rpa lJ aHaM npaso BbIcrynaTb C KpmHKOH HO TOnbKO KpHTHKa na J OniKHa ObITb KOHCTPYKTHBHOH HaH60nee OTpa J HbIM COOblTHeM KOHiPepeHlUW B lJaToKya Obl­ na BCTpeqa C M 'JKeCTBeHlIOH H B TO Ke BpeMH HCKnW'ImenbHO MHrKOH KeHmHHOH Be L YI1lHM COBeTCKHM COIUlOnOrOM TeOpeTH­ DUfI JZ DP30llU KOM nepeCTpOHKH TaTbHHOH 3acnaBcKOH Ee OTKpoBeHHbIH H Tpe3­ BhIH noroco J K BHYTpHnOnHTH'leCKHM H JKOHOMH'leCKHM npo6ne­ MaM CCCP - nyqwee J OKa3arenbCTBO 'ITO Cpe J H OnH3KHX K ropoa­ 'IeBCKOMY PYKOBO J CTBY nW J eH eCTb cepbe3HO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIe B cymecTBeHHblX H J alleKO HAYIIlHX peiPOpMax OB E llHlUllOlIlHE H PA3 E llHH SIlOlIlHE IIJAKTOPbI B AMEPHKAHO-COBETCKHX OrnOIUEHIDIX Ho eCnH He C'IH­ TaTb 3acnaBcKoH B lJaToKya ol lno MallO nO J TBep K J eHHH HOBoro MbIWneHHH XOTH COBeTCKHe rOCTH npH3HasallH HeOOXO J HMOCTb KpHTH'leCKOH OUeHKH npownoro 3m HX 3aHBneHHH 3By'lallH He O'leHb HCKpeHHe COBeTCKaH CTopoHa He BbInOnHRna H CBOHX 00H3aTenbCTB IIIHPOKO OCBemTb KOHiPepeHUHw B lJaTOKya B COBeTCKOH ne'laTH R BHHMaTenbHO cne J Hn 3a COBeTCKOH npeccoii HO HaIlIen TaM nHwb KpOXH a Hane'laTaHHble B llpaB J e B 113BeCTHHx H HOBOM BpeMeHH CTaThH ObInH BeCbMa TeHAeHIUl03HbIMH llpasAa no co­ BeTcKoMY TeneBH J eHHW nOKa3allH BblcrynneHHH J HpeKTOpa HHCTH­ Tyra KeHHaHa llHTepa PeAAaB3H KOTOPblH npH3blBall rOBopHTb Ha KOHiPepeHIUlH B lJaTOKya 0 Tex iPaKTopax KOTopbIe pa3'be J HHHWT CCCP H CIlIA a He 3aHHMaTbCH CeHTHMeHTallbHbIMH H3llHHHHHMH O J HaKO ceCCHH no BonpocaM WCTHIUlH H npaB 'IenOBeKa B KOTOPblX yqaCTBOBall PeAAaB3H He nOKa3bIBallH no COBeTCKOMY TeneBH J eHHW H He OCBemanH B COBeTCKOH nellaTH XOTH COBeTCKHe npeACTaBHTenH B lJaTOKya e KeAHeBHO 3aBepWIH yqacTHHKOB KOHiPepeHllHH 'ITO B COBeTCKHH COW3 'Iepe3 cnyTHHKH CBH3H nOCTOHHHO nepeAaWTCH TeneBH3HOHHbIe COOomeHHH 0 KOHiPepeHIUlH H 'ITO OHa IIIHPOKO OCBemaeTCH B COBeTCKOH nellaTH COBeTCKaH CTopoHa He n03aOOTH­ naCb 0 TOM 'lTOOhI COBeTCKoe HaceneHHe Y3HallO 0 none3HbIX J HCKYC· CHHX npOHCXOAHBIIIHX B lJaTOKya 'ITOObI COBeTCKHe rpa KAaHe MornH caMOCTOHTenbHO CAenaTb BblBOAbI no TeM npo6neMaM KO­ Topble 06cY K J allHCb Ha KOHiPepeHIUlH 'ITO CBH J eTenbcTByeT 00 OT­ nH'IHHX rnaCHocm J nH BRYTpeHHero nOTpeoneHHH OT rnaCHOC­ m Ha 3KcnopT BblcrynaH B 'laToKya B 3TOM YHHKallbHOM aMepHKaHCKOM ropO J Ke H XOTen ObI nOAen HTbCH C