OT PE aAKIJ HH CTaT'bR 4 epeHijD Koceza nOC8 RU4eHa JJepeHij Kocez Ua6UpaT€Ilb­ HOU perjiopMe U 8bl60paM 8 BeHZpUU KOTOpble COCTO R­ lUCb 8 T08 nOCKO lbKY R8U lUCb C80ezo pooa 3KcnepUMeHToM U1OH R 1985 Z U npU8 leK lU 8HUMaHue cneijUQ lUC­ ua6UpaT€IlbHOU perjiOpMbl 8 CTpaHaX C08eTCKOZO TUna 1135I1PATEnbHAlI PEt»OPMA II BL150PLI H08blU aaKOH 0 8bl60pax 6bM npUH RT 8 BeHzpuu 22 oeKa6p R 1983 z 1 8 OH COCTOUT 8 CIleOY1OU4eM OMaaTeJZbHOM nOp ROKe 6aMoTuPyeTCJf HeCKO lbKO KaHoudaT08 2 Ha MeCTax cOaOa1OTCJf cneijUQ lbHble KOMUCCUU OM ynpoU4eHU R Ua6UpaTeJZbHOZO npoijecca 3 PyKOBOAHTeJIH nOJIbCKOH H BearepcKoH KOMMyHHCTWlecKoH napTHH 0 3TH y3 bI HCTOpHqeCKoro 6paTCTBa n aBHO ' Ke nbIT3lOT­ CH nO J pIDKaTb APyr Apyry qeTbIpe roiJ a Ha3a IJ HpY3eJIbCKHH 000­ nO lUTUlleCKU€ U zocyoapcT8eHHbie lUOepbl U3­ ru aJI - B nepByro oqepeiJ b KOHe'IHO ceOO a He HapoiJ Y - 'frO B IIOJIb­ 6Upa1OTCJf 8 roCyoapcT8eHHOe c06paHue no OTOeJZb­ we 6Y J eT BocnpOH3Be J eH Ka IJ apoBCKHH pe lKHM nOA06HbIH TOMY HOMY 06U4ezocyoapcT8eHHOMY cnUCKY KOTOPbIH 6 bIJI AO HbmellIHero KpH3Uca Ho nocrre nOHBJIeHHH Co­ 4 TO lbKO Te KaHouOaTbl 8 roeyoapcT8eHHOO c06­ JIHiJ aPHOCTU peaJIbH bIM nOJIUTHKaM H3 BeHrepcKOH COu HaJIHCTWleC­ paHue U 8 MeCTHble opzaHbl 8 lacTu KOTopble no ly­ KOH pa60qeH napTHH npHllIJIOCb HaqaTb OOr HaneperOHKH co BpeMe· IlU lU KaK MUHUMYM TpeTb ZO lOC08 Ha npe08apu­ TeJZbHblX C06paHU RX CTaH08 RTCJf KaHOudaTaMU Ha 8bl60pax HeM OHH peWHJIH AOKalaTb qTO Te pe¢opMbI pa J H KOTOPbIX npOU30WJIa Mo6HJIH3au HH 06ru ecTBeHHOCTH B IIoJIbwe pa3yMHaH ItT06bl CTaTb oenYTaTOM KaHouoaT OO l­ 3ICeH c06paTb ZO lOca 60 lee 50% ua6upaTeJZeu BJIaCTb MO l eT ocyru eCTBHTb J eKperH bIM nyTeM IIOMHMO npOqHX Ha aHHH OHH pellIHJIU pe¢OpMHpoBaTb CHCTeMY B bI60pOB 3Ta AeKpeTHaH pe¢opMa He CJIHIIlKOM onaCHa l TUI pe lKHMa nOCKOJIbKY Ha HeH HacTaHBaJIH cpaBHHTeJIbHO Y3KHe HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIb­ Hble Kpym B pe3YJIbTaTe CHH I eHHH l H3HeHHoro ypoBHH 06ru eCT­ BeHHaH HeY J OBJIeTBopeHHOCTb KOHe'IHO B03poCJIa HO 3TO He npu­ BeJIO K Tpe60BaHHHM pe¢OPM H He B bI3BaJIO J 3JKe onpe J eJIeHHO Han­ paBJIeHHoro 06ru ecTBeHHoro n aBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHe pe¢OPM iJ HKTO­ BaJIOCb TaKHM 06pa30M CTpaxaMH O J HHX H CH06u3MOM J pyrHX npe J CTrumTeJIeH pe KHMa BapWaBCKHH nyTq nOJIO I HJI KOHen HaBH3­ quB bIM CTpaxaM BbI3BaHHbIM C06bITHHMH B IIoJIbwe Pa3pa60TKa pe¢OpM npo J OJI l aJIaCb TaKHM 06Pa30M B pe3YJIbTaTe HHepu HH HanyraHHOrO annapaTa a TaK l e H3-3a Toro 'frO B 3KOHOMHKe npo­ J OJI l aJICH 3aCTOH CTOPOHHHKOB pe¢OPM nO J TaJIKHBaJIO eru e H TO lITO JIarepb npoTHBHHKOB pe¢OPM yKpenJIHJICH 64 6S no Mepe Toro KaK conpoTHBJIeHHe peq 0PMaM HapaCtaJIO Bonpoc 06 HX He06xoAHMOCTH CHOBa 6bDI nepecMoTpeH BbI3BaB pa3­ HornaCIDI cpeM napTHHHoro PyKOBoAcTBa OKa3aBWHCb nepeA He06xoAHMOCTbIO npHWlTb peweHHe BbIcwee naptHHHoe pyKOBOA­ CTBO B COOTBetCTBHH co CBOHMH IJeTBeptbBeKOBbIMH TP H peWHJlO C OAHOH CTOPOHbl npoBoMTb peq OPMbl HO C ApyrOH AaTb B03MOJKHOCTb nepeCTpaxOBIItHKaM HX npHTOpMaJKHBaTb B pe3YJIbTare caMoCTOmeJIbHOCTb npeADpHHTHH yBeJIH1IHJIaCb HO Kpe­ AHTOBaHHe OCTaJIOCb nOA KOHTponeM rOCYAipCTBa XOTH PYKosoM­ TeJIH HeKoTopblX npeADpIDItHH AOJI lIOlbI 6bDIH CTaTb S AaJIbHeiiweM nOAOTlJeTHblMH He3aBHCHMblM ynpaBJIeHtleCKHM q OPMHPOBaHIDlM caMH 3TH q OPMHPOSaHIDI AOJIJKHbI 6bDIH H36HpaTbCH nOA KOHTpa­ JIeM npeJKHeH npoq COI03HOH 6IOPOKpaTHH XOTH KopnopaTHBHaJI CHCTeMa KOHcepBaTHBHee qeM 06rneHa­ poAHoe npeACTaBHTeJIbCTSO OHa 6bIJla 6bI TeM He MeHee Ba lIOlblM warOM opIDITIDI Bce erne oMararoTcH cne HbIMH HaJIOraMH B CTaHOSJIeHHH napJIaMeHTapHoro COAHaJIH3Ma q OHHpOBaTb H HrpaTb KaKyro-TO POJIb S npo ecce npHHHTHH peweHHH KopnopaTHBHbIH napllaMeHT 6bDI 6bl nepBbIM B OAHOnapTHHHOM rOCYAapCTBe HHCTHTyrOM BbIe­ wero ypoSHH rAe pa3JlHlIHble rpynnbI HMeJIH 6bl B03MOJKHOCTb BblpvkllTb OTKPblTO CBOH npoTHBopellHBble HHTepeCbl • 1le6aTbl MeJIC­ AY npeACTaBHTeJIHMH pa3JIHlIHblX 06rneCTBeHHbIX rpynn HapYWHJIH 6bI MOHOTOHHOCTb npo eAYPbl npHHHTHH 3aKOHOS orpaHII1IHJ1H 6bl 3aKYJIHCHyro 6oPb6y H S nepcneKTHBe MornH 6bl CJlOco6crnoBaTb CHH lKeHHIO 06rneCTBeHHOH HanpHJlCeHHOCTH HaJIOrOBaH CHCTeMa 6blJla nepeCMotpeHa S CTOpOHy YHHq HKaUHH HO He60JIbWHe opeA­ snepeA ECJlH 6bl OHa Morna ycne um o Ho JIHTyprHH KaK H3BeCTHO He MOJICet 6bITb H3MeHeHa nOKa He nOABeprnaCb nepeMeHaM ee OCHOBa npeACTaBHTeJIbHble HHCTHTY­ Tbl HBJIHIOTCH opraHaMH rOCYAapcrna H XOTH 6bl q OPMaJIbHO npH­ lIaCTHbl K snaem litO BeCbMa BaJKHO Hbme HX pyKOBOMTeJIeH Bbl­ 6HpalOT TOJIbKO AJIH npeACTaBHTeJIbHOCTH Ho qeM 60JIbwe Y TaKHX IIoolleKmHR nllaH peq opM OpraHH3 B03MOJKHOCTeH AJIH Sblpa lKeHHH HHTepeCOB CBOHX IDle­ HOB TeM aKTHBHeH OHH 3TH HHTepeCbl BbIpa lKalOT EcnH napllaMeHT OmeTCTBeHHbIe napTHHHbIe pyKoBOMTeJIH sbmyJICAeHbI 6bIJIH cornaCHTbCH Ha H3BeCTHbIe nepeMeHbI B 3KOHOMHlleCKOH nOJIHtHKe H36HpaTeJIbHaH peq oPMa KOTOpaH C OAHOH CTOpoHbI npoBoMTcH a C APyroH - He npHBOMT HH K KaKHM pe3YJIbTaTaM He npeACTaB­ JIHet tpYAHOCTeH I1H6epaJIbHble nO 1lHTO 1l0m H IOpHCTbl peKOMeH l O­ BaJIH yqpeMTb npeACTaBHTeJIbHbIH napllaMeHT OHH KOHellHO HMe­ JIB B BHAY npeACTaBHTeJIbCTBO BeAOMCTBeHHbIX HHCTHTyrOS HHCTH­ tyAHaJIH3HPOBaHHOH 61OpoKpaTHH H HHTefi 1leKtyaJIbHOH 3JlHTbI T e CHJl HMelOrnHX BJIHHHHe Ha PyKOBOAcmo rOCYAapcmeHHbIX yq­ peJICAeHHii a BOBce He npeACTaBHTeJIbCTBO Bcero 06rnecTBa Ho CTOPOHHHKH peq 0PM C03AaBaJIH nepeA PYKOBOACTBOM BHAHMOCTb litO OHH XJlonoqyr 0 BceHapoAHoM npeACTaBHTeJIbCTBe Cepbe3HaH 6YAeT npeACTaBJIHTb 06rneCTBeHHbIe HHCTHTyrbl B HX HblHe um eH q opMe ero q yHKAHOHHpoBaHHe OCTaHeTCH q 0PMaJIbHbIM Peq opMa 06rneCTBeHHblX HHCTHTyrOB npeJICAe Bcero npoq C01030B 06H3a­ TeJIbHO H3MeHHT COOTHOWeHHe CKPbITbIX 06rneCTBeHHblX CHJl H HHTe­ pecos S lIaCTHOCTH B nOJIHTHqeCKOM PYKOSOAcme IIeTep IIIMHAT seAYIUHii 3KCJlepT KOMHTeTa seAalOrnero H36HpaTeJIbHbIMH peq op­ MaMB S OAHOM H3 HHTepSblO taK Sblpa3HJl cyn nOH npo6rreMbl B XOAe pa60Tbl KOMHTeta MbI He CMornH npHHrH K peweHHlO 0 TOM KaKOH AOJIJlCHa 6bITb npo eAYpa Ha3HaqeHHH npeACTaBHTe 1leH OT pa3JlHlIHblX 06rneCTseHHblx HHCTHTyrOS 2 IIoKa 3KcnepTbI pa3AYMbmaJIH KaK AOJIJlCHbI 6blTb npeACTaB­ 1leHbI 06rneCTBeHHble HHcTHTyrbl nOJIHTHtleCKOe PyKOBOACTBO nocne H36HpaTeJIbHaH peq opMa npHBeAeT K nepeMewHBaHHlO HHTepecoB nyrlla HpY3eJIbCKOrO peWHJlo AonycTHTb TOJIbKO nOKa3Hoe npeAcTa­ H B 1lHHHHH B 06rneCTBe KorAa 06rnecmeHHble HHCTHTYTbI 6yAYT SHTeJIbCmo Pa3JlHlIHbIX 06rnecmeHHblx opraHH3 o6ecnellHBaH aAeKBaTHO OTpvkllTb nO 1lHTHIJeCKHe HHTepecbI H rOCYAapetBeHHbIe peweHHH 6yAYT Bblpa6aTbmaTbCH C yqeToM 3THX HHTepecOB no onpeAeJIHT ypoBeHb npeACTaBHTe 1lbCTBa KOTOPbIH no caMOH csoeH npHpoAe rapaHTHpyeT nOJIHTHlIeCKoMY HaA peq OPMiMH - fiHCaJI BeJIa IIoKOJI 1 66 pyKoBoACTBY KOHTPOJIb TeM caMblM MHHHMyM apHq MeTHqeCKOrO fi 1llOpaJIH3Ma BMeCTO nOA­ JlHHHbIX peq 0pM H36HpaTeJIbHbIH 3aKOH npHHHTbIH B 1983 r' J COAeP IKaJI TOJIbKO ABa HOSOBseAeHHH 06rneH8AHoHaJIbHbIH cnHCOK K8HAHAiTOB KOTOPbIH 6bDI BaJKeH TOJIbKO AJIH PYKoBOAcma H 06H­ 3aTeJIbHOe HaJIHIlHe AByx KaHAHAaroB Ha TOT JlCe noCT litO OTKPbIBa­ 67 CTaBHTenb CMO KeT BbIpa KaTb BOJlIO H36HpaTeJleii n o6HBaHCb no HOBbIe B03MO lKHOCTH H AIDI H36HpaTeJleii no MHemuo pecpopMa­ Toro tfero Ha caMOM n ene XOTHT MeCTHbIe KHTeJlH Co BpeMe­ TOpoB nocne J Hee 6bIJlO IllarOM Bnepe n B npe n ocraBJlemm 6oJlb­ HeM B03MO KHO TaKHe JlIO n H CMoryT CTaTb nO lJ JlHHHO Hapo n ­ Illeii He3aBHCHMOCTH MecTHoii a n MHHHCTpau HH OnnOHeHTbI pecpop­ HbIMH npe n CTaBHTeJlH MH MaM pacu emmaJlH 3TO KaK ycrynKy 60Jlee AllH BH n HMOCTH qeM no cytUecmy PecpopMaTopbI H HHTeJlJleKTYaJlbI HacraHBaIOmHe Ha cpOPMax Ct HTaJlH lITO CHCTeMa IlBYX KaH n HA8TOB npHBe n eT K pe­ 60Jlee cepbe3HbIM pe3YJlbTaraM qeM n eSITenbHOCTb nceB n onapnaMeHTa B KOTOPOM n eJleraTbI 3aBO n OB npoCPCOI030B H KoonepaTHBOB rona­ CYIOT 3a npHHSlTHe 38KOHOB e n HHOmaCHO Ho HM npHIIIllOCb pa30­ lI8poBaTbCH 6oJlbIlle qeM 06pa n OBaTbCH nOCKOJlbKY OHH He npH6­ JIH3HJlHCb K ueJlH KOTOpaH cocrOH Jla B XOTH 6bI t 8CTHt HOM pu n eJle­ mm BJlaCTH H peIlleHHH rocy n apcTBeHHbIM nyTeM croHrn OX nepe n III lITO B HeKOTopbIX H36HpaTeJlbHbIX OKpyrax rJlaBHbIM 06p830M B By n anelllTe H B ymmepCHTeTCI HX ropo n ax 6YAYT H36paHbI nlO n H n 06HBalOrn HeCH npoBe n eHHSl He3aBHCHMbIX o6rn eHau ua­ HaJlbHbIX nporpaMM B o6JIaCTH 3KOHOMm H COIJ HaJlbHbIX npe06pa30BaHHii H 38mHTbl OKpy KalOrn eii CpeAbI TaKOX KaH­ n u n aTOB Mbl Ha3bmaeM He3aBHCHMbIMH lIT06bI OTJlHtIaTb ox OT OcraJlbHbIX BbI n BHHyTbIX HaceJleHHeM KaH J H n aTOB crpaaoii TpY n Hocreii llpymMH cnOBaMH HM He y n aJlOCb BOBJlet b B nOJlHTHt eCKyro KU3Hb onpe n eJleHHbIe 06rn ecmeHHbIe rpynnbI 06rn ecr­ Ba nOCKOJlbKY He XOTeJlH n eJlHTb C HHMH BJlaCTb Y npoTHBHHKOB peCPOPM H cpym IJ HOHepoB 6bIJlO 60Jlbille OCHOBaHHii AllH TOp Kecma nOCKOJll I y HM ODHTb ymmOCb npoBecrH nepeMeHbI HHtferO Ha n eJle He MeHHH Ho H HX pa n OCTb OMpaqanaCb TeM lITO n a Ke 3TH HJlJ11030p­ HbIe nepeMeHbI BbIHY KAaJlH HX 60Jlbille pa60TaTb a TaK Ke eM lITO