B CCCP 6bUIH npHBHeceHbI B qexocnoBaKUIO U B nmtIHTellbHOH qaC­ nt npHBHeceHbI CH1IOH XOTJI fop6a'leB 1IH'lH0 He HeceT 3a 3TO OTBeT­ CTBeHHOCTb 06113aHHOCTb OT KOTOPOH OH He MOX eT YK1l0HHTbC1l ­ aKTHBHOe CTaTKOB cnoco6cTBoBaHHe npeoAOlleHHIO nepe'IHcneHHhlx HeAO­ peanH3a H nonpaHHbIX np OB cyBepeHHTera H YBa­ X eHHlI cne cpUqeCKUX ycnOBUH qexocnoBaKHH KorAa H KaK OH Jl100MUAQ AlleKCeeeQ CMO KeT 3T0 CAenarb fop6a'leB npUH1IBllIHH HacneACTBo Bpe KHeBa AOlIX eH pelllHTb caM H HHKTO eMY B 3TOM He YKa3 Ho ecnu OH XO­ 'leT U3OO KaTb cepbe3HbIX nOllHnt 'IeCKHX OlllH60K OH He AOlI KeH o nOnOTOqECKHX AMBHCTHJlX B CCCP nellaTb BHn 'ITO Bce B nOllHOM nop1IAKe H lITO npoHcwenwee noclIe 1969 r lacnY KHBaeT on06peHH II nocne 1969 r B qexocnoBaKHH npecneAOBa1IOCb Bee TO la lITO eeHlIaC paTyeT caM fop6a'leB TBOpqecKoe U KpHTUqeCKoe K MOMeHTY npuxOAa K B1IaCTU MbIUUIeHHe HH l1 HBHnya1lbHa ll aKnt BHOCTb 003 l HpeKnt B CBepxy M C fop6a'leBa T e K HallallY KynbTypHoe U Hay'IHoe TBOp'leCTBO qeCTHOCTb UCKpeHHOCTb npH­ 1985 r BepX eHHOCTb CBOUM yOO KAeHH IIM Ecnu 6hI fop6a'leB nbITa1IC II Ha­ nOllTu nOllHOCTblO YW1lo nOA nOBepxHocTb HaUOOHallhHoe HeAOBOllb­ craHBalb Ha Heo6xo l HMOCTH neMOKpant 3a H H pecpOpM B qexo­ CTBO cnoBaKuH B 1970 r ero UCK1IIO'IH1IH 6bI H3 Knq U eMY npuW1IOCb U OTKphlTble npo llBlIeHH II HHaKOMbICJ1H 11 6bl1lH nO naBlIeHhl pellern03HIUI aKTHBHOCTb fpa K J aHCKHe BhlCTynneHH II TO Ke nOllTH npeKpaTH1IHCb OTKPhITO AeiicTBOBa1Ia lIHlIlb Kpowe'IHIUI 6bI pa60Tan UCTonHHKOM H1IU 'IepHopa60tIHM HeCMOTp ll Ha ero rpynna KOMMyHHCnt 'IeCKHe yOO KAeHH II U Bhlcwee 06pa30BaHHe 3ro He 6opb6y 3a BbIe3A H3 CCCP HaH60llee OT'la llHHhIe OTKa3HHKu-eBpeH npeYBe1IU'leHHe TaKOBa CYAb6a AeC IITKOB ThlC llq 'IeXOB U cnOBaKOB 03 60raroii npe KAe caMU3naTCKOii nepHO l HKH COXpaHH1IHCb 1IHWb 3a AOBepHe Me K l1 y BOCTOKOM H 3ananOM H npOA01I Ka1IH B CCCP npu fop6a'leBe CIanU u3 naBaTb npe KAe 3anpeweHHbIe BIOMeTeHb COBeTa pOACTBeHHHKOB Y3HHKOB EBaHrellbCKUX XpUC­ KHHru aBTOPOB MHOrox H3 HHX yX e HeT B KHBhIX B qexocnoBaKHH TUaH-6anTucToB U pe1lHrH03HO-Ha3HnaTe1IhHbIH ypHa1I BeCTHHK X e no cux nop He ne'laralOTC II pa60Thl COTeH aBTOPOB TOllhKO nOTO­ UCTUHbI U3naHH II lIUTOBCKOX KaT01lHKOB XpOHHKa nHTOBCKOii MY KaTOlIH'leCKOii UePKBU U lIUTOBCKoro HaUOOHa1IbHOrO ABH KeHH II 'ITO OHH He OTKa3a11HCb OT CBoero yOO KAeHH II 0 He06xo l HMOCnt peCPOPMbI CHCTeMbI COBeTCKoro Tuna 0 He06xo l HMOCnt AeMOKpa­ nt 3a 003 KOTOPOH nOA yrpo30ii He TOllbKO CO a1IU3M HO U reXHH'IeCKOe pa3BUnt e CTpaHbI YpHa1I Aywpa 3TO 3aTuwbe 6bIlIO 06eCne'leHO pe3KHM YCH1IeHHeM npecneAo­ BaHHii Beex BHAOB HHaKOMhICJ1U II C KOHua BeCbMa B03MO KH0 'ITO no nOllUnt 'IeCKHM co06pa KeHH IIM 1979 rona 3a 5 lIeT 6hl­ 1IH apecTOBaHbI nOllTH Bee aKTHBHble HHaKOMbICJ11IWUe U MHOrHe fop6a'leB npennOtIHTaeT MOlI'laTb 06 3TOM TaKYIO no3UUOIO B coc­ CO YBCTBOBaBllIHe HM Pe KHM B Mecrax 3aK1IIO'IeHH II Y KecTO'IH1IC II TOlIHHH nOWlTb U KepTBbl nOllHnt KH npoBo l HBWeiic II B qexocno­ 11 0 KpaHHOCTH Ha n01lHT3aKlIlO'IeHHbIX 06PymHBa1IHCb 3a Ma1IeiimyIO BaKUU nocne 1969 r Ho npH3bIBaTb K 6narocnoBlI IITb ee - BOCXBa1IeHHIO 3TOii nOllHnt KU npoBHHHOCTh U no ccpa6pHKOBaHHblM nOBOAaM nOMeweHH II B Kap­ 3Ha'IHT OKa3hIBaTb nOnnep KKY MHorollerneii uep 3a11peTbl Ha CBUAaHH fI C POAHbIMU U J a Ke Ha nepenuCKy C HH­ 1I KH a 3TO nOllunt qeCKa II olllH6Ka KTO 6bI U no KaKHM 6bl MOnt ­ MH HaKOHeu - BaM ee HH Aella1l 1983 r B nepMcKoM lIarepe N° 36 rAe HaxO l H1IHCb Bcero 60 'IenOBeK yMep1lH AeC IITepo C 1980 r no 1986 r norH611H 34 n01lHT33Ka 22 H3 HOX 3a nOCJ1enuHe pH 1984-1986 rona OCTaBllIHMC II B KHBbIX rp03H110 BHe 3aBH­ CHMOCTU OT npnrOBopa 6eccpo'IHoe 3aKlIlOqeHHe B 1983 r BoBpeM II 24 KeCTOKHe H36HeHH II Pe3KO YBellH'lH1laCb cMepT­ HOCTb cpenu n01lHT3aKlIlO'IeHHhIX C 25 He OJIrOro npaBJIeHllll ObIJIa y6e HIlII B CCCP HaBOARJIa Ha MbICJIb 'ITO HH'IerO B HX nOJIo e­ SBe eHa CTarbH ObITb RHH npH HOSOM reHceKe He H3MeHHTCH 10 AH ponOBa s COSeTCKHH KO eKC 188-3 no KOropoH CpOK 3aKJIlO'IeHHH Mor npo eH 3a HapylIIeRHe JIarepHOro pe Kl Ma 18 npocTo no OKJIaAROH 1986 r cpeBpanH caMbIH H3BeCTHbIH B CCCPnOJIHT33K aKa­ 3anHCKe JIarepHOH MHHHCTpall HH 3Ta CTaTbJI a TaK e cpaopHKa­ eMHK CaxapoB HaDHCaJI fop6a'leBY nHCbMO S KOTOPOM YTBep aJI lI HH yrOJIOBHbIX H nOJIHTH'leCKHX OOBHHeHHH HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb J1lIH 'ITO B CCCP eCTb nOJIHTH'leCKHe 3aKJIlO'IeHHbIe H Ha3bIBaJI nOHMeHHO COBeTCKHX rpa aH HaxO IIIHXCH B 3aKJIlO'IeHHH 3a yoe e­ TOro 'ITO ObI nepe OKOH'IaHHeM cpOKa nOJIHT3aKJIlO'IeHlIbIH nOJIy' aJI 14 CJle llUIH He BbIXOAll Ha cBo60 y HUH BKJIlO'IaH CaMoro ceOH HE BOHH3p OARHM H3 3THX BbIXO Ha CBo60 B CPOK onpe eJIeHHbIH npHrOBOpOM CTaJI H nOJIHT3aKJIlO'IeHHbIX C'laCTJIHBbIM HCKJIlO'IeHHeM OTKa3 OT 14 ObIJI AHaToJIHH lIlapaHcKHH CaxapoB B cBoeH ropbKoBCKOH CCbIJIKe He 3HaJI 'ITO 16 cpespaJl