qneHaMH COBeTCKOH J eneraIUIH H co BceMH DpHCYTCTByromHMH CBOHMH MbICllHMH 0 TOM KaKHe OTHOWeHHH C COBeTCKHM COW30M XOTenH ObI HMeTb aMepHKaHI bl H 'ITO B nOM nnaHe MHe Ka KeTCH B03MO KnbIM C J enaTb KaK H Bbl H HaOnWAaW 3a TeM 'ITO npOHCXO J HT B CCCP KaK H y Bac y MeHH BOJHHKaer MHO KeCTBO BonpOCOB 0 OYAymeM pa3­ BHTHH aMepHKaHO-COBeTCKHX OTHOWeHHH OHH Bbl3bIBaWT COMHe· HHH H 03aOO'leHHOCTb no eCTb H Ha J e K J a CerOAHH H 0YAY rOBOpHTb o CBOHX HaAe KAaX fuIHeWHHH BCTpe'la COBeTCKHX H aMepHKanCKHX rpa K J aH COBnalla ObITb MO KeT C MOMeHTOM HCTOpH'leCKOrO nepenOMa - OHa npOHCXO J HT B HCTOpHtieCKHH MOMeHT KOrAa J BepH OCTaBaBllIHeCH B Te'leHHe Aonroro BpeMeHH 3aKpbITbIMH MorYT OTBOPHTbCH H CTa­ RYT BH J HMbIMH HOBbie uenH HOBbIe MapwpyTbI nporpecca H na J e K J J J1H Bcem 'IenOBe'leCTBa Eme JlocToeBCKHH yTBep KAan 'ITO cpe J H KHBbIX C03AaHHH nHWb 'IenOBeK He HMeeT TO'lHOH iPopMynbI nOBeAe­ HHH B onpeAeneHHbIX OOCTOHTenbCTBax llonOMY TonbKO OT Hac 3a­ BHCHT CYMeeM nH Mbl BOHTH B OTKphIBaWmYWCH J Bepb HnH ORa 3axnonHeTCH nepe J HaMH BOBce He Hame BblCOKOMepHe a caMa AeHCTBHTenbHOCTb nOACKalblBaeT HaM 'ITO H3 Bcex CRn ODpeAenHW­ I1lHX XOA AanbHeHWHX COObITHH J Ba HapOAa 0YAyr HrpaTb Ba KHeH­ wyro ponb Ka KeTCH HcnonHHeTCH npopo'leCTBO TOKBHnH 'ITO OA­ Ha KAb1 BoneH npoBH J eHHH AMepHKa H POCCHH pa3AenHT OTBeT­ CTBeHHOCTb 3a CYAbOy 3Ha'lHTenbHOH 'IaCTH MHpa B ooeHX CTpaHax eCTb 226 nw J H nonaraWmHe 'ITO ceMeHa HOBOH 227 HalliH HapO D hI nOCTOHHHO CTpeMHJIHCb K xOJIO WIOH BOHHbl 3aJIO KeHbI B HamHX OTHOmeHIDIX H 'ITO MHp CJIHlIlKOM MaJI AIUI ABYX CBepXAep KaB • H OTBepraIO MbICJIb lJTO HaM npe IUla3HalJeHO OCTaBaTbC Be1 HbIMH BparaMH Mbl MO KeM C03AaTb HHoe oY1J yIUee C TOro BpeMeHH KaK HaIIIH yqeHble pa3raAaJIH n epHbIH pe­ Tpy D HblM UeJI M H Bbl n ep KHBaJIH HcnbITaHIDI BbIABHraeMbIe nepe n HaMH 3eMIIeii MbI BepHJIH B ee IUe n pOCTb H CJIHIUI OM lJaCTO BocnpHHHMaJIH ee cnocoo­ HOCTb K BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO Kat HelJTO CaMO COOOH Pa JYMeIOIUeec Tenepb nOCJIe qepHoobIIIH H JIaB KaHaJIa MbI yoe D HJIHCb 'ITO OHa oyc COBeTCKHe H aMepHKaHCKHe BoeHHbIe apCeHaJIbI rpo30BblM 00­ MO KeT CTaTb KepTBOH 3JIoynoTpeOJIeHHii H nOHHJIH lJTO cnOCOOHOC­ JIaKOM BHC T Ha n oy1J yIUHM HaweH nJIaHeTbI TH 3eMIIH K B03pO K lJ eHHIO MO KeT npHHTH KOHeu H no C03 n aJIO HacyIU­ 