HH30BbIe pa60THm H nOJlyqHJlH npaBo COBaTb HOC B ox n eJla O J HaKO no n OrHaB peCPOpMHpoBaHHOe H36HpaTeJlbHoe 3aKOHo­ n aTeJlbCTBO K 06bIt HOMy nOTOKY YK830B He OTpa KaIOmHX HHKaKHX nepeMeH 3aKOHo n aTeJlHc n eJlaJlH Hec6bnOtfHbIMH n a Ke 3TH YMepeH­ HbIe Ha n e K n bI 1 I-f36HpaTeJlbHaH peCPOPMa He conpOBO K n aJlaCb napnaMeHTc­ Koii pecpopMoH XoTH XIII C1 e3 n BearepCKOH COIJ HaJlHCTHtfeCKOH pa60qeH naprHH npoB03rJlaCHJl lITO pOllb rocy n apcTBeHHOrO C06pa­ HUH B03paCTeT nOJlHTHtfeCKOe PYKOBO n CTBO He H3MeHHJlO maBHbIii npHHIJ HlI comaCHO KOTOPOMy COCTaB napnaMeHTa n OJl KeH OTpa­ 3aKOH Ha 6YMare KaTb He HHTepeCbI n OJl lKHOcrHbIX JlHU a nOAllHHHYIO crPYKrypy KaKHe H8 lJ e K n bI MO KeT BayIUHTb HOBoe 3aKOH0 l1 8TeJlbcmo CTOPOHHHKaM n eMOKpaTH3aUHH Ha OCHOBaHHH TeKCTa 3aKOHOB eCJlH OTHOCHTbCH K HHM C n OBepHeM MO lKHO Ha n eSITbCH Hll TpH nOJlO KU­ OTJlH­ n pyr OT n pyra H npe n CTaBJlHTb aJlbTepHaTHBHbIe nporpaMMhI Ha MecrHoM ypoBHe Tpe60BaTb nocrpoiiKH 6oJlbHHI bI HaJlpHMep O n HH 6y n eT a n pyroii - p83BHTHH n opor II 68 OHT KaK H B nepBbIX cnopa n HtIeCKHX 3KCnepHMeHTax 6y n eT DHTCTBOBaTb lITO ABa KaH n HA8Ta HapoAHoro fIpoHTa 6y n yr qeM-TO lI8TbCH yrP03y YCTOHBlllHeCH HOPMbI npe lCTaBHTenbcma eCJIH Hapo npHAep KHBaTbCH npHHIJ Hna nOJlHOH CXO n HOCTH KaH n H n aTOB H npe­ TeJlbHbIX CABHra I 06rn ecma BbI lJ BH KeHHe HeCKOJlbKHX KaH J H lJ aTOB He nOCTaBHT nO l nOAllHHHO HapoAHbIX npe n cTaBHTeneii HaH npaKTHKa B 104 H3 285 H36HpaTeJlbHbIX OKpyrOB nOJl 3aHSlTHH H coIJ HaJlbHbIii cTaryc o60Hx o6H38TeJlbHbIX KaH n HA8TOB 6bIJlH co­ BepIlleHHo HAeHTHtfHbI 2 lITO B HeKOTopbIX H36HpaTeJlbHbIX oKpyrax oco6eHHO B npo­ H36paHHIO llo CHX nop BO BCHKOM cnyqae ocyrn eCTBJlH JIaCb TaKaH H36HpaTeJlb­ XOTH H36HpaTenbHbIH 3aKOH n aeT KaH n u n aTaM B03MO K­ HOCTb n eTaJIH3HpoBaTb CBOH nporpaMMbI OH He OM3bmaeT ox K BH MOryT 6bITb BbI6paHbI JlIO J H nOJlb3yrorn HeCH H3BeCT­ 3TOMy Mblcnm uHii rpa K n aHHH HCXO J HT H3 Toro tfTO nporpaMMbI HOcrblO - KOHKypHPYlOmHX Kaa n u n aTOB n OJl KHbI OTJlHt 8TbCH OAHa OT n pyrOH CKa KeM MecrHbIH Bpaq IIJIH YlIHTenb TaKoii npe n - 69 Ho KaKOBhl B03MO l HOCllI AIDl noro OAHH H3 npep ee rr aTeJIen H36HpaTeJll HOrO co6pa HWl 06bI'lH0 lTO npep eep aTeJIb HlIH 3aMeCTH­ B03MO l HOCTb nOiJ TaCOBKH HaKOHen HMeIOTCR npaBHJIa KOTopble npOCTO He MOfyT 6bITb npeTBOpeHbI B KH3Hb OCTaHOBHMCR Ha HHX TeJIb npep ce rr aTeJIR MeCTHoro COBeTa HlIH eeKpeTapb MeCTHOH nap­ THHHon OpraHH3aIU1H cp enaJI KpaTKIDI 0630p pellleHIDI XIII C'be3P a A KaHAH u aT p OJI KeH p eKJIapHpOBaTb CBOIO BepHOCTb npor­ KaHAH rr aThl paMMe HapoAHoro cI poHTa 3TO HOBbtii TpIOK TaKoe TpeooBaHHe HapoAHoro cI pOHTa MorYT TOJIbKO cornamaTbCR C npHHRThlMH pe­ HMeJIO 6bI CMbIClI eCllH 6bl KaHAH rr aTbI HMeJIH npaso Bblpa KaTb BeHrepCKOn CPIT no 06w eHaIlHOHaJIbHbIM BonpocaM llleHHRMH Pa3HH B MHeHHRX p onycKaeTcR JIHlllb no MeCTHhlM co6cTBeHHoe MHeHHe H MHeHHR CBOHX H36HpaTenen XOTR 6bl no He­ npo6n eMaM HO KaH J H J aT He MO KeT p aBaTb nyCThlxo6ew aHHH ­ nOJIHTHtieCKHM BonpocaM Ho KaK Mbl Y Ke OTMetlaJIH aJIbTepHaTHB­ CKa3aJI HMpe ITO KfeH HaH60JIee BblCOKOnOCTaBJIeHHhtii npeP CTaBH­ Hble nporpaMMbl q aKl1ItIeCKH He nonylOOlH npaBa Ha cyw eCTBOBa­ Tenb BJIaCTH Be rr aIOw HH HHe p eMOKpaTH3aD HeH H36HpaTeJIbHOn CHCTe­ MbI H3 3Toro ClIep yeT tITO Bee o6eW aHHR 6yAYT nyCTbIMH eClIH OHH He COOTBeTCTB 'IOT YCTaHOBKaM MecTHbIX n eHTpOB BJIaCTH npe K J e B 06w eHaD HOHaJIbHhlH cnHCOK RBJIReTCR 6e3YClIOBHO Bcero MeCTHhlX KOMHTeTOB napTHH KaHAH u aT npeKpaCHO 3HaeT aHTH J eMOKpallltieCKHM HOBOBBep eHHeM OH Mor 6bl HMen CMbIClI tITO OH He MO KeT cp eJIaTb HH'iero tITO He nOJIYlIHT HX 0P 06peHHR eCllH 6bl n03BOJIHJI TeM nOJIHl1ItIeCKHM JIH J epaM KOTOPblX XOTRT H J a Ke ero H36paHHe 3aBHCHT OT HHX 6oJIbllle tleM OT H36HpaTeJIen COXpaHHTb Y BllaCTH JIIOOOn n eHoH H36e KaTb npeABbIoopHOH OOPb­ 6bl Ho 06w eHaD HOHaJIbHI IH CllHCOK H3 35 KaHAH rr aTOB ClIHlllKOM Peq opMa nOBllHRJIa Ha tlHCJIO ttaCllI KaHAH u aTOB ITpon ep y­ MalI AUR o6ecnetieHIDI BceM lJl1eHaM pygoBOP CTBa paBHhlX B03MO K­ pa Ha3HatleHHR KaHAH u aTa He H3MeHHJIaCb ITo HOBOH CHCTeMe KaK HOCTen nOCKOJIbKY lJl1eHbI nOllHT6IOpo ceKpeTapH perHOHaJIi HbIX 3 H npe K J e OTOOp KaHAHAaTOB opraHH3aD HR H36HpaTeJIbHbIX c06pa­ naplllHHbIX OpraHH3an HH HHiI B lTOT CllHCOK He BKJIIOtleHbI B TO Ke BpeMR HH O J HH H3 MecmbIX H BCR H36HpaTeJIbHaR npon ep ypa KOHTPOJIHpYIOTCR MeCTHbIMH a TaK Ke MHHHCTP HHOCTpaHHblX p eJI napmi HbIMH KOMHTeTaMH a KoonepaD HR C HapoAHbIM cI poHTOM KaHAH u aTOB BblCtyJIaIOW UX npoTHB He BOllle J lllHX B CllHCOK lJl1eHOB HOCHT tlHCTO q OpMaJIbHbtii xapaKTep cI aKl1ItIeCKH BeCb H36HpaTeJII ­ PYKOBOP CTBa He HMeeT HHKaKUX lllaHCOB Op ep KaTb no6ep y Me K J y Hbtii npon ecc ocyw eCTBJIReTCR MeCTHbIMH COBeTaMH - TeMH CaMhl­ TeM TaKas npon ep ypa npeBpaw aeT Beex He nOnaBlllHX B CllHCOK 06­ MH MeCTHhlMH opraHaMH BllaCllI KOTopble C caMoro HatlaJIa 6blllH w eHaD HOHaJIbHblX npoTHB peq OPM onacascb tITO H36HpaTeJIH Moryr 3aMeHHTb Ha3Ha­ q YHI D HOHepoB B oCKop6n eHHbIX npOTHBHHKOB peq 0pM ITOP 06HO nOllHTHtieCKUX p eRTeJIeH H npoBHHD HaJIbHblX tteHHhIX q YHI D HOHepoB CBOHMH npeP CTaBHTeJIRMH B pe3YJIbTaTe naJIaTe JIOpp OB 06w eHaIlHOHaJIbHbtii cnHCOK nOP tlepKHBaeT n epeMO­ B Tex ClIyttaRX Korp a Ha H36HpaTeJIbHhlX C06paHIDlX HapymaJIaCi HHaJIbHbtii xapaKTep rocy rr apCTBeHHoro C06paHHR p pyrHMH ClIOBa­ aTMoct J epa 06bI'lHOn anaTHH MeCTHble opraHbI BJIaCTH npH6eranu K MH npoTHBOpetIHT p eKJIapHpoBaHHbIM n eJIRM peq 0PMbI pa3J1HtlHbIM MaHHnyJIRD HRM H ynOBKaM HlIH K npRMOMY npHHY K J e­ HHIO TpYAHO CKa3an tITO OOJIbllle cnOC06CTBOBaJIO llllM MaxHHa­ D HRM - XOpolllO npop yMaHHas ABYCMbIClIeHHOCTb 3aKOHa HJIH Ha­ oop cop ep Kaw HXCR B HeM 6eCCMbIClIHD B B H300paTeJIbHbIX C06paHIDlX MOfyT yqaCTBOBaT KHTeJIH rr aHHoro H36HpaTeJIbHOrO oKpyra paOOTaIOID He B HeM YqaCllIe paOOTaIOW UX B npep enax H36HpaTeJI HOrO OKpyra 6e3YClIOBHO npoTHBopetIHT perHOHaJI HOMY npHHD Hny BbIOOpoB Hap npoeKToM peq oPMhl paooTanu MHoro MeC IIlJ eB H3BeCT­ ITpoTHBopetIHe lTO npeAHaMepeHHoe H npeClIep yeT ABe n eJIH npep ­ npeAIlpHHTHH rapaHTHpyIOT tITO npeABblOOpHOe c06pa­ HeHillHe IOpHCTbI CTpaHbI HO TeM He MeHee JaKOHO rr aTeJIbCTBO CTaBHTellH H AHpeKTHBbl ero ocyw eCTBJIeHHR BbInyIU eHHhle B nOClIeAHHH MOo HHe 6yp eT o6ecnetieHO ny6n HI on B cnyqae He06xoAHMOCllI OHH MeHT yAHBHTeJIbHO npoTHBopetIHBbI HeKoTopbIe HOBbIe npaBHlIa MOryT p OCTaBHTb ny6n HI y AUR YCTpaHeHIDI He KeJIaTeJIbHbIX KaH J H­ npeAIlOJIaraIOT OOJIbllle orpaHHtleHHil tleM CTapble p pyrHe p onycKaIOT p aTOB 3aKOH He yTotIHReT npon ep ypy npoBepKH npaBa Ha npHcyT­ 70 71 ----CTBHe Ha npeABbI60pHOM co6paHHH He yrOtJHeHa B 3aKOHe H npone­ E pypa Ha3HalleHHR npeACTaBHTeJleH C MeCT pa60TbI ECJIH 6bI npoHcxo­ wnnee Ha BbI60pHbIX c06paHHRx Morno CTaTb 06'beKTOM nO J lIHHHoH HH npo KHBaHHe HH pa60Ta B H36HpaTeJIbHOM oKpyre He HBJIHIOTCH 06H3aTeJIbHbIM YCJIOBHeM IJ IIH BblCTaBJIeHM CBoeH Kan­ KpHTHKH TaKafI 6e30TBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6bDla 6bl 'lpeBaTa OnaCUbJMH AHAaTypbI ECJlH Ke KaH J H J aT He KHBer H He pa60TaeT B nOM oKpyre nOClleACTBH IlMH D JIH OpraHH3aTopoB Ha MHOrOllHClleHHblX npHMe­ TO OH He HMeeT npaBa yqacTBoBaTb B 836HpaTeJIbHOM C06paHHH pax MO Kf O nOKa3aTb 'ITO nOMepX aBlIlHe KatJ J H IJ aTOB Hapo J Horo Hero Tpe6yeTcH TOJIbKO 'lT06bl OH npH3HaJI KaH J H J aryPbl BbIABHHY­ Or cI poHTa He pa60TaJIH H He npo J HBaJIH B H36HpaTeJIbHblX OKpyrax TbIe HapO J HbIM cI pomOM Hero nporpaMMy TaKOH nyHKT Mor 6b1Tb rAe OHH rOJIOCOBaJIH Ho TaKHe paCClleAOBaHHR He npoBO J H lIHCb BKJIlOtIeH TOJIbKO eCJlH COCTaBHTeJIH 3apaHee 3HaJIH 'ITO HHKTO He J a H He MorJIH npOBO IJ HTbCH nOCKOJIbKY BOCnpHMeT ero Beepbe3 r 1 cornaCHO 3aKOHY Bee KatJ J H IJ aryPbl AOJI Kf bI 6bITb npeA­ llT06bl nOJIYllHTb MaH J aT KaH J H IJ aT BKJlIO'IaH tDleHOB co­ CTaBJIeHbI B MeCTHblH npe3H IJ HYM Be J alOrnHii Bbl60paMH tDleHbI KO­ Bera AOJI KeH C06paTb a6COJIIOTHOe 6oJIblIIHHCTBO rOJIOCOB - B npo­ Toporo Ha3HalJllIOTCH OpraHH3aTOpaMH Bbl60poB T e KOMHTeTaMH THBHOM Cllyqae Ha3HalJlleTCH erne O J HH Typ Bbl60poB Hapo l Horo cI poHTa H MeCTHbIMH COBeTaMH llOCKOJIbKY nOClle J HHe 3aKOHO J aTeJIH OlleBH J HO HaXO J HJlHCb nOA CHIlbHbIM BnellaTJIe­ 3HalOT Koro OHH XOTHT HIIH He XOTHT OHH MOryT npHHHTb 6blCTpoe H OKOHlJllTeJIbHOe pelIIeHHe 0 COOTBeTCTBHH HHeM $PaHrty3CKOH 836HpaTeJIbHOH CHCTeMbI HMHTHpYH 3Ty BeJlH­ K ra Kyro AeMOKpaTHlleCKyro Tp lAHIOOO OHH XOTeJIH nO-BH J HMOMY nox­ u HH 3aKOH HH AonOJlHHTeJlbHbIe HHCTpYKrnm He J aIOT pa3'bHCHeHHii 0 MeTO J aX OpraHH3arnm om BBJIeHHH KaH J H J aTyp HJIH npoBe D eHHH H36HpaTeJIbHbIX co6paHHii 3aKOH YKa3blBaeT 'ITO BaJIHTbCH CBOHMH 3HaHMMH nOCKOJIbKy HeT HHKaKoro CMblCJIa BBo­ J HTb AByxcryneHllaryro Bbl60PHyro CHCTeMY B YCJIOBMX BenrpHH K nOMY rHnepAeMOKpaTHlleCKOMY a6cypAY OHH A06aBHIIH erne H rHnep­ Kf TeJIHM a TaK Ke pa60TalOIUHM B H36HpaTeJIbHOM oKpyre AOJI K­ aHTH J eMOKpaTHlleCKHii a6cYPA BKJllOlIHB Tpe60BaHHe nOBTopHTb Ha 6bITb npeAOCTaBJIeHa B03MO