l1 lIlapaHcKHH ObIJI OCBooo eH nyreM oOMeHa CBOHX y6e eHHH nHCbMeHHbIH UJIH B ny6JIH'lHOM BbIcryDJIeHHH Ha HeCKOJIbKHX lIInHOHOB f uP 3TO OCBooo eHHe BbI3BaJIO B3pbIB CTan nO'ITH 00H3aTeJIbHbIM yCJlOBHeM oCBo60 eHH I1 TaKHM oopa­ BOCTopra Ha 3ana e Ho oCBo60 eHHe lIlapaHcKoro HeJIb3H ObIJIO 30M lIIecp KfB AH ponOB eme npH KI 3HH Bpe HeBa nOWOTaBJIH­ paCCMarpHBaTb KaK Ha'IaJIO OCBOOO eRHH COBeTCKHX nOJIHT3aKJIlO­ BaJI 06c eHHe KpHTHKH H3HYTPH nOCJle CBoero npHXO K BJIaC­ '1eHHbIX lIlapaHcKHH ObIJI B OCOOOH CHryau HH - ero cy 6a onpe· TH 3ry nOJIHTHKy OH npO OJI aJI CTaB reHceKOM He H3MeHH­ eJl l1JIaCb He nOJIHTHKOH no OTHOlIIeHHlO K HHaKOMbICJIHllUIM BHYT' JIOCb nOJIO eHHe nOJIHT3aKJIlO'IeHHbIX H BO B peMH npaBJIeHllll lJep­ pH CTpaHbI a B3aHMOOTHOIlIeHHHMH Me y CCCP H 3ana OM npe ­ HeHKO e Bcero CIlIA B MapTe H30paH M 1985 r reHepaJIbHbIM ceKpeTapeM fopoa'les Ho o Ha'laJIa 1986 UK KITCC ObIJI r He ObIJIO HHKaKHX npH3HaKOS H3MeHeHHH npe HeH nOJIHTHKH HH B o6JIacTH npaB 'Ie­ Ho Tor a e B cpeBpaJIe 1986 r npoH30lIIJIO eme OARO o· cpo'IHoe oCBo60 eHHe MaJIO KeM JaMe'leHHOe - BbIlIIeJI Ha CBO­ 6o BJIa Hp ITopelII o H3 oCHOBareJIeH MOJIO e Horo XPH­ no 5 JIeT JIarepH CTHaHCKoro ceMHHapa ITopelII nOJIy' HJI 3a s HHTepSblO ra3eTe l PaHlf Y3CKOH KOMDapruH IOMaHHTe fopfia'leB a CCbIJIKH B nOCJIe H eHb 3aKJIlO'IeHHH nepe nepeBo oM B B cpeBpaJIe 1986 r CKa3an 'ITO B CCCP 3a y6e eHH l1 He CYAllT T e nOJIHTH'IeCKHX 3aKJIlO'IeHHbIX B COBeTCKOM C0103e HeT 3ro ObIJIa C03HaTeJIbHaH JIO b Be HOBbIH reHceK 3HaJI no CCbIJIKY 1 aBrycTa 1984 r H 3 ro­ JIOSeKa HH no OTHOlIIeHHlO K 6opu aM 3a 3TH npasa BOJIee TOro ITopelII no 3aBe eHHoMy Tor OObl'lalO ObIJI apecToBaH 3a HapylIIeHHe pe Kl Ma H npHrOBOpeH K TpeM ro­ M JIarepH nOCJIe '1ero OH OJI eH ObIJI COrJIaCHO npHrOBopy KpaHHeH Mepe 0 oeCCYAROM 3aro'leHHH A Caxaposa H 00 ocy e­ OTOblTh H Ha3Ha'leHHYlO eMY no nepBOMY npHrOBOpy CCbIJIKy HHH Ha CCbIJIKy ero eHbI E BOHH3p B pyr B cpeBpaJIe Ha caMOM eJIe fOpOa'leB 3HaJI H 00 apecTax H cy x Ha HHaKOMbICJlHmHMH no KpaiiHeH Mepe C HOHOPH OH CTaJI KaH o u u aroM B 'lJIeHbI ITOJIHTOlOPO 1979 r Kor UK KITCC H CTan npHcyT­ CTBOSaTb Ha 3aCe aHHHX ITOJIHTOlOPO TaK KaK OOmaH nOJIHTHKa 1986 r HbIH CpOK HenpaBHJIbHO npHcy eHHbIM A 3a TO 'ITO OH OTObIJI nOJITOpa ro B JIarepe no HeBepHOMY npHrOBOpy ero OCBo60ARJIH OT CCbIJIKH npH'lHTaBIIIeHCH no nepBoMY npHrOBopy 3TO ObIJIO BeCbMa HeOObl'IHO H B cepMe 3aKpaJIaCb H