'uBa ro n a Ha3a n II BH n eJI r JIYOOlJaii mee B MHpe 03epo - H 'IO HeOoxo D HMOCTb COXpaHeHH MHpa e n HHcTBeHHbIH H KaTerOpH­ lJeCKHH HMnepaTHB - HH npH Kat HX OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX Mbl He n OJI K­ Koe 03epo oaiiKaJI • H CHOHPC npHexan Ha OaHKaJIbCKHH oeper B nOJI n eHb RhI BoeBaTb n pyr C n pyroM M Bce Ke TO TBep n oe H npOCToe npaBHJIO He MO KeT nOKpbITb nOCJIe YTOMHTeJIbHOrO nepeJIeTa H3 MOCKBbl Kor n a II no n omeJI K Bce npo6neMbI Ihoe KaTb BOHHbl eIUe He 3HalJHT yKpennHTb MHp BH D HO Moe pa30lJapOBaHHe ObIJIO TaK Ke BeJIRlCO KaK H tyMaH oaiiKaJIY 03epo ObIIIO CKPbITO ryCTOH MrJIOH HH1 ero He OblJIO oopboa HanpH KeHHble OTHOIlleHHH H KOHCPJIHKTbl Me K lJ y HalliHMH K CTpaHaMH npo n OJI KaIOTCH feHepaJIbHbIH ceKpeTapb UK KI1CC npH­ nHcaTeJIeM BaJIeHTHHOM PacnyTHHblM II BepHYJIC Ha 6eper oaiiKa­ 3b1BaeT He YKJIOH TbC OT OCTpblX npOOJIeM TaK AaBaiiTe OTKpOBeH­ na Heoo ObIIIO 'lHCTbIM H HCHbIM nepe n HaMH npocTHPaJIHCb BO D hI HO paCCMOTpHM 'ITO HaC OO'he D HUXeT H lJTO pa3 n eJIHeT Ha1 HeM TOT npouecc KaK nepBblH mar Ha nYTH K np01 HOMY MHpy OOIUee CBOHCTBO HamHX Hapo n oB JIIOOOBb K CBoeH 3eMIIe M D l1H COBeTCKHX JIIO n eH H AIm aMepHKaoueB 3eMJIH HCT01 HHK Hamero BeJIHlJIDI 3TO qyBCTBO 3aKaJIHJIO HaIIIH HapO D bl KpaCOTa 3eMJIH BocneTa B HamHX neCHHx cTpaAaHIDl KOTopbIe OHa npH1 H­ HHeT - HCT01 HHK HameH CKOpOH 3HeprIDI nepBbIX aMepHKaHueB CTHMYJIHpOBaJIaCb ReOO'hHT­ HOCTbIO TeppHTopHH KOTOPaH npH3bIBaJIa K OCBoeHHIO HOBblX PY­ BelJepy CJIe1J yIOIUero lJ H l nOCJIe npo n OJI KHteJIbHOH oece D hI C 03epa - rJIyooKHe HenO D BH KHbIe lJHCTble B TIUlHCTBeHHOH THIIIHHe npHpO D h1 MHe CJIbImaJIOCb D hIXaHHe BpeMeHH• H oIUyrHJI lKHBOTBOP­ HbIe CHJIbl H3BeCTIlbIe H aMepHKaHCKOMY H coBeTCKoMy HapOAaM KOTopble 3HaIOT lJTO TaKoe 3eMJIH qyBCTBa O D HaKO lJyBCTBO 3eMJIH - H HHKor n a He 3aoy n y noro He e D HHCTBeHHoe lJTO OO'he D HuxeT HaC Me K1JY HaMH CYIUeCTBYIOT H KYJIbTypHbIe CB 3H nO 3H H My­ bIKa oaCKeTOoJI H xOKKeJi HO npe K lJ e Bcero JIIOOoBb K JIHTepa­ OT AHTOHa qexoBa n o COJIa oeJIJIoy B 1966 r eIUe Oe KeH OHH paCIIIHp JIH rpaHHUbI AMepHKH yKpOIUaJIH ee D HKYIO TYpe - npHpo1J y H 3aKJIa D hIBaJIH OCHOBbI ee H300HJIUX OHH ClJHTaJIH 3eMIIIO cTy n eHTOM-nYTemecTBeHHHKoM II e3 D HJI Ha MalliHHe H3 CCCP B Oy n yqH HCTOlJHHKOM CHJIbI H cpYHAaMeHTOM