Kf OCTb yqacTBOBaTb B o60HX H36Hpa­ BCIO reJIbHblX C06paHH Ilx O J HaKO He npepyCMOTpeHbI HHKaKHe rapaH­ IIpyrHMH CJlOBaMH KaH J H IJ aT nOJIyqHBlIIHii Y Ke CKa KeM THH 'ITO H36HpaTeJlH AeHCTBHTeJlbHO 6yPYT H3BerneHbl 0 co6paHH 1lX rOJIOCOB MO KeT 6blTb JIHlIIeH npaBa yqaCTBOBaTb BO BTOPOM rype H AeHCTBHTeJIbHO 6y IJ YT B HHX yqa oBaTb OpraHH3aTOpbl He 06H­ pelIIeHHeM 300-400 yqaCTHHKOB cneIIIHo C03BaHHbIX Ha AOnOJlHH­ TeJIbHoe co6paHHe 3aHbI C06HpaTb rpeTbe H36HpaTeJIbHoe c06paHHe IJ IIH Tex KTO He yqaCTBOBaJI B nepBblX J BYX HO OHH Moryr C03blBaTb CTOJIbKO co6paHHii CKOJIbKO HM H O 'lT06bl H36aBHT'bCH OT He KeJIaTeJIbHO­ nponepypy Bbl60poB nepeA BTOPbIM ryPOM rOJlOCOBaHHH 10 mc BblJlO 6bl JIOI1ftlHO npe IJ IlOJIO KHTb 'ITO 3aKOHo J aTeJIH 3aMblIII­ JIHH 6YAYIUHe MaHHllyJIHIUIH npe J HaMepeHHO OCmBHJIH 3TH npofiJIe­ ro KaH IJ H J ara B pel 'JIbTaTe KaHAHAaTbI IJ llH cpe J Hero no pa3MepaM Mbl H npoTHBopellHH B 3aKOHO J a'ieJIbCTBe O l HaKO 3TO npe IJ IlOJIO­ H36HpaTeJIbHOrO oKpyra C 30-TblCHtJHbIM HaeeJIeHHeM Bbl J BHraIOTCH KeHHe He nO J BepraeTCH npaBHJIaM npHBeAeHHbIM BbllIIe KOTopbIe TbICHllblO BbI60pmHKOB H 500 H3 HHX 3aTeM rOJIocyroT B ApyrOM OK­ 6eccMblCJleHHbI C JII060H TO'IKH 3peHHR npoTHBopellHT OHO H TOMY pyre KpoMe Toro OT npeACTaBHTeJlH Hapo J Horo cI poma npoBO J H­ $aKry 'ITO npaBHJIa yqaCTllll B H36HpaTeJIbHblX c06paHllllX pa3pa­ rnero c06paHHe 3aBHCHT ero J l1HTeJIbHOCTb H lIHCJIeHHOCTb BblCry­ 60TaHbI HBHO HeAOCTaTOtJHO HMeHHO H3-3a 3Toro OpraHH3aTopaM nalOIUHX 3aKOH He yrollHHeT TaK Ke KaK onpeAeJIHTb lIHClleHHOCTb H36HpaTeJIbHbIX yqacTByrornHX B BbI60pax H lIHCJlO rOJIOCOB He yrollHHeT 3aKOH HapylIIeHHHM npaB He3aBHCHMbIX H HaPO J HbIX KaH J H J aTOB H BHB He60JIblIIyro npeAYCMOTpHTeJIbHOCTb OHH JIerKO MornH 6bI H3­ nponeAypbl npe3H IJ HYMoM npoBepKH npaBHIlbHOCTH nOAC'IeTOB CAeJIaHHbIX C06paHHH 6e KaTb 3THX CKaH J aJIOB npHlIIllOCb npH6eraTb K BonHlOIUHM npoH­ HaCKOJIbKO JIerKO MbI He HaMepeHbI Om HCH IlTb HO XOTeJIOCb 6bI 3HaTb nOHHMaroT JIH 3TO OHH CaMH O J HaKO HeJIb3H 06'bHCHHTb BCIO nyraHHny TOJIbKO cnelIIKOH 72 73 nOnHTHlJeCKOe HHTepMeuuo noC1 oJIb1 Y J eT3 lIH MornH 6hITb 3HatIHTeJIbHO crJIa l«lHhl COOTBeTCT­ BYIOIUHMH AHpe1 THBaMH BhIpa60TaHHhlMH B J onoJIHeHHe K 3aKOHY Ha rpaHH 60nee lIeM lIepe3 rO J E ll HHCTBeHHOe 06'MIcHeHHe 1IT0 npoB03rna· cHB pe4 opMY npoBe lUl 3a TpH He J enH 06w eCTBeHHoe 06CY l 1l eHHe npoeKTa 3aKOHa H nonylIHB ero YTBep l 1l eHHe rocy pCTBeHHhIM e 70·x H 80-x rop OB pe I HM 04 HUHanbHO npH3Han H3BeCTHOe Ha npaKTH1 e - CTarHaUHIQ a 3aTeM H yxy n weHHe l H3HeHHOro ypoBHJI IIpaBHTenbCTBo 06parnnOCb K 06w eCTBeHHOC­ C06paHHeM nOnHTHlIeCKoe PY1 OBO J CTBO 60nee He npoAYMbIBanO TH C npoCb60H 06 YMepeHHoCTH H TepneHHH B 06MeH 6bIDO o6ew a­ npo6neMY BbI60poB HeCMOTpJI Ha OpraHH30BaHH 'IO H3 ueHTpa HO 1IT0 YXY J WeHHe KH3HeHHhlX ycnoBHii 6Y J eT npHOCTaHOBneHO nponaraHAY J eMOKpaTH3aIUIH PYKOBO J CTBO He npe rt IIonarano H nOCTeneHHO 6YAYT npoBe J eHhI pe4 0PMhI 06eW aHHe pe4 OPM He 1IT0 B03MO KHOCTb HeopKeCTpoBaHHhlX CBepxy Bhl60poB J O TaKoii cnHlllKOM 3aHHTepeCOBano HaCeJIeHHe HO 6bIDH C J eJIaHbI HeKOTopbIe CTeneHH B036YAHT 06w eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe CKa3aHHoe IfMpe IIo l ­ yCTynKH lIaCTHOMY ceKTOPY IIpHYca l e6HhIe X03llHCTBa nOCTeneHHO BepHo no KpaiiHeii npeBparnnHCb B caMoCTonenbHYIO OTpacnb X03J1HCTBa B03MOJK Mepe HanoJIOBHHY YllacTHe npe J cTaBHTeneH npe rt IIpHJlTHii 6bIDO HOCTb C03p aBaTb lIaCTHhle npe UlpHJITHll npHBena K YMeHbweHHIO 3WMaHO H3-3a onaceHHJI lITO Ha H36HpaTeJIbHhIe co6paHHJI HHJ TO HeY J OBneTBopeHHOCTH caMoro Mo6HnbHoro cnOH HaceneHHll HaH60­ He npMeT CTeneHb pacceJIHHOCTH PYKOBO J CTBa nO J TBep o HnaCb nee B1IHHIOw ero Ha HaCTpoeHHJI 06w ecTBa 3TO O J HaKO BbI3Bano reH B ynoMJIHYToii TeneBH3HoHHOii nepe J alle B Hallane anpeM Kor J a BbIJICHHnOCb 1IT0 nporpaMMa Hapo J Horo yBeJIHtreHHe BHYTpeHHHX uanpJl l eHHii B 06w eCTBe IIocne npeop o­ cl poHTa KOTOpYIO KaHAH J aTbI J on I HbI 6hmH nOMep K'KBaTh Boo6­ neHHJI nnaTe I Horo KpH3Hca B03HH1 WerO 6bIDO B 1982 r napTHii­ me He cyw eCTByeT B 3aMewaTenbCTBe HapO J HbIH cl poHT Ha3Ban Hoe PYKOBO J CTBO OC03HanO 1IT0 06w eCTBeHHOCTb Y l e ChITa no rop­ an­ no n03yHfOM BY J eM BMeCTe B Tg l enbIe BpeMeHa H 1IT0 nopa penJl ComaCHO 3TOMY KpaTKOMY TeKcry nporpaMMa HapOAHoro HaKOHeu nOK83aTb nyfinHKe TO 30nOToe JlHUO KOTOPoe J 0 J 1 H8 nporpaMMoii npH3hIBhI K H36HpaTeMM ony6nH1 OBaHHble cl poHTa - B ocyw eCTBneHHH npOrpaMMbI npHHHTOH Ha 11 XIII C'be3 J e BCPIT B pe3ynbTaTe KaH J H J aTbI BKnIOlIaJI BhICWHX UePKOBHhlX caHOBHHKOB BbIHY l 1l eHhl 6hIDH KOCBeHHO 3aJIBHTb 0 CBoeH nOHnb­ HOCTH napmiiHOH nporpaMMe 1f36HpaTeJIbHhIH 3aKOH KaK H J pyrne nOnHTHlIeCKH MOTHBH­ poBaHHhle YCTaHOBneHHJI no CYW HOcrn CBoeH J eMOKpaTHtreH OH rapaHTHpyeT onpe J eneHHble npaBa HO co6nIO J eHHe HX npe J OCTaB­ cueCTH KYPuua yBbI p aBHO 'iKe C'bep eHHa a HOBU nporpaMM8 pa3pa60TaHHa a K 1984 r He Morna o6emaTb ynyt UeHHe KH3HeH­ Horo ypoBHJI ueHhI npo J on l 3 lIH paCTH HO OHa o6ew ana nocne nepHO orpaHWIeHHii HHTeHCHBHhIii poCT 3KOHOMHKH BMecTO 3KO­ HOMHtJeCKHX pe4 OPM HallanOCb yBeJIHtreHHe nOTOKa HHBecrnuHii 3TO fihIJIO pe3 lIH3auueii Hp eH Haqana B MHHHaTIOpe - J a I e MeT BnaCTJIM HHTepeCbI KOTOpblX HaxO lUlTCH B npoTHBopellHH 4 0PMhI npe rt IIpuTHii 50-x 70-x rO J OB a Ha CaMOM p eJIe ­ PyKoBoAHTenH nOCTpaAaBWHe OT pe- npHHJITOH B KatJeCTBe nocneAHeii MepbI C He06xoAHMOCTbIO 3TH npaBa rapaHTHpoBaTb 1f3 3Toro cne J yeT lITO B nepHo J pe oPM a TaK I e OT coKpaw eHHll 3KOHOMHtreCKOro l enaIOIUHH ocyw eCTBHTb CBOH npaBa rapaHTHpoBaHHhIe 3aKOHOM poCTa nOJIytIHllH B P ononHeHHe K o6ew aHHJIM MO l eT ToJIbKO Ha J eJlTbCJI lITO MeJl pe4 OPM B ee OKOHlIaTenhHOM 3KOHOMHtJeCKoro BH l e CMblcn KOTopoii - B ocyw eCTBneHHH npe J CTaBHTeJIhCTBa 3KOHOMHCTOB cl yHKUUOHePbI H napTHiiHhle aKTHBHCThI p83 J pa lKeH­ H yqaCTHJI B BbI60pax n06YAHT OTBeTCTBeHHhlX 3a npoBe J eHHe Hhle YCTynKaMH lIacrnOMY ceKTOpy nony'lfH1IH B KalleCTBe B03Har­ poCTa 0 B0306HOBneHHH B03MO I HOCTb BMeWHBaTbCJI B pa60ry BbI60pOB npOllBHTb BenHKOAYIIIHe H yBa I HTb XOTJI 6hI 4 0pManb­ p8 l 1l eHHJI pea6HJIHTaUHIQ CBoero repoHlIeCKOrO npoumoro npoK­ HOCTH Ho noJIHTWIeCKHii KnHMaT B CTpaHe nocne BBe l eHHJI HOBoro JIHHaeMhIX H nOHblHe 3aKOHa HHKaK He cnoc06CTBOBan peanH3aIUIH 3THX H8 l e l 1l HOCTb 06pYlllHBaTbcJI Ha pa360raTeBwHX 74 50-x rO J oB HeY J 8'IfHHKH noJIytlHllH B03MO l ­ 7S - Hs6HpaTeJll HLle C06paHHJI 1 KaHOUOaTbZ U TeMbZ 06hI'IH0 nepeMeHbI B nonHTWleCKOM KJlHMaTe npHBO JJIT K HlMeHeHHHM B pHTyanhHhlx TeKcTax C HlBeCTHhIM lanOlgaRHeM• KHlHh no-npe KHeMY HanOJIHJlJla npeccy H D 8 Ke YCHJIHJIaCh nepe o Hl6HpaTenbHOH KaMnaHHeH Ho KTO Ke BocnpHHHMan ee cephelHO 70 neT napTHH rop o HJlaCh TeM 'ITO MO KeT HayqHO npe n BH­ 6y o ym ee H CHOBa He laMeTHna Oll eBH o Horo KaK HH YJ UlBHTeJlh­ TeqeHHe o en HO napTHH He npe o BH o eJla 'ITO Hl6HpaTenhHbIe C06paHHlI COl o a o yr npene o eHT H Ha HHX nOlIBlITClI COTHH Hapo o HbIX KaH UI D aTOB B TOM 'lHCJle HelaBHCHMble HMelI TO B BRAY O J HH Hl nH o epoB Hapo o Ho­ ro poHTa DHcan B la­ nOlgaJIaR gaRh nporpaMMe npHWITOH rocygapCTBellHLIM C06pa­ HHeM - OIj Hl HanhHaR nponaraa o a nbITanaCh npe O CTaBHTh n01IBneHHe HelaBHCHMblX KaH UI D aTOB KaK laonaHHpoBaHHOe OnnOlHl HeH XOTlI HelaBHCHMLle o eJlanH TO Ke 'ITO H OCTanbHLIe HapoAHhIe KaHAH D a­ nI KOTophIe XOTeJJH npoBepKTh AeHCTByeT nH laKOH ECTeCTBeHHO - neT Hala o HeCMOTpH Ha npe O OCTe­ 'ITO nOTpe6HTeJlhCKaR KoplHHKa rr rr1I nHn C ManeHhKoH CTOHMOCTH 6enh1I HnH paCXO O bI Ha curapeTbI 'ITO neHCHOHepbI la CqeT HMelOW erOClI y _HHX TOonHBa MOryr o60rpeBaTh CBoe KHJIHIl e He BhllIIe qeM 0 0 17° C H 6h1CTpOe CHH KeHHe HX KHlHeHHOro ypOB­ HH MO KHO npHOCTaHOBHTh TonhKO eCJIH K neHCHHM 6y o eT c O eJJana nOnpaBKa - na POCT CTOHMOCTH KHlHH 'ITO npo KHTOll HhIH MHHHMYM KOTOPbIH o6eW anH onpe o e­ nHTh o oJlrne rO D hl ew e He YCTaROBneH XOTR nOKpbITHe MHHHManh­ HhIX KHlHeHHhlX paCXO O OB npeCTapenhlX MHoro o eTHblX H mmanH­ o OB o on KHO 6blTh nepBOCTeneHHoii la D aqeii COu HanbHOH nOnHTHKH rocy o apCTBa cpeJ UI HHX 6bInH lHaBllIHe o pyr o pyra H 6naro o aplI nOMep KKe - OHH nOHs nH 'lITO OHH He O J HHOKH B CBoeM Ha'IHHaHHH Hl HeCKOJIh­ KHX COTeH KaH I l H D aTOB BepOlITHO MHorne laCJI anH BLl n BH Ke­ 15 neHCHeH He BKnlOll aeT oonaTY raleT TeneBu o eHHR BOlMew eHHe Hall ane HX n01IBneHHe BbIlBano laMellIaTenbCT­ BO 3 TO Ke e J HHornaCHO - pe KeHHlI lKCJlepTOB 1leMOKpaTHll eCKaR Ij pa3eonornlI conpoBO K l 3BlIIa1I 06w eCTBeHHYlO B 'ITO KOHnenu n H palBHTHH noceJleHJi1li eJ UlHOrnaCHO npmm­ TaR roCygapcTBeHHbIM C06paHHeM Ha nOCJIeAHeM lacegaHHH - 'ITO 0 0 CHX nop HeT npaKTHll eCKHX J UlpeKTHB K laKOay 06 oXPaRe oKpY KalOW eii Cpe D hl npHHRTOMY B 1976 r mUI B Kaqecrne HelaBHCHMLlX HO nOMep KHBaBllIHe u o elO HelaBH­ - CHMbIX KaH o HAaTOB He lHanH 0 HHX Ho He 6bInO rny60KHX paCXO K­ o eHHif Me K D y Hapo o HbIMH KaH o HAaTaMH H HelaBHCHMbIMH KaK H B nporpaMMe HelaBHCHMblX H y onnolHl HH H B peqax ee CTOPOHHHKOB