e a no OTHOlIIeHHlO K HHaKOMbICJI I11UHM H pelIIeHHe cy eo H3BeCTHbIX B pyr HOBoe pyKoBO CTBO Ha'IHeT oCBo60 arb nOJIHT33KOB HHaKOMbICJlHllUIX He OOXOAHTCH oe3 caHKlI HH 3Toro cpaKTH'IeCKOrO TaK H npoH30IIIJIo OARaKo CJly' HJIOCb SbIClIIero opraHa BJIaCTH B CCCP B OKT I10pe 1980 r fop6a'les CTaJI 'lJIeHOM ITOJIHTOlOPO H CJIe­ OSaTeJIbHO ObIJI He TOJIbKO HHcpopMHposaH 0 nOJIHTHKe napTHiiHQ­ ro pyKoso cTBa no OTHOIlIeHHlO K HHaKOMbICJI I1mHM HO H caHKlI HO­ RHpOBaJI ee BMeCTe C pyrHMH 'lJIeHaMH ITOJIHTOlOPO C03HareJIbHaH 26 JIO b 00 OTCyrCTBHH npeCJle OBaHHH 3a H ero OCBOOOARJIH npH3HaB BTOPOH JIarep­ no He cpa3y HaOOOpOT Pe HM B MeCTaX 3aKJIlO'IeHHH CTaHOBHJICH Bce CBHpeneH H Ha nOM cpOHe npoHCXOAH­ JIH OT eJIbHbIe oCBo60 eHHH HO JIHIIIb npH YCJIOBHH paCKaHHHH TaK B MapTe 1986 r BnOCJIe CTBHH OCBo60AHJIH TPOHX nOJIHT33KOB BbIHCHUJIOCb 'ITO cpeAH nOJIHT33KOB Obma npOBe eHa IIIHpoKaH KaMnaHHH no CKJIOHeHHlO HX K paCKaHHHlO 27 llpH O mtOBpeMeHHOM ' KeCTOlJeHHH narepHOrO pe I HMa 11 0 HeB03­ nHHX A MaplJeHKO BeChMa HenOCTaTO'lHa fH6eJIh AHaTOJIHH MO I HOCTH KO HaHeCHa cymeCTBeHHblH ypoH Me KIJ YHapo mtoH peilYTaUHH HOBoro 3TH Tpoe COrnaCHJIHCh Ha Tpe6yeMhle HatJaJIhCTBOM JIarepii 3ai1BJIeHHii B Mae oCB060nHJIH eme nsOHX - Y l e 6e3 paCKail­ reHceKa 11 3a 3THM ne'laJIbHblM co6blTHeM OqeHh 6b1CTPO HHiI HO 06a OHH KaK H llopelll OT6hlBaJIH nOnOJIHHTeJIhHhle CpOKH HO 6bICTPO Ma pqeH­ He06hllJaii ­ WIH COBeTCKHX YCHOBHH - npOH30lllJIO panOcTHoe C06bl­ 3a HapYllleHHe pe l HMa B03HHKJIO JmelJaTJIeHHe 'ITO eCTh pellleHHe THe He HCnOJIh30BaTh 3TY craThlO a no OcraJIhHhIM nOJIHTJaKntolJeHHhle HHeM 'ITO OH Hero l eHa BOJIbHbl BepHYThCH B MOCKBY Korna OHH Toro TaK H 6YnYT CHneTh TOJIhKO B HlOJIe 1986 r nOilBHJIHCh nepBble nO l eJIalOT H3BeCTHiI 'ITO nsyx nOJIHT33KOB oCBo60 J H1IH OT OCHOBHoro cpo­ Ka H 6e3 pacKaiIHHii Ho 06cTOilTeJIhCTBa HX oCB060 l J eHHii 6bIJIH HeilCHhl H3-3a cKynocTH HH p0pMaUHH B oKu6pe npOH30lllJIO ceH­ call HOHHOe OCBo60 l J eHHe PYKoBO 1J TeJIeii MOCKOBCKoH XeJIh­ CHHKCKOii rpynnbl IOPM OpJIOBa H HlBeCTHOH Ha 3anane n03TeCCbl I1PHHbl PaTyIDHHCKOii B HOil6pe HHlO Heme o mto - nsa oCBo60 l J eHHii no paCKaiI­ 6hIJIa oCBo60 l J eHa CTapaii 60JIbHaii l eHmHHa - JIHTOBKa HnsHra EeJIilYCKeHe MO l eT 6hlTb IIO COCTOiIHHlO 3 J 0­ poBbil TaK 'ITO KapTHHa K KOHUY 1986 r Ho B 3TO BpeMH IIPOH301lIJI0 TparHlJeCKOe C06blTKe - 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