CBOHX 1J yXOBHhIX ueHHOCTeH BeHrpHIO H BCnOMHHaIO KaK Ha rpaHHue OblJI 3a n ep KaH Ha lJeTbIpe M3 1 3Ca nOKa nOrpaHH1 HHK npoCMaTpHBaJI MOW KHH lKKy - HX OTuomeHIDI K 3eMJIe BbIpOCJIO qyBCTBO Re3aBHCHMOCTH B COlJeTaHHH C yBa KeHHeM K KH3HH CBoOo n e H CTpeMIIeHHIO K cqaCTbIO 3TH HeoT n eJIHMbIe npaBa OCTaIOTCH OCHOBOH aMepHKaHCKO­ ro xapaKTepa onpe n eJIHIOT HalliY npHBep KeHHOCTb n eMOKpaTHH POMaH CTeHHoeKa MblIIIH H JIIO D H Hac OO'he D HHHeT H Hame HCTOpH1 eCKOe npoIlliIoe Ooa HalliH HapOAa nepe KHJIH HeJIerKHH onbIT pesOJIIOilHH H y n oBJIeTBOpeHHe B OTJIHlJHe OT CpaBHHTeJIbHO KpaTKoBpeMeHHoro aMepHKaHC­ OT cTpOHTeJIbCTBa HOBoro oOIUecTBa H lJTO peAKo BcrpelJaeTCH B KOro onbITa HCTOPIDI POCCHH YXO D HT Brnyob TbICHlJeJIeTHH 3TO OTHomeHIDlX Me K lJ y KpynHeiimHMH MHPOBblMH n ep KaBaMH MbI HH­ HCTOPIDI TPHYMCPOB H Tpare D HH lJaCTO n oCTHraBWHX repOH1 eCKHX KOrAa He OblJIH B COCTOHHHH BOHHbI n pyr C n pyrOM HanpoTHB Mbl MacmTaOoB 3TO HCTOPH pa3BHBaBmaxC Ha HeOO'hHTHOM cpOHe OblJIH COI03HHKaMH B BOHHe KOTOpyIO BbUIl'PaJIH BO MHorOM 6na PYCCKOH H COBeTCKoH TeppHTOpHH BeJIH1 eCTBeHHbIX Oe3MOJIBHbIX rOAap OoPboe COBeTCKoro Hapo n a C rHTJIepoBCKHMH OKKynaHTaMH npOCTopOB JIeCOB H 03ep oeCKpaHHHX CTeneH CTpeMHTeJIbHbIX no­ TOKOB MoryqHx peK HenoABH KHbiX neCKOB nYCTbIHb HeOCBoeH­ HhIX npOCTpaHCTB CHOHPCKOH TaHrH H TYHAPbl 228 HaKoHen Hac OO'he D HHHeT CTpeMJIeHHe K CBoOo n e OOJIbme lJeM 'ITO ObI TO HH OblJIO aMepRlCaHIl b1 n eIDIT CBOOo' 1J y MbI BbIHeCJIH BOHHY OoPHCb 3a Hawy CBOOo1J y C KOJIOHHaJIbHOH 229 lJ ep l aBOH MbI ueHHM He TOIIbKO CB060 IJ Y CTpaHbI HO H CBo60 IJ Y BaCHIIHH AKceHOB lJ OII I eH 6bIJl 3anIIaTHTb H3rHaHHeM 3a B03MO l ­ Ka I IJ OrO qenOBeKa B AMepHKe KaK CKa3aII TOKBHIlb llyx peJtH­ HOCTb ny6nHKOBaTh CBOH pOMaHbl MbI Pa lJ bl qTO 3TH TaIIaHTJlHBble rHH H CB060 lJ bl HaXOJJ HTCH B AMepHKe B nOJtHOM corIIaCHH HaM IIIO IJ H CeHqaC Y Hac HO MbI He MO l eM nOHHTb nOqeMY COBeTCKHH qy I IJ a H lJ eH 3anpeTa KaKOH 6bl TO HH 6bIJlO peIIHrHH KaHIl eB CBo60 o a - llnH aMepH­ COlO3 TaK HenpHBeVIHB K AMepHKa OCHOBa qeIIOBeqeCKOrO cymecTBOBaIlHH OHa He CaMbIM OTKpbIThIM B MHpe 06meCTBOM He MO l er TaK I e nOHHTh H OmymaeT KaK yrp03Y OT o aeTCH H He npo o aeTCH HH 3a KaKYID ueHY DOIIee Toro Mbl Bcer o a BepHIlH qrO JtH'lHaH CB060 IJ a - 3 HM XY lJ O l 8HKaM HBIIHlOmaHCH