nOAHHManHCb 0 J HH H Te Ke npo6neMbI - KOMDeHcHpyeT HenonpaBHMoro He no ymep6a nynas OKpy­ K8lOIIJ HM CeJlhCKOxOls HCTBeHHbIM leMJIlIM H oTpaBns s nHneBYlO BOAY H BbllhmaR lacyxy nOToMY 'ITO lTH u o eH HOClITClI B BOl o yxe nOToMY - 'ITO OHH OTpa K8lOT OCHOBHhIe la60TLI H ew e He nOl D Ho aaHTH npa­ BHJlhHbIe pelIIeHHH Ha Hl6HpaTeJlhHbIX co6paHH1Ix C y D HBneHHeM HelaBHCHMhle KaH UI D aTbl He 1j 0pMYJlHpoBanH B CBOHX KpHTH­ 'ITO no paCqeTaM MHHHCTepCTBa Ij HHaHCOB peanhHaR lap- IDIaTa ynana 0 0 ypoBHlI 'ITO OJIaR palBKTH1I TpaHcnOpTHOH CHCTeMbI B By o anelIITe Ha rO D b1 Bnepe o He YMeHhllIHT a Hao60poT YBenH'IHT nepeHaceJleH­ HOCTh neHTpa ropo o a yCJILIllIaJlH - He OT onOTHHbI H OTBo o s w ero KaHana rr rr1I c6poca BO o H Me K D y HelaBHCHMblMH H OnnOlHl HeH crOBOpy a 'ITO npoHlBo O CTBO meKTpolHepmu Ha lJleKTpoCTaHl HH Be K-Ha o hMepollI 1974 r •• a peanhHble o OXO D b1 0 0 YPOBHH qeCKHX BblCKalhIBaHHRX 06IIJ He npo6neMbl rr rr1I COUHanhHoro aHanH­ la 1976 r OHH rOBOpHnH 06 HMeBllIHX MeCTO KOHKpeTHhIX C06bITHRX H lYO npeBpaw anocb B nOnKTWleCKHe BOnpOCbI OHH BhlCKalbIBa­ 'ITO nporpaMMa lKOHOMHqeCKoro POCTa He yqHThlBana JlH CBoe MHeHHe 0 nOnHTHqeCKHX H HHCTHTyl HoHanhHLIx npo6ne­ HLlHelIIHlOlO lKOHOMHqeCKYIO cHTyau HlO XOTlI la D OJI KeHHOCTb 6bl­ na COKpameHa 76 77 Max 'lT06Jd TaKHM p eMOKpaTHlIeCKHM nyreM pa3pelllHTb npoTHBOpe­ lJWI IIpeWIO f eHlW lIame BHOCHMble Ha H36HpaTeJIbHbIX C06paHIDlX Onn03HIlHOHHbIX K TOB cnOpaP H'leCKH B03HHKaJIH H Ha p pyrHX KHMH npaBaMH rapaHTHpoBaHHbIMH 3aKOHOM JlnH foro HY fCHO npe f p e Bcero co6J1lOP eHHe p eMOKpaTHlIeCKHX npHHUHnOB Ha npa­ BO C06pauHH H Ha nellaTb focyp apcTBeHHoe C06paHHe p on f HO co6paHH IlX 3TH npo6J1eMbI MO f HO nOp pa3p enHTb Ha TpH OCHOBHble OTMeHHTb 3aKOH 0 npHHyp uTenhHOM Tpyp e KaK npoTHBopellalUIDi rpynnhI KOTOpble 06pa3YIOT B3aHMOCBH3aHHYIO CHCTeMY npaBaM qeJIOBeKa a P M Tex KOM ' HX penHrHH He n03BonHeT Ho­ 1 aeM 01 paTlUl He M OJICeT 6blTb HUileM UHblM 1 a1 OeM 01 paTueU npUHRTUR peweHUU CHTb opy f He cp'enaTb B03MO f HhIM HeCTH BoeHHYW cnJ K6y HeBOO­ pY f eHHJdMH He orpaHHllHBllIHCb 06c eHHeM BHYTpeHHHX np06neM He3aBHCHMJde K TbI onn03HUHH H He npHHaP ne f aIUHe K on­ focyp apCTBeHHoe 06w eHaUHOHaJIbHbIM C06paHHe $OPYMOM P on fCHO CTaTb p eHcmHTenbHO neneraTJd p on f Hb1 C06HpaTbCH lJaw e H Ha Gonee p nHTeJIbHOe BpeMH B03MO fCHO no BbIXOp HhlM WIH 06c eHHH npeWIaraeMbIX 3aKOHOB Hy fCHO nonO f HTb KOHeu npaKTHKe pap HKaJIbHOrO H3MeHeHHH 3aKOHOB C nOMOmblO p eKpe­ TOB HJ KHO p eHCTBHe npeKpaTHTb 3aKOHOB H3p aHHe p eKpeTOB ITpe3Hp eHTcKHii COBeT orpaHHlIHBaIOw HX P on f eH npoBOP UTh pe$epeHpYMbI no OC06eHHO Ba f HbIM npo6JIeMaM BllHHIOIUHM Ha f H3Hb 06meCTBa B uenOM Hapop Hble npep CTaBHTenH p OO l Hl al 3HaTb MHeHHe CBOHX H36HpaTeJIeii H BbI Tb HX BonlO 2 Ceo600Hb1U nyTb 1 n03HUHH HaPYlllHnH Op HO H3 OCHOBHbIX Ta6y nOp HHB Bonpoc 0 CYP b­ 6e BeHrpoB f HBYW HX 3a rpaHHIleH Taii Hag P HUnOMaTHH H nonHTH­ Ka YMOmI3HIIH KaK YKa3aJIH OHH He p ana pe3ynhTaTOB IIpaBHTenb­ CTBO p on f HO B KOHUe KOHUOB npe lJJIpHHHTb OTKphITbIe p eii CTBIDl B 3aw HTy HaUHOHaJIbHbIX MeHblllHHCTB OTKpbITb p OCTyn B Ylle6HbIe 3aBep eHHH BeHrpaM H3 TpaHCHllhBaHHH H CnOBaKHH nOMep f aTb 06­ w ecmeHHYIO HHHUHaTHBY YCTaHOBneHHH nHllHbIX KOHTaKTOB C HH­ MH a TaK f e OKa 3bIBaTb HM nOMOW b npop OBonbCTBHeM H nHTepa­ rypoii 0 6erno 06PHCOBaHHbIX Bhlwe $aKTaX MO f HO nonyqHTb Gonee pa 3BepHyryw HH$OPMaxuuo y HHTenneKryaJIOB - ytraCTHHKOB o6U1ecTeeHHou UHuquaTuee BeqepHHX p e6aTOB P M HHTepeCYIOW HXCH 3THMH npo6JIeMaMH IIPH BHHMaTenbHOM lITeHHH ra3eT 3a Hep eJIlO MO f HO nOqepnHYTb H3 HHX Gonee nellaJIbHJde $aKTbI 0 COCTOHHHH p en B CTpaHe qeM B pa 3pemeHHH COUHaJIbHJtIX npo6JIeM H B p ene 3aw HThI OKpy­ npHBOP HllH OpaTOPbI Ha H36HpaTenbHbIX C06PaHHHX qeM f e BbI3Ba­ f aIOw eii CpeP bI Henb3H npeycneTb TonhKO C nOMOlUhlO rocyp apCT­ HO B TaKOM cnyqae Herop OBaHHe npepY6e f p eHHoii ny6J1HKH Ha BeHHbIX H36HpaTenbHbIX MeponpIDlTHH He3aBHCHMbIe 06meCTBeHHbIe p On f HhI HMeTb B03MO fCHOCTb yqacmoBaTb B nOMOIUH CH B onpep eneHHH rpynnhI IOIUHM­ co6paHIDlx qeM Ooo HCHHTb 3aMewaTenbCTBO PYKOBo rv rw ero annapaTa 3TH npo6J1eMbI MO f HO 06c Tb Ha yw ep6a HaHOCHMOro OKpY f aIOw eii cpep e 3aKpbITJdX ceCCH IlX 3KcnepTHbIx KOMHCCHH HX MoryT paCCMaTpH­ H T p Bnacm p On f HhI cephe3Ho OTHOCHTbCH K HHHIJ lI aTHBaM rpa f ­ BaTb OTBeTCTBeHHble nuua Ha pa 3nHlIHbIX ypoBHiIX npe f p e lIeM 6y­ p aH a TaK f e npoBepHTb KaK 3TH HHHUHaTHBhI ocymeCTBMIOTCH Ba f Hoii 3ap aqeH He3aBHCHMJdX p enyraToB 6yp eT npep CTaBMTb B p eT npHHiITO peweHHe 3TH npo6J1eMbI MO f HO 06c Tb B Kny6ax Hapop Horo Cl poHTa B CTyp eHlleCKHX Kny6ax H HaKOHeu B neliaTH focyp apCTBeHHOM C06paHHH HeGonblllHe rpynllbI H BHOCHTb HX ITo KOHTpaCTY H36HpaTenbHble C06paHHH 6bInH ny6nH'lHhlMH H 06­ npeWIO f eHHH CY f p eHHH HMenH uenb BbliICHHTb CMO f eT nH KaH T BbIP BHHy­ TbIii MaccaMH nonaCTb B CllHCOK 3 06eCneileHUe npae 'le wee1 a He3aBHCHMbIe llBa npeP bIP yw HX Tpe60Ba HHJI MoryT 6bITb BJdllonueHhI TonbKO ecnH 06w ecmeHHaH 6e30nacHoCTb OCHOBaHHaH Ha 3aKOHe B03paCTeT H 78 rp e K TOB TaKaH $opMa p e6a­ TOB He THllHllHa WIH COBpeMeHHOH nOnHTHlfeCKOH f H3HH BeHrpHH KaH TbI 6bInH no cyw ecmy OTp aHbI Ha MHllOCTb OpraHH3aTopoB H36HpaTenhHbIX c06paHHH CYW HOCTb Tpe60BaHHH yqaCTHHKOB 3THX C06pauHH MO fCHO c$opM 'JIHpoBaTb B n03YHrax CMOryT Ha p ene nonb30BaTbCH nOnHTHlIeC- 79 _ lIycTb TaM rAe npHHHMaIOTCJI perneHHJI Ae6aTbl 6yAY AYPY H36HpaTeJIbHbIX C06paHHH npeAceAaTeJIb AeJIeraT HapoAHoro Cl pOHTa PYKOBOAHJ1 Ae6aTaMH co cTporoCTblO BOCllHTaTeJIJI HCOPaBH­ OTKPblTbIMH _ lIYCTb perneHHJI npHHHMalOTCJI TaM rAe BeAY cH OTKpblTble Ae6aTbl TeJIbHorO YtJpe l 1J eHHJI He3aBHCHMbIX KaHAHAaTOB H ox CTOPOHHH­ KOB HenpepbmHo npepbmaJIH Ha HHX Ha6paCbmaJIHCb C 06BHHeHHJI­ MH H B KOHue KOHUOB 3aCTaBHllH 38MOJ1'laTb KorAa BbIABHraJIHCb KaHAH1J aTYPbl He3aBHCHMbIX OpraHH3aTopbI oxpa HJIBlIIHe ABepH H36HpaTeJII Hble co6paHHJI - XOAHJ1H no pHAaM H npeAYIIpe l 1J aJ1H PYKOBOAHTeJIeH OpranH30BaH­ 2 HbIX rpYllll 3TOro KaHAHAaTa Hy lKHO npoBaJIHTb B DHK8lllMeAe­ OpzaHu3aTOpal MeToDal pe OAHH H3 ceKpeTapeil naprHHHoro KOMHTeTa TpeTberO H36HpaTeJIb­ BbIABIDKeHHe 18 anpeJIH T e B caMOM HaqaJIe H36HpaTeJIbHOrO nepHoAa JIacno PaiiKa H MHKJIorna TaMarna-farnnapa HeCOMHeH­ HO npHAaJIo 3TOMY nepHoAY oc06btii xapaKTep BpeMJI H MeCTO H3­ 6HpaTeJIbHblX co6paHHii o6'bJIBHJ1M B nocneAHHii MOMeHT lIomm IDI 6blJ1a npeAYIIpe l 1J ena BOBpeMJI B yeqeHHe I HH nomU I eiiCKHe HeoAHOKpaTHO y6HpaJIH llJIaKaTbl C 06'bJIBJIeHHeM 0 BblABIDKeHHH KaHAH1J aTOB - 'IIlleHOB 01lll03H1J HH H3 l HJ1ocoIP CKoro H IOpHAH­ qeCKoro HHC HTYTOB OnpaBHBIIIHCb OT 3aMernaTeJIbCTBa MeCTHble naprHHHble KOMHreTbI 6blCTPO C006pa3HJ1H qyO HOBblli H36HpaTeJIbHblli laKOH AaeT HM B03MO lKHOCTb H36aBHTbCJI OT He3aBHCHMbIX KaHAH1J aTOB H Bo06m e OT JI106blX HapoAHbIX KaHAH1J aTOB YTpoM 22 anpeJIJI BTOpoe H36HpaTeJIbHoe co6paHHe AJISI BblABIDKeHIDI JIacno PaiiKa H MHKJIorna TaM8llla-farnnapa AOJI lKHO 6blJ10 COCTOJlTbCH Be'lepoM 3TOrO I HH napnlliHble OpraHH3auHH Bcex 60nee HllH MeHee KpynnblX npeAnpHHTHH 3Toro pailoHa nonyqHJ1H pa3HapSIAKY CKOJIbKO'leJIO­ BeK OHH AOJDKHbl nOCJ1aTb Ha c06paHHe OT06paHHbIe H36HpaTeJIH BbmOmIJlH HHCTPYKIJ HlO 3aHHJ1H MeCTa Me l 1J y TpeMJI H fiHTblO lIacaMH H36HpaTeJIH npHrneAlllHe K Ha'laJ1y C06paHHH BbIHY I 1J eHbl 6bmH CTOJlTb a ono31J aBIIIHM op­ raHH3aTOpbI He pa3pelllHlIH BOHTH KYJIbTYPHCTbI npoBOAHUJ He BpeMJI B IIHBHbIX - 3AOPOBHKH co CKpem eHHbIMH Ha rpYAH py­ KaMH CTOHJ1H B npoXOAax n03aAH pHAOB CTYJIbeB OHH 6bIJlH B rnTaTCKOM 110JIHI I enCKHe B IPopMe a TaK Ke nOJIHI I enCKHe M8lllHHbI 6bIJlH pa3Mem eHbl BOKPyr 3AaHIDl TaKaH KapTHHa 6bIJIa xapaKTep­ na He TOJIbKO AJIH H36HpaTeJIbHblX c06paHHii onn03HIJ HOHHbIX KaH­ AHAaTOB HO H Ha HeKOTopblX H36HpaTeJIbHbIX yqaCTKax 2-oM 3-eM H II-oM lIoCKOJIbKY HeT HHCTPYKIJ HH perynHpyrom eH npoue­ BbI lalOlUl leCJl BeHrepCl l le RHal OMbIcnJllU Re • 80 HOro oKpyra nOKa3blBaJI npeAceAaTeJ1lO 3HaKaMH KOMy pa3pelllHTb BbICTynaTb B HeKoTopbIX H36HpaTeJIbHbIX OKPyrax OC06eHHO B yHHBepcH­ TeTax 3TO OKa3aJIOCb HeAOCTaTO'lHbIM CTYAeHTbI nOJIHTeXHH'leCKOrO HHCTHTyTa OTKJIHKnyBIllHCb He Ha napTHHHble HHCTpYKIJ HH aHaCOTHH JIHCTOBOK pa3MHO KeHHbIX Ha MHMoorpaIPe HJ1H JIHTOrpaIPCKHM cnOCOOOM rapaHTHpoBaJIH He3aBHCHMblM KaHAHAaTaM HeCKOJIbKO COT rOJIOCOB B TaKHX cnyqagX OpraHH3aTopbI co6paHHii lllJ1H Ha npH­ Moil 06MaH OHH 3aBblrnaJIH lIHcno npHcyTCTByrom ux H ronoCOBaB­ IllHe 3a He3aBHCHMbIX KaHAH1J aTOB OKa3blBaJIHCb B MeHblllHHCTBe Ara OHH npH6eralOT K nOATaCOBKaM - MomH 6bI MbI BOCKJIHKHyTb paAOCTHO BeAll no CpaBHeHHlO C 99% KOTopble npa­ BHm aH napTIDI nOJIyqaeT 06 Im0 Ha BblOOpaX nOATaCOBKH MO lKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK IPeHoMeH AeMoKpaTHH BeAll C 1947 r BeHrpHJI He Hy l 1J aJIaCb B nOATaCOBKax OpraHH3aTopbl H36HpareJIbHbIX co6paHHii 06MaHbIBaJIH KaK 330nOBCKHH BOJIK na 6epery Pyql H ecnH 06MaH He cpa6aTblBaJI OHH npomaTbmaJIH pe6eHKa ComaCHO OIPHIJ HaJIbHbIM nOAcqeTaM BO