M60 MHorHe H3 HMX XOTH H He Bce HB­ HhIX UhaToB Ha EBpony 8a KHeHIIIHMH rrOnHTH'IeCKHMH HHCTpYMeH­ njIIOTCjI 'IJleHaMM KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOH rrapTMM H B Ka'leCTBe TaMH B npOIIccce jlOpMMpOBaHHH COBeTCKoro 6nOKa 6blmf I1H­ TaKOBblX CTpeMjITCH K TeM Ke IIcnHM 'ITO H rrOJIHTMKH Ho B jlopM6IOpO H CHCTeMa COlO3HblX J orOBopOB Me KLJ Y CTpaHaMM CO­ TO Ke BpeMH B KaKOM-TO HHOM CMblcne OHH - BeTCKOH c jlepbl BIUfjIHHH orrn03MIIHOHe­ pbI OHH npOJJ BHraIOTCH nOBCIO uy r ue rrpe uCTaBnHeTCH TOMY B 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH 06JIaCTlf rro u06HYIO ponh Hrpan C3B ManeHIllaH B03MO KHOCTh Brrepe u K OrpaHH'lCHHIO npOlI3BOna llpe unO KeHHH 0 C03 uaHHM MC K uYHapo uHOH opraHH3alJ jm KOTO­ BnaCTH OHM MIQyT Toro 'ITO '1aCTO Ha3bIBaIOT '3aKOHHOCTbIO' paH 3aHMManaCh 6bI KOOp uMHaUMeH 3KOHOMM'IeCKOrO COTpy uHH'Ie­ KaJK uOH B03MO KHOCTM OHM nOBTOpjIIOT 'ITO MX IIenh ­ 'peBonIOUHOHHaH' HnH 'COIIHanHCTH'IeCKajI' 3aKOHHOCTh OHM XOTHT THM no u'lepKHYTb CBoe CTpeMneHHe pa60TaTb Ha u ocy­ lUeCTBneHHCM 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH H COIIHaJIbHOH CTPYKTYPbl KOTopaff 6y ueT cYlUeCTBeHHo OTnH'IaThCH HC TonhKO OT Toro 'ITO 6hIJlO 1947 1948 r CTBa 6hIJIH rrpe uCTaBneHbI B MOCKBC Y KC B ceHTH6pe KOma P CnaHcKHM rrepe uan MX ManeHKoBY BecHoM ro ua '1exo­ cnOBaUKHe 3KOHOMHCTbI rrpe unO KHnH IIpaBHTenhcTBY qexocnoBa­ KHH 3aHBHTh Ha HIOHhCKOM 3ace uaHHH I1H jl0PM6IOpO 0 He06xo uHMO­ CHI B uapCKOM rrpOIllJlOM HO H OT Toro 'ITO CYlUecTBy­ CT HbIHe B 3ana J HOH EBpone HnH B AMepHKe •• C03hIBa KOH jlepeHUHH cneUHanHCTOB B 06naCTH Hapo uHO­ ro X03HHCTBa KOTophIe rrpe uCTaBnHnH 6bI 06'be uHHeHHble B Y TcopeTHKOB npaBa MorYT 6bITb pa3HbIe H J eH H HaMepeHHjI Ho npH J HKTaType J orMaTH3Ma HX J eHCTBHjI Bcer ua '1peBaThI orraCHO­ I1H jl0PM6IOpO KOMlIapTHH TO'lHee rocy uapCTBa C nnaHO­ BhIM X03HMCTBOM 1 CHIO HeT CTpaxOBKH unjI Tex KTO peIIIHnCjI 6anaHCHpOBaTh Ha Ka­ HaTe CnOMneHHhIe KaphepbI H KH3HH 3TO Ta HopManhHaH ueHa llpe unonaranOCb 'ITO Ha TOH KOH jlcpeHuHH 6y uYT paCCMOTpeHbI BonpOCbI JKOHOMM'IeCKOrO COTpy uHH'IeCTBa H '1aCTH'IHOM Koop uHHa­ KOTOPYIO '1enOBe'leCTBO ynna'lHBaeT rrporpeccy UHH nnaHOB B Jlepe80a E lIlpazull npe unO KeHHH '1eXOCJIOBaUKHX JKOHOMHCTOB rOBO­ PHJIOCh He06xo uHMoCTh TeCHoro H nnaHOBoro COTpy uHM'IeCTBa He BbI3bIBaCT COMHeHHH HeCMOTpH Ha TO 'ITO HaJIHlJHe caMO­ 112 113