B03M0 l 80 3TO COBeTCKoe npHCTpaCTHe K ceKpemOCTH AMepHKaHCKHe IIH lJ epbI UeIIb Bcero qenOBeqeCTBa Mbl 3aHMCTBOBaIIH HamH lJ OKTPHHbl H3 BOBce He CTpeMaTca nOCToauuo HanOMHHaTb 0 rpexax COBeTCKoro AHrIIHH fpeUHH H lJ peBHero J 13paHIlH Bo BpeMH HameH peBOIIIOIJ HH npOIllJIoro HO lJ a I e reHepaIIbHblH ceKperapb UK KfICC HaM nOMOraIIH nOJtHKH HeMIJ b1 H 4 PaIlUY3b1 a Mbl B CBOID Oqepe IJ b r Op6aqeB CKaJaII qrO COBeTCKHe JtIO IJ H lJ OII I 8bl 3HaTb Bce H C03HaTeJtbHO 060 BceM cy lJ HTb fIonpocTY rOBopa COBeTcKHH COlO3 lJ OII I eH qaCTO nOMoraIIH lJ pyrHM HapO D aM 06peCTH CBo60 o y 3TH YCTpeMIIeHHH He MoryT 6bITb qy I IJ bI Hapo o aM COBeTCKoro peaIIHCTH'leCKH oueHHTb CBoe npoIllJIoe H H3BIIe'lb H3 Hero ypoK COI03a CKOIIbKO PaJ npeO IJ OIIeBaH npe IJ eIIbI qeIIOBeqeCKHX B03­ EC1IH COBeTCKoe rocy o apcTBO XOqeT qr06bl eMy lJ OBepaIIH OHO M0 l 80CTeH pYCCKHe IIIO IJ H - npe I IJ e napTHH HbIX KpeCTbHHe H n03TbI KaJaKH H qJteHbl nO IJ HHMaIIHCb Ha 3aIIJ HTY CBoero OTeqeCTBa OT HHOCTpaH­ 3aBoeBaTeIIeH Bcero IIHlllb 80 BcnOMHHM fIyraqeBa KOTOPbIH B03rIIaBIlHH qeIIOBeK BCTynHII B CXBaTKY C KpenoCTHHKaMH Bcero lJ 01l l 80 npO IJ eMOHCTpHpOBaTb 6e3 TBep lJ OrO y6e I IJ eHHH 'ITO pa6CTBO 6bIJlO THrqanIIIHM npecryn1le­ BCnOMHHM fIecTeIIH KOTOPbIH C HeCKoJtbKHMH COTHHMH coJt IJ aT 6pocHII Bbl30B MorymecTBY H l eCTOKOCTH uapH A pa3Be B CBo60 lJ b1 lJ 0 Tex nop nOKa KaK CKaJaII BpeMeHa MbI He HMeJIH 6IIeCTHmHX npHMepoB HeYTOJtHMOH l a I IJ bI npaBa HHKOr D a He CMOr1lH 6bI CnpaBHTbCH C paCOBOH npo6neMoH B CUIA HHeM B uarnH npH3uaHHe 3HaTb npaa D y 3a rpa l lJ aHaMH CCCP AMepHKaHIl bl C03HaIOT qrO MbI HameH HCTOpHH COBeTCKHe 1I1O IJ H He 06perYT n01lHOH 20 1IeT HaJa D AH lJ peH Ca­ xaPOB 06meCTBO He OCMblCIIHT KpHTH'leCKH CBoe HCTOpH'leCKOe CB060 lJ bI HCXOJJ HmHX H3 caMoro cep IJ ua COBeTCKoro COI03a 3TH npOIllJIoe H He 06peTeT nOHHMaHHe KaK H nOqeMY MorIIH 6bITh npHMepbl lJ OnymeHbl CTOIIb Y l aCHble 3IIoynoTpe6neHHH B1IaCTblO nO IJ aaaIIH HaM AXMaTOBa H fIaCTepHaK 6ec'lHCIIeuuoe 11 MHO l eCTBO 6e3bIMHUUbIX xpa6peuOB KOTopbIe He CTparnaCb rp03H­ HaKOHeu Mbl aMepHKaIlIJ bl KpaHHe nO IJ 03pHTeIIbHO omo­ mHX HM BeTpOB KOIIbIMbI pacnpOCTpaHHIIH 3anpemeUUbIe pYKonH­ CHMCH K CTpaHe npOTHBHIueHCH Boccoe IJ HHeHHlO ceMeH OTKa3bIBalO­ CH npe3HPaH 3anpeTbI ueH30pa TO'IHO TaK l e KaK HX npe IJ KH 06­ meH