BTOPOM co6paHHH no BbIABH KeHHlO JIacno PaiiKa yqaCTBOBaJIO 1 388 'leJIOBeK 110 nOACqeTaM npoAeJIaHHbIM HeoIPHl l HaJIbHO y 06eHX ABepeil 3AaHHH qepe3 KOTopble JIlOAH BbIXOAHJ1H H 1 1 064 115 BbIMbIlllJIeHHoe OOJIblllHHCTBO B 270 qeJIOBeK He AaJIO B03­ MO lKHOCTH H36paTb PaiI Ka Ha ll-M yqaCTKe comaCHO 0IPHIJ HaJIb­ HOMY nOACqeTY 3a 3KOHOMHCTa 1 epeHIJ a JIaHrnapa ronoCOBaJIO 120 'leJIOBeK no HeoIPHIJ HaJIbHOMY nOAC'leTY npoBeAeHHoMY nocne c06paHHJ1 3a Hero rOJIOCOBaJIO 168 qeJIOBeK B 3TOM cnyqae He nOMomo 1J 3 Ke TO qyO CBMeTeJIeM 06MaHa 6bm BeCl' npe3HAHYM C06PaHHH I1poTeCT KaK H Ha Bcex Apyrnx Y'laCTKax H 3AeCb 6blJ1 OTBeprHyr T3K 06pamaJIHCb onno He TOJIbKO C He33 BHCHMblMH Ka HJl l'I na­ TeJIbHbIM BbI60paM OpraHH30BaImllJt ny6 rrUKa BbICKaJaJIaCb npoTHB TaMH OpraHH3aTOpbI c06paHHii B03ABHrJIH creHY nepe n KIDK lJ' bIM Ha­ Toro IJI'06bI TaKOH MOJIO n OH KaH l H l aT npe n CTaBmIJI HHTepecbI neH­ POAHbIM K TOM vb 873 Ka HJl l'I naTOB BOIne l IIIHX B OKOHtJa­ reJIbHbtH H36HpaTeJIbHbtH CDHCOK 78 9% HJIH 6bIJIH BbIABHHYTbI CHOHepoB KOTOPbIX MHora B 3TOM paHoHe XOTJI Bce KaH l H l aTbI HapoAHoro I poHTa n ocraTOl HO MOJIO n bIe JIW l H HHKTO H3 HHX He HenoCpe n crBeHHo Ha c06paHWIx HO 3Ha'lHTeJIbHllJt HX tJacrb OKa3a­ n ocrHr neHCHOHHoro B03pacra Ha JIaCb TeJIb 90 3aMacKHpoBaHHbIMH Oq HUHaJIbHblMH Ka HJl l'I naTaMH Hawe yTBep I J eHHe 6a3HpyeTCH Ha OTtleTax 06 3THX co6paHWIx Me l J y o 22 15 H 30 anpeml n eHTpaJIbHbIe ra3eTbI H36HpaTeJIbHbIX co6paHHJlX Ha K TOB lIeTBepo - H36paTb 14 poB HJIH OTKa3aJIHCb - 113 ocraBWHXCJI 10 11 3apernCTpHpoBan TOJIbKO BTOPOM co6paHHH PYKOBO l H­ lIeJIOBeK KOTopble peWHJIH BnOJIHe no-ceMeHHoMY IJI'O EpaHHIJ KHH He MO l eT 6bITb KaH l H l aTOM C006In HJIH co6paBIlIHecJI nbITaJIHCb Bce H3 MeCTHbIX q YHKIJ HOHe­ Ha n OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX Bbl60pax XOTJI OH H c06paJI BHal aJIe npoIIIJIOM npoKYpoP H 'lJIeH MeCTHOrO COBeTa 6aJIJIOTHpOBaTbCJI HJIH OTCYTCTBOBaJIH KaH l H l aTOB 0 TpoHX MO KHO npe n nOJIO lG Tb 4 700 roJIOCOB H 6bIJI Bbl6paH npe n craBHTeJIeM WPHcr KoonepaTHBa B IIocne ODbITa nepBblx H36HpaTeJIbHbIX C06paHHH ODTHMHCTbI CO'IJIH IJI'O npeAY6e I J eHHOCTb npoTHB He3aBHCHMbIX H Bo06In e npo­ IJI'O OHH 6bIJIH 3aMaCKHpOBaHHbIMH oq HUHaJIbHbIMH K TaMH THB BceX cnyllaHHbIX KaH l H n aTOB a TaK I e MaHHDyJIJln HH npOTHB ceKpeTapb paHOHHOro KOMHTeTa HapoAHoro I pOHTa B KOMapOMe HHX - l HpeKTOP yrOJIbHOrO npe n npHJlTHJI B KOMJIO H maBa npoH3BO n CT­ IIomreH BeHHoro KoonepaTHBa KaK OR 3Ha'lHJICJI B CDHCKe Ka HJl l'I naTOB 3HH IIepBbtH ceKpeTapb HapoAHoro I poHTa Me l J y ABYWl H36Hpa­ HO OAHOBpeMeImO 'lJIeH napTHHHOrO KOMHTera B Horpa n e llBoe TeJIbHbIMH co6paHHJIMH Ha KOTOpbIX npoXO l HJIo rOJIOCOBaHHe 3a nepBbIX craJIH KaH l H l aTaMH B KaH l H n aTbI TpeTHH 6bIJI BbI6paH PaiiKa H fawnapa npe n ynpe l HJI ox OpraHH3aTopoB lITO JIW6bIe B KalleCTBe e l ImCTBeHHOro npe n craBHTeJIJI IIOlleMY OpraHbI BbI n ­ MaHHnyJIJIIJ HH nO n pbmaJOT n OBepHe K napTHHHOH nOJIHTHKe BHraJOllUIe KaH n H n aTOB 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI B HX MaCKHpoBKe 6y n eT CaMO n eJlTeJIbHocrb MeCTHblX OpraHH3aTopoB CTaTbJl HMpe 29 Henca6a n war 30 anpeJIJl nO l TBepJK l aJIa 3TH HJIJIW' anpeJIJI UeHTpaJIbHbtH KOMHTeT o6cy l l aJI cnYllaH MaHHDY JlCHO H3 npHMepa KOTOPbtH MbI npHBe n eM HIDKe 113 ceMH ocraB­ JIJln HH e cKyIIoe KOMMIOHHKe B npecce He Momo CKPbITb B IllHXCJI H nO-BH l HMOMY n eHcrBHTeJIbHO HapoAHbIX KaH n H n aTOB nJl­ KaKoe 3aTpYAHHTeJIbHOe nOJIOJKeHHe nonaJIO napTHHHoe PYKOBO n ­ Tepo He nOJIY'lHJIH HyJKHoro lIHcna rOJIOCOB lIeTBepo HHTeJIJIeKTya­ CTBO BMeCTO HwTBaHa XopBaTa - JIOB 0 npoq eCCHH DJlTOrO HeT n aImbIX KaH l H l aT H3 pa60'lHx H3 TeTa no BHyIpunOJIHTHlIeCKHM BonpocaM OTtleT 0 C06bITHJlX Ha H3­ ceKpeTapJl n eHTpaJIbHoro KOMH­ Eopwo n a He npoweJI Ha BTOpOM H36HpaTeJIbHOM C06paHHH nepe n 6HpaTeJIbHbIX co6paHHJlX C n eJIan CaM Ka n ap UeHTpanbHbtH KOMHTeT n OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH BbI60paMH 11 TOJIbKO OAHH JlHow IOrap panoH­ nPHHJIJI K CBe n eHHW 3TOT OTlIeT JlpyrnMH cnoBaMH nepBbtH ceK­ HbtH Bpall H3 IIoMa3a craJI n eJIeraTOM a nOTOM H npeACTaBHTeJIeM peTapb He pa3peIIOOI n e6aTHpoBaTb 3ry np06JIeMY IJI'06bI npeAYn­ MbI eIn e BepHeMCH K 3TOMy cnYllaW peAHTb CTOJIKHOBeHHe Me l J y cropoHHHKaMH nopJl l Ka H crOpoH­ ECJIH He3aBHCHMbIH KaH l H l aT nOJIYlIaJI MHoro rOJIOCOB opra­ HHKaMH peq 0PM Ho npHHIJ Hn BepxoBHora pYKOBO n CTBa napTHH HbI Ha6 rrw l aBIllHe 3a npoBe n eHHeM BbI60poB HMeJIH n OCTaTOl HO 6bIJI cpe n CTB He n onYCTHTb ero H36paHHJI Ha lO-M H36HpaTeJIbHOM UeHTpaJIbHOrO KOMHTeTa HapyweHHJI He npeKpaTHJIHCb a Hao60poT yTBep I J eH HeABYCMblcneHHo nOCKOJIbKY nocne nneHYMa YlIaCTKe 6bIJI HOMHHHpOBaH MOJIO n OH HaYllHbIH pa60THUK JiMpe Epa­ C n e iaJI Cb CHCTeMaTHlIeCKHMH CTaJIO HOPMOH YCTpaHBaTb KOHn ep­ HHIJ KHH Ero nO n n ep l aJIH cry n eHTbI napTHHHbIH KOMHTeT H KOMH· Tbl HJIH nOKa3 q HJIbMOB 3a ABa tJaca n o Hal aJIa H36HpaTem HbIX co6­ TeT MOJIO n e I HOH npH MOJIl aJIHBOM OpraHH3aIJ HH comaCHH 3KoHoMHlIecKoro yHHBepcHTeTa paHoHHoro napTHHHOrO KOMHTeTa paHHii BXO n B 3 n aHHe 3aKpbmaJICH 3apaHee Y l eJIaBWHX npHCyT­ CTBOBaTb HO npH6bmaBWHX He rpynnaMH a nOO l HHOllKe npoBepJl­ BpJIA JIH MO KHO HaJBaTb era Ka HJl l'I naTOM Onn03HIJ HH B nepBOM JIH n OKYMeHTbI rpynDbI opraHH30BaHHbIX H36HpaTeJIeH nepeBO­ paYH l e BbI60poB OH 3aHJIJI BTopoe Mecro cpe l H TpOHX KaH l H l aTOB 3HJIH aBT06ycaMH C 0 l HHX H36HpaTeJIbHblX C06paHHH Ha n pyrne Ha ABYx H36HpaTeJIbHbIX MHTHHrax npe n weCTBOBaBIlIHX n onOJIHH- 82 83 H3f iHpaTeJII HWe C06paHHlI - 3 HaM lJ eJIO lJ 0 D yuu OHH npnxo lJ HJlH rOJIOCOBaTb 3a lJ BYX KaH lJ H­ OpeaHu30eaHHbze u36upaTMU D aTOB HJIH H36HpaTeJlbHOe 3aKOHo JJ aTeJIbCTBO lJ 0JI 10l0 6bITh 6ecnPHCT­ paCTHWM 'lT06bI o6ecnellHTh HOpMaJIbHbIe yClIOBIDI lJ Jl ll BbIOOpa KaH lJ H lJ aTOB UeJIb H36HpaTeJIbHbIX c06pamtii BbIJlBHTb KaH J H lJ a­ TOB 'lT06bI rpa lK lJ aHe MOrJIH C D eJlaTb BbIOOP Me HHMH B cym ­ HOCTH K TOM MOxreT 6bITb BC IIKHH KTO y6e lJ HT TpeTb ay lJ HTo­ pHH B OOPbe3HOCTH CBOHX HaMepeHHii He3aBHCHMbIe KaH J H lJ am TO l e paCCllHTbIBaJIH Ha 6ecnpHCT­ paCTHOCTb 3aKOHa ITpe lJ BbIoopHbIe JIHCTOBKH nO lJ lJ ep l HBaBIIlHe He3aBHCHMbIX KaH lJ H lJ aTOB MbI rOJIocyeM - 3HallHT MbI HMeeM npaBo Bbloopa a TaK l C BbI lJ BHraBWHe He3aBHCHMbIX KaH lJ H lJ a­ TOB Ha co6paHH 11X npH3blBaJIH C06paBIIlHXC II rOJIOCOBaTb 3a BceX KaH lJ H lJ aTOB Ho 3TH pasYMHbIe apryMeHTbI He lJ eHCTBOBaJIH Ha cne­ UHaJIbHO nO lJ 06paHHYJO nyfirrHKY He3aBHCHMbIX H lJ pyrnx Hapo lJ HblX K TOB He y lJ HBHJIH HH pe3YJIbTaTW BbIOOPOB HH OPraHH30­ BaHHbIe HapyweHH II H MaHHnyJI I UHH Y u HBHJIa arpeCCHBHaJI HeTep­ nHMOCTb Tex KTO npoBaJIHJI HX BbI lJ BH l eHHe 3Ta aTMoc4 epa He­ TepnHMOCTH He MO l eT 6bITh 06'b llCHeHa TOJIbKO OCPHUHaJIbHbIMH yo­ TauoBKaMH He3aBHCHMble KaH lJ H lJ aThI caMHM CPaKTOM CBoero nOJIBJIeHIDI HaPyWHJIH 3THKeT nCeB lJ OnOJIHTHlJeCKHX BbICTynJIeHHii Ha co6pa­ HIDlX Ha KOTOPbIX BbI lJ BHr3 IOT He3aBHCHMbIX KaH J H lJ aTOB B OTJIH­ lIHe OT co6paHHii Hap0 lJ Horo I poHTa HllH CTy D eHlJeCKHX KJIyOOB npHcyrCTBYIOIUHe 06bl1l80 BbICTyn3 IOT C JIH1I8bIMH npeTeH3H IIMH HllH l aJIo6aMH Ha MeCTHoe PYKOBO lJ CTBO TOJIbKO npe lJ OO D aTeJIb c06pa­ HH II rOBopHT 0 nOJIHTHKe 06bI1I80 OH H3JIaraer nOClIe D HHii napTHH­ HbIH lJ oKYMeHT lJ OnOJIH II II ero MeCTHbIMH npHMepaMH H l'IUaTeJIbHO COfirrIO D a II 6aJIauc B nepe1l8e lJ oCTH l eHHii He lJ OCTaTKOB He3aBHCH­ MbIe K TbI He nOJIb3YIOTC II ll3bIKOM napTHHHbIX nporpaMM 6aJIaHC lJ ocTH l eHHii H He lJ OCTaTKOB HX He BHTepecyeT CBOHMH KpH­ THlI'eCKHMH 3aMel '8HIDlMH OHH HapywaIOT 3TOT 6aJIauc H BMeCTO BOCXBaJIeHHii no nOBony lJ OCTH l CHHH BbICKa3blBaIOT 6ecnOKoHCTBO B CB II3H C HepeweHHbIMH npofirreMaMH OpraHH30BaHH8 11 nyfirrHKa npHXO lJ HJIa Ha H36HpaTeJIbHbIe co6­ paHH II He lJ JI II lJ e6aToB no nOJIHTHlI'eCKHM BonpocaM OHH BbIKpH­ KHBaJIH 3TO He 3KOHOMHlI'eCK8 11 lJ eC IITHMHHYTKa HJIH KaKoe no CTaJlO HX 3a n all'eH n03 lJ Hee - npoBaJIHTb He3aBHCH­ MOro K Ta He y lJ HBHTeJIbHO n03TOMY 'ITO HM 6bIJIH CKYlDIbI Bce cepbe3HbIe lJ HCKYCCHH H OHH HCKpeHHe pa n OBaJIHCh Kor D a npe lJ ce D aTeJIb orpaHH'lHBaJl BpeM II lJ e6aToB Ho anaTIDI H CKYKa He MOrJIH BbI3BaTb TaKoro HaKaJIa CTpaCTeH npe lJ MeTOM KOTOPbIX 6bIJIH He TOJIbKO OT lJ eJlbHbIe mm a HO 06bl1l80 onpe lJ eJIeHH8 11 rpyn­ na JIIO lJ eH OpraHH30BaHH8 11 nyfirrHKa Bcer D a OTJIHlI'aJIa rpyuuy K KOTOPOH npHH8 lJ Jle l HT He3aBHCHMbIH KaH lJ H lJ aT OT TOH K KOTOPOH npHHa lJ Jle l aT KaH lJ H D am Hapo o Horo Cl poHTa B 5-M H36HpaTeJIb­ HOM paHOHe TaKOH paCn03HaBHOH HMH rpynnoH 6bIJIa Onn03HUH 11 H3BeCTHWM nOllHTHlJeCKHM H 3KOHOMH'leCKHM JIH lJ epaM 11-M H B 3-M 12'M H36HpaTeJIbHbIX paHOHax OHH npoTHBOnOCTaBHllH HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIOB paOOIlHM 12-M paHOHe B lJ pyrux 'lIaCTKax ll-ro paHOHa H B MOJIO lJ e» npoTHBonOCTaBJl llJlH nO l HJlbIM JIIO lJ HM Ho HaKaJI 3MOIUlii npo llBHllH nOBcIOny H OpaTOpbI H KpHKyHbI 6e3 BC