CBOHM rpa I IJ auaM B npaae HaaemaTb l HBymHX 3a rpaHHIJ eH XO IJ HIIH ueH3YPY uapH HHKOJIaH fIaJIKHHa 6IIH3KHX 3TO MO l er nOKa3aTbCH MeJIO'lb1D B CpaBHeHHH C perHO­ Bce-TaKH HecMoTpH Ha 06IIJ HOCTb III06BH K 3eMIIe Boeuuoe Da1lbHblMH KOH4 IIHKTaMH HIIH npo6IIeMoH H lJ epHblX BOOPV I eHHH COI03HH'1eCTBO KyIIbTypHYIO 6IIH30CTh H 06mee HarnHM Hapo o a M Ho WIH MHorHX aMepHKaHueB npe IJ OCTaB1IeHHe B03MO l HOCTH COBeTC­ 11 cTpeMIIeHHe K CBo60 IJ e - HaIIIH cTpaHbI pa3'be IJ HHHeT orpoMHaH lJ HCTaHlJ HH HamH 06meCTBeUUbIe HHCTHTYThI H HOPMbI nOBe IJ eHHH rIIy60KO PaJIIH'lHbI KHM rpa I D aHaM BOCCOe IJ HHHTbCH pO IJ CTBeHHHKaMH HBIIHeTCB C npo l HBalOmHMH Ha 3aIIa IJ e OCHOBHbIM yCIIoBHeM BK1IIOqeHHH CCCPB Me I IJ ynapo IJ foe co06meCTBO rOCY IJ apCTB TaK aMepHKaHUaM COBeprneHHo HenOHHTHO nOqeMY COBeTC­ CeKpeTHOCTh penpeCCHBHOCTb H 6eC'lYBCTBeHHOCTb He cno­ KHe rpa I IJ aHe IIHllleHbl MHOrHX OCHOBHbIX cBo60 IJ Mbl He nOHH­ C06cTBYIDT yKpenneHHID B3aI1MOnOHHMaHHH Me I IJ y COe IJ HHeHHbIMH MaeM noqeMy POCTponOBH'I He Mor lJ HpH l HpoBaTb HIIH HrpaTh Ha BHOIIOH'leJIH y ce6H Ha pO IJ HHe fIoqeMy nDaHHCT BIIa IJ HMHp l eIIbU­ MaH lJ OII I eH 6b1II 3MHrpHpoBaTb qT06bl HMerb B03M0 l 80CTb BbICTY­ naTb C KOHIJ epTaMH fIOqeMY DapblrnHHKOB cqen He06xo IJ HMbIM WIH CBoero TBOpqeCKOrO pOCTa nOKHHytb CBOID CTpauy fIOqeMY 230 UlTaTaMH H COBeTCKHM COI030M I1TaK KaKHM 06paJOM Mbl CMO l eM yIIyqmHTb HamH OTHorne· HHH C yqeToM Bcero Toro 'ITO Hac pa3'be IJ HHHeT fIpe l lJ e lJ pyr 0 Bcero MbI lJ OJt l 8bl HMeTb HCHoe lJ pyre OTHorneHHe aMepHKaIlueB K npe IJ CTaBIIeHHe COBeTCKOMY COlO3Y 231 BapbHpyeT OT npHHRTIUI lICeJIaeMOrO 3a neHCTBHTeJIbHOe no Bpa JK u efi­ OWHfiKII OAHaKO yJlytfWeHHe B3aHMOnOHHM3 HHR npH3BaHHe Pa3JIH­ Horo neCCHMH3Ma HeKOTopbIe C'IHTaKlT 'ITO HanpR lICeHHOCTb B Ha­ lIHH H onpeneJIeHHe ofilUHX HHTepeCOB He MO llCeT npOH30HTli 3a O J IIH IIIHX OTHOWeHHRX - pe3YJIbTaT JIHWb HenOnOHHMaHHR no MaJIOCy­ neHb KOHq JlHKT npoH3pacTaeT H3 CTOJlKHOBeHHR HHTepecoB nnR weCTBeHHbIM BOnpOCaM a HeKOTOpbJe YBepeHbI 'ITO COBeTCKHH ocnafineHHR KOHq POHTauHlI H omCHOCTH BOHHbl TpefiyeTcR 3TH Ham 3aKJIRTbIH Bpar H BOnJIOmeHHe 3JIa COI03 M npOTHBopellHBble HHTepeCbI npHMHpHTb Mbl nOJl JICHbl cnenOBaTb Te H npyrHe KapHKaTypHble npe nCTaBJIeHHR npHBO J RT K TaKIiM nYTeM Tpe3BO II YBepeHHO war 3a warOM ofiemaR JlHWb TO OWHfiO'IHbIM BbIBo naM OAHH BHyWaKlT HaM JIO JICHoe 'lYBCTBO fie30­ 'ITO MO llCeM BbmOJlHHTb CeiAac CaMoe JIYtfWee BpeMR J JIjJ HatfaJIa mCHocTH KOTopoe nocne COfibITHH npOH30we u wHX B qexocnoBa­ noro npouecca no Toro KaK MHXaHJI fopfia'leB CTaJI reHepaJIbHbIM ceKpeTa­ KHII MH B Aq raHHCTaHe nepexo J HT B rHeB no nOBony nonymeHHo­ UK KnCC JlHWb CaMble HellCnpaBHMble OnTHMHCTbl B AMepHKe ro npe naTeJIbCTBa npyrlle He n03BOJIRIOT yaHneTb B03HHKaIOlUHe peM BpeMR OT BpeMeHH 3KCTpaOpnHHapHbIe B03MO JICHOCTH ynOBJIeTBO­ BepMH B B03MO JICHOCTb cymeCTBeHHOrO yJlyqweHHR aMepHKaHo-Co­ pHTb B3aHMHbIe npereH3HH ocnafiHTb HanpR lICeHHOCTb H npHfinH­ BerCKHX oTHoweHHii 3HTbCR K ofimHM UeJIRM CR non rHeTOM KOCHOH H neOJlOrHH yTOnaKlmYIO B TR lICeJIOM 3KOHo­ HenOHHMaHHe Coe J HHeHHbIX DITaTOB B CCCP no Meub _ueH B TO BpeMR Mbl BHneJIH CTpaHy HaxO J RmYIO­ MH'IeCKOM JaCToe H KOPPynUHII Oq IIu HaJJbHbIX JlHU H B TO lICe BpeMR Mepe TaK lICe BeJIHKO H onaCHO COBeTCKHe PYKoBO J HTeJIII npeyMeHb­ uapaIIIHBaIOmYIO waIOT Hamy 03afiolJeHHOCTb no nOBoAY HapyweHHH npaB 'IeJIOBeKa COBerCKHM reHepaJIaM BbI J aJIH KapT fiJlaHW J JIjJ y noBJleTBOpeHHR H HH l HBH nyanbHbIX cBofio n OHH C'IHTaKlT 'ITO Bawa BHeWHjJR no­ HX JIHTHKa q 0PMYJIHpyeTCfI B HHTepecax aJItfHbIX KaRHTaJIHCTOB 'ITO Hawa nOJIHTHKa B ofinacTH OfiOPOHbI AHKTyeTcR BoeHHo-npoMblw­ COI03a Ho B JIeHHbIM KOMIIJIeKCoM Tapb OHH He nooueHHBaIOT CTeneHH CBo60 J b1 aMfiHIIHii UK 3a BOOpy JKeHHR ClJeT 1985 r C03naBanOCb 3KOHOMHlJeCKOrO BneqameHRe fiy nymero 'ITO COBeTcKoro nOBeRJIII BeTpbI nepeMeH feHepanbHbm ceKpe­ KnCC fopGalJeB npH3BaJI K peBOJlIOIJ HOHHbIM 113MeHe­ cnoBa B neMoKpaTlltfeCKOM ofimeCTBe II afiCOJIIOTHO HrHopHpYIOT HHRM H HCTOplltfeCKOH nepecTpoiiKe coBeTCKoH CIICTeMbI K npo­ qyBCTBO ropnOCTH KOTopoe Mbl HCllbITblBaeM B CBR3H C TeM 'ITO Bee ueccy B KOTOPOM MHome COBeTCKHe yqacTHHKH HbIHeIIIHeH KOHq e­ fionee IIIHpoKHe cnOH aMepHKaHCKoro ofimeCTBa npHHHMaKlT yqac­ peHIJ HH HrpaKlT Be nymYIO POJlb THe B nOnHTlltfeCKOH JKH3HH 'ITO B HaCTORmee BpeMR COBeTCKM BHeWHRR nOJIHTHKa 60Jlee lJeM 3TH npe ncTaBneHHR Henenbl H HepeanHCTHtfHbl ECJIII COBeTC­ Koe PYKOBO nCTBO TeIIIHTCR no nofiHblMH MJII03HRMH TO OHO OKa­ lICeTCR He3acTpaxoBaHHbIM OT CIOpnpH30B pa30'lapoBaHHH HeBepHbIX paC'IeTOB H OWHfiOtfHOH nOJIIITHKH B q eBpaJIe fopfialJeB