IIKHX KOJIe6aHHH BKJIIOlI'HllH 006 11 B JIarepb MbI KOHD eHTpH­ poBaBIIIHiiC II BOKpyr ocpHUHaJIbHOrO K Ta Te l e KTO rpyn­ nHPOBaJlC II BOKPyr lJ pyrux K TOB paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb OpraHH­ 30BaHHOH nyfirrHKoH KaK OHH HllH JIarepb BparoB B CnHCKe Bpa­ roB cpHrypa HHTeJIJIeKryaJIa 6bIJI8 HaHooJIee lI'aCTOH OHH BbI3blBaJIH oco6eHHo Bpa l lJ e6HbIe qyBcTBa pa3YMeeTcH YMeJIo HanpaBJI IIeMbIe qTO l e 3TO 3a JIIO lJ H KOTOpbIe TaK HerO J YIOT eCJIH KTO-TO XOlJeT lJero-TO HHOro lI'eM paiioHHbIH naprHHHbIH KOMmer OTKY lJ a OHH nOJIBHllHCb H Ha Koro HaIIpaBJleH HX rHeB qaCTb HX 6bma HeCOMHeHHO Ha6paua H3 napTHiiHblx aKTHBHo­ TOB no MeCTy paOOTbI H3 6pHra rJ lJ PY KHHHlfKOB H3 opraHH3aIUIH paoo1fHX-BeTepauoB 3TH rpynnbI - n060lJHbIH npo D YKT Ka n apH3Ma co BpeMeHH KOHCOJIH D aJ UIH pe l HMa Hx MO l HO C06paTb H Hanpa­ BHTh B HY l Hoe PYCJIO HO B nOJIHTHlI'eCKOH l H3HH OHH He Hrp3 IOT HH­ KaKOH POJIH D a l e B npHH IITHH peweHHii y ce6 11 Ha paOOTe Ha MOM lJ eJIe OHH HeHaBH lJ HT Ka D apH3M - ca­ CTapwee nOKOJleHHe HOo­ TaJIbrHll'eCKH MOJIO lJ e» - nOTOMY'lTO paOOTa Ha rOCY D apCTBeHHbIX npe ll DpHHTH IIX OrpaHHlfHBaeT nx WaHChI Ha yqaCTHe BO BTOPOH 3KOHOMHKe H B TO l e BpeM II He npHHOCHT HM ycnexoB B Kapt epe OHH CKJIOHHbI 6bIJIH HanaCTb Ha CHCTeMY ClIeBa HO nOCKOJIbKY OHH He MOryT noro C lJ eJIaTb OHH 0OO3JIeHbI Ha Tex KTO ee KpHTHKyeT OHH nepeCTaJIH Ha3blBaTh TaMawa fiaY3pa TOBapHI UeM OHH rOo 84 85 BOpHT OH 60lIbwe He Haw OH KpHTHKyeT napTHlO OH KpHTHKYeT rOCYAllpCTBeHHOe PYKOBO CTBO a 3TO HenpaBHlIbHO Horo ClIHCKa TO Ke 61 oIDO HM Ha PyKY nOCKonbKY B nO aBnJllOII eM OpaTOPbI H3 HlDKeHepoB 06pa3YlOT OT elIbHYlO rpynny He6oJIb­ wyro HO THIIH1IHylO OHH nOBTOpJUIH 'ITO npH D aJIo HX BbICKa3bIBa­ HH fIM nOlIHTHlJ eCKHH HHTepec MeH Kapo fl rpoca - poJIb MeCTHbIX napTHiiHblx KOMHTeTOB BBe eHHe 06II eH OHaJIb­ H3 ero pelJ H Ha 60JIbWHHCTBe H36HpaTelIbHblX OKpyrOB MecTHble BnaCTH pewalOT Koro Bbl J BHHyTI o B KaH J HAllTbl BnaroAllp fl pecpopMe MeCTHa fI 3JlHTa npoBHHUHRX 3HalJ HTenbHO YBeJIHt HJla CBOlO OC06eHHO B C1 e3 e npe lK lJ e Bcero Mhl OlIX HbI npeO OlIeTb TeXHHlJ eCKyro OT­ OnlO B 06II eHa@OHaJIbHOM npe CTaBHTenbCTBe no CpaBHeHHlQ C CTaJIOCTb H B 3TOM elIe HlDKeHepaM npHHa J lIe lKHT Be J ywa R POlIb npoWlIblM B HaKaJIeHHOII aTMOetPepe H36HpaTeJIbHhlX co6paHHii HHKTO He YCTpeMlIeHH fl MeCTHoro annapaTa H naTpHOTH3M npo­ B aJII oHOH ny611HKH ClIHJlHCb H o6ecnet HJIH npeHMYII eCTBa MeCT­ cnpoCHlI 'ITO 03HatJ aeT 3TOT CTOlIb 3BYlJ HbIH lI03yHr Cne@aJIHCTaM HbIM KaH J H J aTaM nepe KaHAHAllTaMH npHCI oIDaeMblMH H3 neHTpa B o611aCTH TeXHHtJ eCKHX H eCTeCTBeHHbIX HayK HeT elIa 0 HCK3 J e­ 1136HpaTelIH HHH 3KOHOMHlJ eCKOH CHCTeMbI I1x elIO - YBelIHlJ eHHe npoH3BO ­ npo611eMaM HlIH yqaCTBOBaTb B cpopMYrmpoBaHHH 06II HX npHHUH­ CTBa HHtelIlIeKTYaJIbI J yMalOT 'ITO OHH 3HalOT Bce Ho TeXHH­ nOB H HHTepeCOB H HX MeolIorneii CTaHOBHTC fI MeCTHbIH JIaTpHo­ lJ eCKHe pa60THHKH OlIlKHbI YlBITbC fI Y pa60lJ Hx nocKolIbKY pa60lJ He TH3M C nOMOII blO KOToporo OHH Bblpa KalOT CBOH rpynnoBble HHTe­ peCbl paccYJK llalOT 0 CYIIUIOCTH HawHX npo611eM OlleHb MY po OlleHb He MorYT BbICKa3bIBaTbCJI no 06II eHa@OHaJIbHbIM 3pelIo H B HHTepecax cHcTeMbl Kopolle rOBOp fl He Ha J 0 KpHTHKO­ llpeABI oI60pHa fl 60PbGa npoxoAHJIa rJIaBHI oIM 06pa30M Me K­ BaTb co@onorOB H pecpopMaTopoB Ho HaM He HYlKHhl 3KOHOMHCTbl flY ropoAllMH OpraHH3aTOpbl Bbl60poB BCTpetJ alIH Cepbe3HOe conpo­ llapTHHHble aKTHBHCTbl WYMHO 0 06PHJIH 310T Te3Hc H CJlOBO 3Ko­ THBlIeHHe TOlIbKO B Tex c nylJaJlX KOrAll 3a J eBaJIH MecTHbIH JIaTPHo­ HOMHCT CTaJIO 3BYlJaTb TaK cnOBHO KTO-TO BI oIKpHKHYJI 6ecnap­ TH3M rpaJK llaH THHHbIH 6po J flra - KocMonolIHT TpeX KaH J H J aTOB llapTHHHl ole aKTHBHCTbl CKO eHTpHpoBaJIHCI o BOKPyr rpynnbl nOCJIe OBaTeneH rpoca H TeXHHtJ eCKHe Ka J PbI B o6'be J HH fllOII eii CTapblx CTaJIHHHCTOB 3ty aMONHYlO Maccy OHH BOBlIeKJIH 6yi1 Hoe MOnllaJIHBOe 6olII oWHHCTBO 3THX Be1lHblX 3aII HTHHKOB nop fllJ Ka Mono exa X aJIyeTC fI 'ITO Y HHX HeT KBapmp Y MeW B CeHTeH pe - HapoAHbIH OTCTaBHoro CbPOHT HOMHHHPOBaJI BHne-npe3H J eHTa Hapo J Horo CbpoHra JIaCJIO XereflYwa H ABYx MeCTHhlX KHTelIeii KHTenH lloMa­ 38 - pyroro ropoAll B 310M H36HpaTenl oHOM oKpyre - 6bIDH oc Kop611eHbI 3THM H Ha BTOPOM H36HpaTelIbHOM c06paHHH Bbl J BHH '­ rm Ka atypy CBoero paHOHHoro BpatJ a HHowa IOrapa H36paH 3HalJ HTelI1 oHblM 6onbwHHCTBoM H OR 6hlJI CTaJI npeACTaBHTeneM TO Ke He 6hlJIO Ho fI pa60TaJI eC flTb neT pa J H 3Toro H Tenepb Y llo 06HaR 6oPb6a B paiioHe XaiiflY BHxaii npHBelIa K npoTHBono­ MeH fl eCTb KBapTHpa OHH rOBOpHT 'ITO neHCHH MaJIO MoeMY OT nOlKHOMY pe3ynl oTaTY 80 lIeT H OH He MoxreT KHTb Ha CBOlO neHCHlQ Ho OH BblpaCTHJI Me­ H fI 'IT06bl fI nOMOraJI eMY 11 JI 6y J y paCTHTb MOHX eTeH TaK Ke H OHaJIbHa fl ClIaBa MorYII eClBO HJIH nonyrl flpHOCTb eClIH OHH He 6bIlIH nOlJ KpenrreHbI MeCTHbIM naTpHOTH3MOM nopo K J aJIH JlHxOpalJ 01U aR TOprOBlI fI npoHCXOAHJIa Ha BceX ypoBH fIX Me lK lJ y K TaMH H TeMH opraaaMH KOTopble HX BbI J BHHYlIH Me lK lJ y MeCTHbIMH OpraHH MH H npeACTaBHTelIJlMH nempa 3alIHTepeCOBaHHbIMH B nOlIYlleHHH HY KHbIX HM pe3ynbTaToB no Bcei CKopee OTplmllTelIbHble lJ eM nOlIO lKHTenbHl ole 3MOWfH Ha Bbl60pax CTpaRe 3TO npoAOlI KaJIOCb OT nepBbIX 0 BTOPbIX H36HpaTeJII oHbIX All Ke Ha H36HpaTenbHblX c06paHH flx c06paHHii H OT OKOHlJ aHHJI Bhl60poB AO MOMema ny611HKar tHH 113BeCTHbIH nOlIHTHlleCKHH e flTelIb 06II eH OHaJIbHOrO Mac ClIHCKa KaHAHAllTOB wTa6a MOxreT paCClJ HTbIBaTb Ha H36paHHe TOnl oKO B KatJ eCTBe 3Ha­ MeHHToro CI oIHa HaWero ropo a 3a HCKJIlOlJ eHHeM CJIyqaeB KorAll ero BblH ' lK lJ eHhl H36paTb nOA AaBlIeHHeM 06 f13aTelIbHble nOBTOpHl ole BbI60pbI YBelIHt HJlH poJIb MeCTHoro annapaTa 86 npoTeCTOBaBWerO npoTHB HX BBe J eHH fl OC06eHHO mar Bnepe J EII e 0 HallaJIa H36HpaTelIbHbIX c06paHHii H Bhl60poB nOlIH­ THtJ eCKHe nMephl 3a fIBHlIH 'ITO rOCYAllpcTBeHHoe C06paHHe 6Y eT 87 rpynIIbI HMeIOIu He CBOHX npe J CTaBHTelleii B napnaMeHTe BnpeAfJ npe J CTaBJUlTb HliTepeCbI Beero Hapo J a OKOH'lllTenbHl le pe­ 6Y D yT HMeTb 60nblIIee BnHJlHHe Ha HCXO J 6opb6bI B Kynyapax synbTaTbl Bbl60poB 6esyenoBHo paspYWHllH 3TY Ha D e K 1JY HmT­ B cY lJ b6e BbI60poB pemaIOm yIO pom HTpanH MeCTHl Ie BllaCTH B BaH XopBaT B BblcrynneHHH neTOM 1985 r CMor CKalaTb TonbKO lITO HS6paHHbIe npe J CTaBnmoT Bee rpynIIbI BeHrepCKOrO 06m ecT­ Ba It J eHCTBHTenbHO npe J CTaBHTeneH Ka C J aJi rpynna HMeeT KaKoe-TO lJHeno CBOHX rOBopn lITO B rOCY D apCTBeHHOM C06pamm HMeeTCJI Tenepb J 3JI e qeTbIpe HaCTOJlIIl HX KpeCTbJIHHHa qTO KacaeT­ CJI HaCTOJlIIJ HX pa60lJHx TO BKnIOqajI npoHSBO J CTBeHHl IX pa60lJHx OHH COCTaBllJIIOT TomKO napnm - 77% 21% mm a MJ13 J 1lIe 30 neT - 5 4% alfJIeHbl XOTJI B napnm COCTom ronbKo 8% rOCY D apCTBeHHoM C06paHHH SHallHTenbHYIO ponb 6yAYT HTpaTb xo3 fJ iiCTBeHHble pyKOBO J HTellM - J HpeKTOpa ynpaBll f IOIu He H oeo­ OOHHO pyKOBon a m He pa60THHKH npoHSBO J CTBeHHbIX KoonepaTH­ BOB - npe J ce D aTellH rnaBHble 6yxranTepbI HalJaJIbHHKH OT J enOB Ka D poB TonbKO Ha J onOnHHTenbHbIX Bbl60pax OHH nonyllHllH 8 MaH D aTOB HS 41 B O D HOM enyqae 3TO 6blIIa n06e D a Ha J eemCKOXO- 3 fJ iiCTBeHHbIM pa60llHM B TpeX en x - Ha D lj yHKllHOHepaMH HaCelleHH f CMe l Hbie rpynnbI He HMeIOT B03MO lKHOCTH yna D HTb paSHorna­ CHJI H J oroBOpHTbCJI 06 o6m HX J eHCTBH fJ X H eCTeCTBeHHO Ha MeCT­ OrnameHHe peaynbTaToB HOM ypoBHe Te KTO ena6ee nOBCIO D y npoHrpbmaroT B Tex Hs6Hpa­ TenbHblX oKpyrax r J e KeHIIl HH BbI J BHranH Hapflll Y C M aMH KaK npaBHllo no npe J l10 KeHH f M Hs6HpaTeneH lJHHbI n0OO K­ J allH B nO J aBnmom eM 60nbllIHHCTBe enyqaeB B J eB f TH Hs6HpaTenb­ Hl IX oKpyrax IiY J anelllTa cpe J H KaH J H D aTOB 6bmH H M lJHHbI H KeHIIl HHl I BO Bcex J eB f TH OKPyrax MaH D aTbI nonYlJHllH ­ HbI B panoHe 1i0P1II0 J KeHIIl HH BbI J BHHynH B lIeTblpex H36HpaTenb­ Hl IX oKpyrax HO BbIHTpanH OHH TonbKO B O D HOM B pesynbTaTe npe J ­ CTaBHTemCTBO KeHIIJ HH TaK Ke KaK H pa60l HX CHH3HllOCb J O 21 % HOBas nanaTa npe J CTaBHTeneH J eHCTBHTenbHO He fI Bn f eTC f napna­ MeHTOM lj yHKu HOHepoB nOKaSHl IX pa60lJHX H nOKa3HblX KpeCTb fI H CKopee no napnaMeHT npe J CTaBHTeneii 6IOpoKpaTHH H 60raTbIx HanoronnaTenbm HKOB IIpe J CTaBHTen f nOCbInaIOT B IIo BeeM npHsHaKaM nOllHTHlleCKOe pyKOBO J CTBO npoHTpa­ no He cnPaBHBIIIHCb C npo fI BneHHeM 06m ecmeHHOH HliHllHaTHBhI OTBeTHble Mepbl Ha npO f BneHH f 06m ecmeHHoii HHHUHaTHBhI npHBe­ nH 06m eCTBeHHOCTb B HerO J OBaHHe 06m eCTBeHHOCTb He OlleHb HH­ TepeCOBanH Bbl60pbI caMH no eeOO D a Ke J l1 f OpraHHSOBaHHblX pa­ 6olJHx-naprHiiu eB eomacHo HeKoTopblM OTlleTaM CTHllb Hs6Hpa­ TenbHblX co6paHHii 6blII YTOMHTeneH H cKyqeH 3HTySHalM no nOBO­ D y pelj opMhI Bbl60poB 6blll HeBenHK lITO OlleBH D HO H CTpaHe H oc­ TanbHOMy MHpy a BnHJIHHe MeCTHbIX BllaCTeii 3Ton He3aBHCHMOii Jacm naprHiiHoro annapaTa HenoMepHo yBenHlJHllOcb 3ro Bepon­ HO HaH60nee Ba lKHbIii H J onrocpollHbIH pesynbTaT HeY J aBmeiiCJI peIj OPMbI rOCY D apCTBeHHOe C06paHHe lIT06bI OH SaHHManC f TaM J enOM Bce KOMY OH 06 f 3aH Hs6paHHeM O KH J aIOT lITO OH 6Y J eT J eHCTBOBaTb B HX nonbSY - KaK MeCTHas ECllM DepBoe HCfibrIaHHe HOBoro Hs6HpaTenbHoro SaKOHO D a­ TenbCTBa OKasanOCb cronb PalO JapoBbIBaIOm HM He Cne D yeT nH HS noro lITO H BbI J BH KeHHe HeSaBHCHMbIX KaH J H D aTOB He HMeno 3JIHTa TaK H OpraHbl ynpaBlleHH fl KOTopbIe HaxO J jffC f B T f KOO CMblena liesyenoBHo 3TO He TaK Pelj opMa H36HpaTemHoro SaKe­ C MecTHoii 6IOpoKpaTHeii Ho HaeeneHHe eCJIH OHO BnpaBe BbICKalaTb HO D aTellbCTBa npOBanHllaCb HO B xO J e Hs6HpaTenbHoro npou ecca CBOH nO Ken8 HHJI TO Ke K J eT lITO npe J CTaBHTenH 6yAYT 3aIIl Hm aTb ero HHTepeCbI It MbI OKasallHCb CBH J eTemIMH nO J l1HHHoro 06m eCTBeHHoro D BH Ke­ npe J CraBHTellH 6yAYT J enaTb Bee lITO B HX cHllax HH f KaKoro He 6blII0 B BeHrpHH Ha npOT f KeHHH J ecJlnmeTHii nOCKonbKY OHH SHaIOT lITO HX nepeHs6paHHe SaBHCHT OT Tex KTO HX MhI SHaeM lITO na D eHHe OTCTaBHbIX paHOHHbIX naprHiiHbIX eeKpeTa­ noenan IIOnHTHqeCKOe PyKOBO J CTBO npHlIIllO B ac OT 3Toro yparaHa KenaHHii Jl enyraT rOCY D apCTBeHHoro Co6paHH f1 HeCOM­ peii He npoHsoumo 6bl eCllH 6bl HX sam HIIl anH cBepxy - 3TO fI BJUleT­ C f npe D ynpe K J eHHeM npHIlle runHM HM Ha CMeHY Mbl SHaeM liTO na D e· HeHHO J On KeH npe J CTaBllJITb mnepeCbI cBoero oKpyra HO OH He HHe npolj coI03RblX nH J epoB 6blII0 BbISBaHO onnOSHu Hen MeCTHl IX J Oll KeH 6bITb c6HT C TonKY 06HllHeM MeCTHbIX J en n • - CKalan 3aHHTepeCOBaHHblX rpynn H CBH J eTenbCTByeT 0 6ecnpeue J eHTHoii HWTBaH XopBaT B nHTHPOBaHHoii BblIIle pelJH 89 88 HenonynHpHoCTH npocpCOlO30B MbI 3HaeM 'ITO o Ba He npowe ro tmX Bcepbe3 CornaCHO OneTaM eCJIH KTO-JIH60 npo flBJI flJI HepeIlDlTeJIb­ npe lJ CTaBHTemr MeCllIblX COBerOB B DeKewe H COJIbHOKe 6bIJIH HOCTb TO lJ eX ypHbIe Ha H36HpaTeJIbHbIX IllCTKax Bcer lJ a 6bIJIH 3aOOJIJIOmpoBaHbI CKopee Bcero He PH IJ OBbIMH IllCTHHKaMH rOJIO­ HarOTOBe 1IT06bI nOKa3aTb KaK HaAO TOJIOCOBaTb ITPHHHMaH Bee COBaHH flj 60JIee BepoHTHO 'ITO HX OnnOHeHTbI npe lJ ceAaTeJIb npoH3­ 3TO BO BHHMaHHe HYX HO npH3HaTb 1IT0 BO lJ CTBeHHoro KoonepaTHBa H 3aMeCTHTeJIb AHpeKTOpa KpynHoro BaBWHX Bbl60pbI eCJIH lJ oBepHTb 1 MJIH lIeJIOBeK HrHOpHPO­ OCP aJIbHOH CTaTHCTHKe - 310 npe rmpH flTH fl OKa3aJIHCb CHJ1bHee HX He HCKJIIOtreHO 1IT0 3TO 6bIJIH OlleHb MHoro K TOMy Ke eCTb OCHOBaHHe nO lJ 03peBaTb 1IT0 31a cP_ CJIyqaHHOCTH HO B 6y o y meM Kll l J btii npe lJ eeAaTeJIb MeCTHblX co­ pa 3aHH KeHa JIIOM H3 caMblX pa3JIHIJHbIX 06meCTBeHHbIX rpynn BeTOB lJ OJI KeH 6Y lJ eT J YMaTb 0 TOM 0 lJeM eMY He npHX0AHJ10Cb XBaCTaJIHCb TeM 1IT0 He XO J HJIH Ha BbI60pbI 06 3TOM C H3Becrnoii J YMaTb co BpeMeHH ytipeX AeHWl COBeTOB 1IT0 ero na J eHHe MO Ker 6paBaAOH 3aHBJI flJIH UeJIbIe pa60IJHe KOJIJIeKTHBbI npoH30HTH He TOJIbKO no BOJIe napTHH X H CTaJIO MO lJ oii KOJIJIeK OHHpOBaTb 6IOJIJIeTeHH He onymeHHble I1MeJIH MeCTO CJIyqau Kor lJ a KaHAHAaT nOnaJJ aJI B napJIaMeHT no BOJIe H36HpaTeJIeH DOJIbWOe IJHCJIO H36paHHbIX BpalleH nO J TBep­ K J aeT 310T Bbmo lJ 113 BpalJH nOJIyqHJIH 5- 41 MaHJJ aTa Ha lJ onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BbI60pax A CpeM MOJIO lJ e­ B ypHbI ITO-BH IJ HMOMY npe o BbI60pHaH nponaraH J a nepeycep o CT­ BOBaJIa H HaAoeJIa nOCJIe H36HpaTem Hoii pymHbI npo lJ OJIX aBWeii cH lJ eCHTHJIeTHMH JIIOM qyscmOBaJIH eCJIH Bbl60Pbl TaK B8X HbI AJIfi H3 HHX Tpoe npoBHHIUlaJIbHbIe BpalJH o Boe H3 nux H B TO Ke BpeM II OHH He 06P8IU8IOT HHKaKoTO BHHMaHWl 3THX TpeX 6bIJIH BHeceHbI B cnHCOK KaHJJ HAaTOB TOJIbKO nepe lJ lJ O­ Ha Hawe MHeHHe nyCTb 3TH Bbl60pbI TOX e 6yAYT HX BbI60paMH nOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH BbI60paMH MbI MO KeM nO-BH IJ HMoMY C IJ eJIaTb HeCOMHeHHO 3TH KeCTbl npoTeCTa CBH IJ eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 pacTy­ H TaKOH OnTHMHCTHtIeCKHH BbWO lJ BbI o BH KeHUbI H3 HapoAa 06peJIiI meM He lJ OBOJIbCme BbI3BaHHOM 3KOHOMHlIeCKHM cnaAOM nOCJIe lJ ­ yBepeHHocTb B ce6e a MeCTHbIe OpraHbI BJIaCTH OC03HaJIH 1IT0 OHH HHX JIeT CHH KeHHeM X H3HeHHoro ypoBH II nOJIHbIM npeHe6pe Ke­ lJ OJIX HbI cep e3HeH y' HTbmaTb HYX J bI HaPOAa ITpe lJ CTaBHTeJIH He HHeM K npo6JIeMaM 3 1J paBOOXpaHeHHfi H 06pa30BaHHfi mraHTCKHMH MOryT yX e paCCIJHTbmaTb 'ITO OHH 6Y J YT CHOBa H36paHbI CnOMombIO KanHTaJIOBJIO KeHWlMH B npoMbWIJIeHHOCTb 6ecCMbICJIeHHblMH C JIIO­ MaHHnyn JW Hii 06MaHa H HapyweHHii 3aKOHa HJIH TOJIbKO npH no lJ ­ lJ epX Ke MeCTHbIX napmHHbIX H rOCYAapCTBeHHbIX opraHOB 11M npH­ 6oii TOllKH 3peHWl H rnaBHoe - yrpo K8IOmHMH pa3pyweHHeM OK­ PY I ' llIOmeii Cpe lJ bI He3aBHCHMbIe K8HAHAaTbI OCMeJIHJ1HCb rOBopHTb lJ eTCS 3a60mTbcs 'lT06bI B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH B03POCJIO lJ OBepHe K 06 3THX 06meH OHaJIbHbIX npo6JIeMax HHM H36HpaTeJIeH ' eCJIH OHH XOTST 6bITb nepeH36paHHbIMH tIepe3 IlDIecJI H TpeBOX HbIe BonpoCbl C He06xo J HMOCTbIO nuareJIbHO ll flTb JIeT OHH CBJl3aJIH 3TH HaKOJIHB­ pa3pa60raHHoii peCPOPMbI 3KOHOMHlIecKoii H nOJIHTHlIeCKOH CHcre­ Ho caMoe rJIaBHOe - H36HpaTeJIH HeCOMHeHHO np0 lJ eMOHCT­ MM DJIarOAapJl 3TOMY 06mecmeHHoe o BHX eHHe HatfaBWeeCfi BO pHPOBaJIH He KeJIaHHe IllcmOBaTb B nOKa3yxe lJHCJIeHHOCTb He BpeM II Bbl60poB npeBpaTHJIOCb B IIOJIHTHtfeCKoe C06b1THe KOPOT­ IllCTBOBaBWHX B BbI60pax KHH nepHO lJ BnepBble 3a lIemepTb CTOJIeTHJI CTpaua KHJIa HaCTOfi­ He lJ eHCTBHTeJIbHblX 6IOJIJIeTeHeH a TaK Ke TOJIOCOBaBWHX npOTHB TaBHJ1a 930 988 lIeJIOBeK HJIH no OCPHJ VWIbHbIM JJ aHHbIM - 12 4% COC­ 06mero IJHCJIa H36HpaTeJIeH KOHetfHO He KaX J bIH oTcyrcmOBaBWHH H He KaX J bIH npH3HaHHbIH meH nOJIHTHlIeCKOH X H3HbIO CTOJIKHYJIHCb pa3JIHtfHble B3rJI II J bI H TOllKH 3peHHJI - BIIepBbIe He 3a 3aKpbITbIMH o BepbMH cne aJIb­ HbIX KOMHTeTOB a B OTKPblTOH nOJIeMHKe nOJIYtfHJIH B03MOX HOCTb He lJ eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM 6IOJIJIereHb HBJIHIOTCH CBH J eTeJIbCTBaMH nOJIHTH­ OTKPbITO a He B Kynyapax BbICKa3aTbCS H HHTeJIJIeKryaJIbl CTpa­ tIeCKorO npoTeCTa Ho MHJIJIHOHbI JIIOJJ eH lJ O CHX nop yBepeHbI Ha Morna y6eAHTbCJI 1IT0 HMeIOTCH pa3HbIe rOllKH 3peHHH 0 CY lJ b6e TaK OHH BOcnPH­ 06meCTBa H 1IT0 HHaKOMbICJIHIUHe cymeCTBYIOT Ha caMOM o eJIe a HHMaIOT OCPHJ VWIbHYIO nponaraHJJ y Eme 60JIbwe JIIO IJ eii 3HaeT 1IT0 1IT0 IllCTHe B BbI60pax HBJIHeTCS OOOaTeJIbHbIM He HBJIJlIOTCfi H306peTeHHeM paJJ HOCT CB060 lJ Has EBpOIIa BJIaCTH OC06eHHO B npoBHHlUfH Moryr cymecmeHHo YCJIOX HHTb OKa3aJIOCb TaK Ke lITO BJIaCTb MOX HO 3aCTaBHTb BbICJIywaTb nOJIHTH­ lIeCKYIO KpHTHKY• KH3Hb HenOKopHblX HaAO lJ 06aBHTb liTO Tpe60BaHHe 06 fl3aTeJIbHO nOJIb30s aTbCH 90 H36HpaTeJIbHbIMH Ka6HHaMH He BOCnpHHHMaJIOCb JJ n H He3aBHCHMbIX KaHMA8TOB IllCTHe B H36HpaTeJIbHOH 91 r'- KaMllaHHH 6hmo eepW3HhIM HCIlhITaHHeM nOCKOJIhKY HM npHlWIOCh XO'lleT cpe n epaIJ HH HeiiTpaJIbHhIX CTpaH UeHTparrhHoii EBpoIlhI BMeCTO BhlcTyaaTh KaK nepe n HenpocpeCCHOHaJIaMH TaK H nepe n KOMlle­ QpraHH3au HH BapUIaBCKOrO n orOBopa n eMOKpaTHH a He Be n y­ reHTHhIMH JIIO lJ hMH HO rnaBHOe - B TaKOM OKpY f eHHH r n e Ka f lJ oe w eii pol1H napTHH Ho onn03 OHHbIe KaH lJ H D aThI 3aHBHJIH 'ITO HX cnOBO BOCnpHHHMaJIOCh C He n OBepHeM MHoroe 06HapY f I JlOCh 6y n yllH KaH lJ HnaTaMH HJIH n a f f npe n CTaBHTeJIJIMH OHH COrnaCHhI He BnepBhle KacaThCJI 3THX OKOH'laTeJIhHbIX H rJIaBHbIX BonpoCOB IIoCKOIlhKY rOJIOCOBaTh 3a HHX npHIImH COTHH COqyBCTByroIIUfX H Bee 60JIhlUe JIIO n eii OCMenHBaJIOCh BhICTyITaTh H BhlCKa3bmaTh OHH He c n eJIaJIH eeKpeTa H3 CBOHX nOJIHTHtieCKHX B3rnJl lJ OB OHH CBOIO TO'lK ' 3peHWI Ho HM 6hIIT npeno n aH H n pyroii ypOK nOCKOJIh­ MornH o6ew aTb 3TO 'IeCTHO H HCKpeHHe Bo BCHKOM crryqae OHH KY He3aBHCHMhIe KaH lJ HnaTbI Henocpe n CTBeHHO CTOJIKHYJIHCh co BeJIH ce6J1 ropas n o HCKpeHHee He f eJIH 800 TbIC qrreHOB napTHH KOTo­ CBOHMH onnOHeHTaMH B phle TO f e XOTJlT 'lT06hI cOBeTCKHe BoiicKa BepHYJIHCh n oMoii 3TOii 6oph6e BhIHCHHITOCb TaK f f 'ITO 'lacn H36HpaTeJIeii KOTopble caMH BneKyr f a JIKoe C eCTBOBaHHe Ho MhI qrreHbI onn03HIJ HH npHHJIBUIHe yqacTHe B H36HpaTeJIh­ 6hillH HanyraHhI nOHBJIeHHeM He3aBHCHMhIX na f e 6onhlUe 'IeM 6e3­ Hoii KaMITaHHH He MO f eM 6hlTh nOJIHOCThIO y n OBJIeTBopeHhI Toii l1HKOe rocynapcTBo pOIlhIO KOTOpyro MhI B Heii nrparrH MDI npHHJIJIH Ha ce6J1 MHCCHIO HTaK nOJlBJIeHHe He3aBHCHMhlX KaH lJ H D aTOB 6hmo onpaB n a­ lJ jlJl HCnOJIHeHWI KOTOpoii Hy f HhI rrry60KHe 3HaHHH 0 npo6rreMax HO 3TO 6bmo Ba f HO 1 1 11 CTpaBbI a TaK f e lJ jlJl HHTerrneKTYaJIOB 'Ieii COBpeMeHHoro BeHrepCKoro 06w eCTBa ECJ1H He ClIHTaTh Hau60nee y n eJI 3aHHMaThCJI 06w eCTBeHHbIMH n eJIaMH Ho 6hmo JIH onpaB lJ aHo Ba f HhIX TeM nO lJ WlTbIX onn03HIJ Heii 'ITO ropCTKa onn03 OHHbIX KaH lJ H lJ aTOB TO f e npHCOe lJ HHHJIaCb rnaCHOCTh nonHTH'IIeCKHe np8Ba rapaBTHJI npaB nOJIO f fHHe MeHhUIHHCTB MbI He n OCTaTOl ­ K H36HpaTeJIbHOH KaMnaHHH He CBeJIO JIH Ha HeT HX yqacTHe lUaBCbI HO OCBe n OMJIeHhI 'lT06hI BeCTH Ka f lJ O lJ HeBHhIe n e6aThI 0 Ka f lJ O­ n pyrHX He3aBHCHMbIX KaH lJ H lJ aToB HeTepITHMOCTb opraHH3aTopoB lJ HeBHbIX HY f lJ aX 06w ecTBa PasYMeeTCJI HeCKOJIhKO 6e3pa60THbIX CBH lJ eTeJIhCTByeT 'ITO 3TO He TaK HH He3aBHCHMhle KaB lJ If lJ aTbI HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIOB He Moryr HrpaTb POJIh KOTOpyro B n eMOKpaTH­ HH HX CTOPOHHHKH He npoJlBJIJDIH K onn03HIJ HOHHbIM KaH lJ If lJ aTaM tleCKOM 06w eCTBe nrpaIOT onn03HD HOHHhle ITapTHH HO uarue nOCo no n 06Hoii HerepITHMOCTH ATMoc4 epa H36HpaTeJIbHbIX c06paHHii TOJIHHOe cnoC06cTBOBaJIa rnaCHoro 06cY f lJ eHHJI 06w eCTBeHHhIX BonpocoB OK IOw eii C6rrH f fHHIO Cpe lJ hI pa3ITH'lHhIX 3KOHOMHCTOB rpyan 3aUUlTHHKOB uaCTaHBaIOIIUfx ua pecpop­ Me H onn03HIJ HOHepoB CTaJIO JlCHO 'ITO n eMOKpaTH3aIJ HJ1 HBJIJleT­ HH npHCYTCTBHe He06xo lJ HMO Ha ny6rrHlIHbIX n e6aTax lJ IDI Onn03HIJ HOHHhle HH He38BHCHMble KaH lJ H D aTbI He no lJ HH­ MaJIH BonpoCOB 0 IJ brrauax TOJIbKO O lJ HH BhlCrynaBumii no lJ IDlJI 3TY CJI He06xo lJ HMbIM ycnoBHeM lJ jlJl JII06hIX nepeMeH IIOCKOJIbKY YC­ reMY 'ITO BbI3BaJIO He n OBOJIbCTBO npHCTpaCTHoii aY lJ HTopHH HeCOM­ JIOBHJI He H3MeHHJIHCb HOBbIH n yx PO lJ HBlllHHCJI B nepHO n BbI60poB HeHHO npaKTH'lleCKaH nOJ1HTHKa conpoBO f lJ aeTCJI YCTYJIKaMH Bee MO f HO Ha lJ eJlTbCJI He HC'Ie3HeT 6eccne lJ Ho Ha caMOM n eJIe IJ HJI - CTpeMJITCJI H36e»Tb HenonyJIJlpHbIX TeM nepe n BhI60paMH TeM He e lJ HHCTBeHHoe 'IIero He npHHHMaJIa onn03H­ 3TO orpaHH'IeHWI ee n eJITeJIbHOCTH H IJ eH3ypbI ee BhICKa3h1­ MeHee MbI He n on f HbI 3a6bmaTb 3Ty THrOCTuyro H nOCTbI lJ HyIO npo6rreMY BeurepcKoro 06w eCTBa BaHHH 3Ta Kouu enIJ HJI He npH3HaeT pa3HHIJ bI Me f lJ y OCP aJIhHoii H Heocp aJIbHOH nOJ1HTH'IIeCKoii apeHoii B npHHu HIIe B BeHrpHH eCTh CBo60na cnOBa H ne'laTH HeJIerarrhHhlMH JlBJIJlIOTCJI He ny6rrH­ ECJIB TO ' - Kawm caMH3naTa CB060 lJ Hhm YHHBepCHTeT HJIH 1 OH n nOMOW H HeH a nOJIHIJ eiicKHe npecne n OBaHWI npoTHB HHX H ua H36HpaTeJIhHbIX co6paHW1x H B ne'laTH He pa3 YKa3bIBa­ M 1 PaKOBCKBH 3aMeCTHTeJIb npeMbep-MHHHCTpa IIOJIhIIIH noceTHJI BeurpHIO Henocpe n CTBeHHO nepe n BbI60paMH B CBoeM JIOCh 'ITO onn03HIJ W1 npHHHMaeT nporpaMMY Hap0 lJ Horo 1 poHTa n OKITa n e OH 3aHBHJI 'ITO B IIoJIbUIe yMepeHHaH Onn03HIJ W1 Tpe6yeT TOJIhKO lJ jlJl BH lJ HMOCTH• 1leMoKpaTH'leCKaH ITpe n OCT8BJIeHWI eii HeCKOJIbKHX MeCT B CeHMe MbI He 3HaeM KaK onn03HIJ W1 n eHCTBH­ TeJIhHO He y n OBJIeTBOpeua nporpaMMoii Hapo lJ Horo 1 poHTa QHa 92 npaBHTeJIbCTBO HpY3eJIbCKOrO OTBeTHT Ha 3TO Tpe60BaHHe Ho 3a 93 1I0cne ll lDle llleCTb neT 1I0JIbCI Oe lIpaBHTenbCTBO nOHJlJIO He06xoAH­ OnyfinHI oBaHHbIe o aHHble CBH o eTeJIbCTBYIOT tJI'0 B nepBOH OOJIOBH­ MOCTb neperOBopoB C 06mecrneHHOCTblO He B BeHrpHH Hapo o He Tpe60BaJI H36HpaTenbHbIX peq 0pM Ho 1985 r He TonbKO BeHrepCKaH 3KOHOMHKa He BbIlIOJIHHJIa nnaH HO H 3KCDOPT TOBapoB OKa3aJIC II HH I e 'leM ro o Ha3a D IIpH TaKHX I or o a OHH 6bIl1H npeAl10 l eHbI a 3aTeM OTMeHeHbI 3TO BbI3BaJIO 06CTO HTenbCTBax o aJIbHeHlllero COKpameHH II HMoopra MO I HO 6y o eT eepbe3Hoe pa30qapOBaHHe 3TO - H36e l aTb TOJIhI O npH ycnOBHH o aJIbHeHlllero YBenH'leHH II BHelllHeH Cy o b6a Beex peq OPM H o ymHX A TOJIbI O CBepxy IlIDKe HaH60nee o6emalOmHe peq OPMbI He CTon 3a D On l eHHOCTH HH'lero ecnH Hapo o He MO l eT HMH BOCnOJIb30BaTbC II QT06bI HMH o OMOX03 11HKe BOCnOJIb30BaTbCS Hapo o y Ha o O BCrylIHTb B I OHq POHT C anna­ CHa6 1 eHH II HaceJIeHH II IlanbHeHlllee l e cOKpameHHe nOTpefineHH II - orpaHH'leHHe HMDOpTa - no H3BeCTHO Ka l J OH 03HaqaeT YCKopeHHe HHq n llUHH H yxy o weHHe paTOM HHTepeCbI I OToporo npoTHBope'laT peq opMaM TaI oe CTOOI ­ CTaHeT HOBeHHe M06HJIH3yeT 06mecrno HO BbIClllee PYI OBO o CTBO BbICTY­ JIaCllO MapoTH Ha BCTpeqe 3KOHOMHCTOB cephe3HhlM HCOhlraHHeM TepneHH II 06mecrna - CKa3aJI nas HHH aTopoM peq OPM He MO l eT B TO l e BpeM II o OnyCTHTb QTo MO l eT c o enaTh nOnHTH'leCKOe PYI OBO o CTBO eCJIH Tepne­ M06HlDf3a I HH 06meerna II03TOMY BblClllee PYI OBo o crno HeH36e l ­ HHe Hapo o a HCTOmHTC II KOHe'lHO MO l HO OOHTh Bhl3BaTh I l H3HH HO npHXOAHT Ha nOMomb annapaTY Ho OTMeHa peq OPM - HenoI oJIe6HMhlx npHBep l eHneB CO anHCTH'leCKOH peBonlOIJ HH onaCHas Hrpa O D Ha H3 TPHBHaJIbHbIX HCTHH nOJIHTOJIorHH COCTOHT B TOM MO I HO tJI'0 06mecrneHHble B3phlBbl npoHCXOA IIT He BO BpeMeHa YCHJIeHHOro lIpeBpaTHnC II B o6IueerneHHoe o BIDKeHHe Ho o aneKO Ha 3TOM nyrn o aBJIeHH II H He I or o a peX HM o aeT BblXO o HaKOlIHBllleMYC II o aBJIe­ OHH He yH o yT Ee3 HaCTO IImHX CTHMynOB nonyn llpHble n03YHm o onyCTHTh TaK I e tJI'06hI aBTOpHTapHhIH KOHcepBaTH3M HHIO a I or o a PYI OBO o CTBO HanyraHHoe TpeBO I HblMH CHrHaJIaMH CKOPO BhmeTp llTC II H PYI OBO o CTBY npHAeTC II C caMOro Ha'laJIa or­ lIblTaeTC II nepeI pbITb I JIanaH BbInyCI aBllIHH H36bITO'lliOe o aBJIeHHe paHH'lHTh MaclllTa6hl J BH I eHH II Ha'laTOro HM CaMHM IIOTOMy tJI'0 IlOBOJIbHOe co60H H BMeCTe C TeM BH 'TpeHHe HenpO'lliOe nap­ Ha OHaJIHCTH'leCI He qyBCTBa HeH36e I H0 BbDIl1bmalOmHe Ha nOBepx­ THiiHoe PYI OBO o CTBO 6oHTc II Beero Ha CBeTe OHO 60HTCS He o OBOJIb­ HOCTl aBTopHTapHoro o BH I eHH II eCJIH OHO CTaHeT o eHCTBHTeJIhHO CTBa MOCI Bbl IIparH H BepJIHHa HO OHO 6oHTC II TaK I e Heo o 06pe­ MaCCOBhIM 06paT IITC II npOTHB COBeTCKOrO COI03a HH II MaJIeHbI HX BeHrepCI HX ropo o OB OHO XO'leT COXpaHHTI XOPO­ BeHrpbl ceiiqac pa60TalOT 60JIhllle cBepxypO'lliO H no COBMecTH­ WHe OTHOllleHH II C opoBHH anbHOH H He TOnbI O opoB anbHOH TemcTBy CeHqaC 'lHCJIO OlIJIatIeHHhlX 'laCOB Ha O D Horo pa60TaIOmero lIJIaTa 3a 6IOpoI paTHeH nOCI OObKY OHO H ee 6oHTCS Ho napTHHHoe PYI OBO o ­ B BeHrpHH BhIllle 'leM BO BceH OCTaJIbHOH EBpone 3m erno XO'leT 6l ITb B XOpolllHX OTHOllleHH IIX H C HHTenneKTyanaMH COXpaHeHHe BH o HMOCTH I a o apoBcKoro Ha OHamHoro 6JIaro o eH­ OOCKOJIbKy eMy I paHHe He06xoAHMO HX MopanbHoe OpH3HaHHe CTBH II OHO 0 D HaI 0 He HaY'lHJIOCb BeCTH oeperoBopbI C Hapo o OM BepHO 06e o IlaHHbIe 0 o erpa o a H o yXOBHoro H q H3H'lecI oro 3 o OPOBh ll CHMBOJIOM KOToporo IIBn lleTC II x0POlllHH BOCI peCHbIH KOHe'lHO 'ITO B BeHrpHH He C I eM no cymeerny o orOBapHBaThC II Hapo o a O'leBH o HbI H 6e3 KHHr no co onorHH BbIpO l J eHHe Hapo­ HeT CHJIbHOH nepKBH HHTennHI'eHUH II o oCTaTO'lHO TpaBMHpoBaHa o a - OPOlllJIblMH C06bITH IIMH oo o TBep l J aIOT ero cOKpameHHe pO l D aeMOCTH paHH II II CMepTHOCTh HeT H HaCTO llmerO pa60'lero o BIDKeHH II 3TO KOHe'lHO n03TH'leCKHH 06pa3 Ho CTaTHCTH'leCKHe o aHHbIe Tpe60BaHH II KOTOPOro MorJIH 6bl Cq OPMynHpoBaTb npoq COI03bl aJII OrOnH3M POCT CaMOy6HHCTB HY HO JIH I o aTh tJI'06hl OTBeT 06­ Hapo o BeHrpHH He HMeeT B03MO I HOCTH Ope lJ 'b IIBHTb Tpe60BaHH II meCTBa Ha TaKOH XO O C06bITHH npHBeJI Hac K eme O D HOH KaTaCTpoq e H He 3HaeT 'lero MO I HO Tpe60BaTb B BeHrpHH HeT HH O o HOH 3Ha'lH­ Ho tJI'0 cny'lHTC II eCJIH npH3pa'lHbIH 06mecrneHHbIH o oroBop TeJIbHOH nOJIHTH'leCKOH CHJIbI KOTOpas Morna 6bl rOBopHTb OT OKOH'lHTCS ECllH BeHrepCI Oe 06mecrno npH o eT K BbIBO o y tJI'0 I o­ CBoero HMeHH IIOJIHTH'leCKOe PYI oBo o crno He MO l eT CKa3aTh HH'lero 06Ha­ Hen 6JIH30I a BTOpas 3I OHOMHKa H BHeypo'lHas pa60Ta e He MOry 60JIbllle pelllHTh 3KOHOMHtIeCKHX npofineM EClIH Hapo o pe­ o e I HBalOmero o a l e 0 60nee rHeTymHX npofineMax IIo 0I 0H'laHHH WHT tJI'O eMy Ha D oeJI BhICOKOMepHbIH opaB IImWi KJIacc KOTOphlH C1 e3 o a napTHH H BbI60pOB npooaraH D a Ha o e l D bI OKOH'lHJIaCb He B COCTO llHHH HH ynPaBJI IITh HH HaHTH npHeMlleMI IH I OMDpO­ MHCC 94 95 Apli U l OUHZTOH nPHME'IAHHJI Bela Pokol Tarsadalomtudomanyj Kozlemenyek BeHHLIX HayK 1985 r N'11 BIOlUIeTeHL 06W ecT­ 3KOJIOflNECKHE IIP0611EMbi BOCTOIJROfO 6JIOKA CTp 69 2 Elet es Irodalom lKH3HL H mrrepaTyps 1 HIOlIlI 1983 r 3 Dr Bela Molnar NepSzabadsag 16 Mal 1985 r no HeASBHero BpeMeHH rrpo6JIeMa yxmmeHWI OKPY'KaromeH Cpe ro 1 paCCMaTpHBanaCb B KOMM 'HHCTH'IecKOH AOfMaTHKe KaK clle­ HOMeR lJHCTO KaIIHTanHCTH'IecKHH KaK rrpaBHJIo B Ka'llecTBe TO­ POB Bbl3bmarolllRX 3KOJlOrH'lecKHe rrpo6J1eMbI B MHpe COBeTCKHe HAeOJlOrH Ha3b1BanH aHapxmo H HeKOHTpOJIHpyeMoe KanHTanHCTH'Ie­ CKOO rrpOH3BOACTBO rroroHlO 3a rrpH6bllUlMH H KOJlOHHanH3M 3Ta JlOmKa rrpHBOAHJIa K 33KlIIO'IIeHHlO 'lITO rrOCKOJlbKY KaIIHTanH3M rropO KJJ aer 3KOJlOrH'lecKHe npo6JIeMbI TO KanHTanHCTH'IeCKHe cTpa­ IIlII H AO JDKHbI HX YCTpa HJ Tl COBeTCKHH cllHJIOCOcll H T JlOB IIH­ can rro 3TOMy rrOBOAY 'TIOCKOJlbKY 3KOJlOrH'leCKHH KpH3HC JIBIDleT­ CJI rropo HHeM KanHTanHCTH'IIeCKOrO MHpa 3KOJlOrH'lecKOH AWl YCTpaHeHIDI yrp03b1 Heo6xo lJ HMO cymeCTBeHHO rrepeCTpoHTb KaIIHTaJlHCTH'IeCKYJO CHCTeMy 06paTlllllH rrepeBOAc aHfJl - PeA qTO x e KaCaeTCJI HeH36eX HOCTH 3arpJl3HeHWI OKPYX alOmeH cpeAbI B KOMMyHHCTH'IIecKHX CTpaHax TO rro MHeHHIO JlOBa B crpa­ Hax rAe cymeCTByer 06meCTBeHHaH C06cTBeHHOCTb Ha cpeACTBa rrpoH3BOACTBa YXYAWeHHe OKpYX alOmeH cpeAbl Mox eT 6bITb TOJlb­ KO cnyqa ihn IM JlBJleHHeM 06paTHbIH rrepeBOA C aHfJl - O lHH PeA 'IIeXOCJlOBaIUCHH KOMMeHTaTOp AoroBopHJIcJI AO roro 'lITO 3KO­ JlOrH'lecKHX rrpo6J1eM B cTpaHe rrpOCTO He cymeCTBOBanO 6b1 eCJIH 6bI B qexOCJIOBaKHH He COXPaHHJIHCb AO CHX rrop aHTHCOUHanHCTH­ 1feCKHe 3J1eMeHTbI 1 Bce 3TO He 01fellll y6eAHTeJlbHO AJIJI HaceJleHWI COBeTcKoro COlO3a Hero KOMM 'HHCTH'IIeCKHX coceAeH rrOCKOJlbKY 3KOJlOrH'le­ 96 97