TaK lICe CKa3aJI Kor na fibl TO HH fibIJlO onpe neJlneTCR BHyrpeHHeii nOJlHTHKOH CCCP JaHHTepeCOBaHHOCTbIO B npeofipa30BaHHH CTpaHbl H B npotfHOM MHpe BJlaro napR BblCTyIIJleHHRM H neRTeJIbHOCTH fopfialJeBa aMepH­ nnO nOM TaKoro po na HaUIHX npe nCTaBJIeHHH 0 CCCP H COBeTCo KaHUbl CTaJIH 3a naaaTbCR BonpoCOM 0 BepHOCTH CBOHX npe JICHHX KHX npe nCTaBneHHii 0 Hac CTaHOBIiTCR CTPax CTpax 'ITO npyras npenCTaBJIeHHH ofi CCCP He fibIJlH JIH OHH OIIIHfiotfHblMH BblTb MO­ CTopOHa Ha'IHeT BOHHy KOTopaR npHBe neT K npHMeHeHIlIO RnepHoro lICeT nepeMeHbl B CCCP BCe-TaKH B03MO JICHbl PeaJIbHbI JIll pa J HKaJIb­ 0PY JICHR 3Toro HHKorna He Cny'lHTCR eCJIIi pa3YM B030fina naeT H nOfiHTbCR TOp llCeCTBa pa3YMa - Bawa 06mM H caMM maBHM 3a u a'la 60nee RCHOro rrpe nCTaBJIeHIIR npyr 0 npyre HaM Ha no npH3HaTbCR B TOM 'ITO HH 0 u Ha CTopoHa He CTonb HelJeCTBa H He CTOJIb HaHBHa KaK Ka llCeTCR npyroH Ka JK J bJH H3 Hac MO llCeT Koe­ '1eMY HayqHTbcR APyr OT APyra TaK lICe KaK H HCnpaBHTb npoWJIble Hble nepeMeHbI TaM He cne nyeT JIH HaM nepecMoTpeTb HaWy nOJIHTH­ Ky no OTHoweHHIO K CCCP MbI 3HaeM 'ITO Hawe BJlHRHHe Ba BHYTpeHHHe neJIa CCCP OrpaHlltfeHo Ho B TO lICe BpeMR Mbl Bee - rpa JK D aHe e J IIHoro 'IeJIOBelJeCKOrO coofimecTBa H Mbl aMepHKaHUbl y6e JK D eHbl 'ITO npollHbIH MHp H pacIIIHpeHHe CBo60 J bI conyTcTByIOT npyr APyry· n03TOMY R XOTeJI 6bl OTKpoBeHHo B nyxe npHcyTCTBYIOmeM B qaToKya no neJIIITbCR C COBeTCKHMH neJIeraTaMH HaUIHMH MblCJIRMH 232 233 H COMHeHH IIMH no nOBOA ' TOro 'lT0 MbI Ha6JIIOnaeM ceHlJaC B Co­ EBponbI caMHM ccllopMHpoBaTb HX rocynapcTBeHHbIH CTPOH H OTHO­ BeTCKOM COI03e • Bo-nepBblX HeKOTopbIe H3 npe 1 laraeMbiX fopOOt eBbIM pe­ lIleHHH C BHelIlHHM MHpOM cllopM CyJlRT C03naHHe 06mecrBa C 60Jlee JcllclleKTHBHOH JKOHOMH­ II03BOJIRT JlH COBeTCKOH MOJIO J e I H 3aKJIeHMHTb BOHUY B Acll­ KOH HO OHH TaJlT yrp03y CJIO lKHBlIleMYCR B CCCP cTaryc-KBo H no­ raHHCTaHe C TaKOH l e CHJIOH C KaKOH MOJlO J ble aMepHKaHllbI OT­ J1HTHt eCKOMY HCTa6JIHlIlMeHry AMepHKaHI I bI nOHHMaJOT 'lT0 COBeTC­ BepraJIH BOHHY BO BbeTHaMe Koe PYKOBO J crBO CTOHT nepe J crpaTerH'leCKHM BbI60pOM J1H60 C6Y J eTCR JIH Bee 'ITO H nepe'IHCJIHJI HJIH ocymecTBHTCH npH J ep l HBarbCR npe I Hero Kypca npH KOTOPOM BoeHHaJI MOmb H BHyTpeHHHe penpeCCHH IIBJl llIOTCR OCHOBHbIMH pblt araMH BJIaCTH JIHlIlb He60JIblIlaJl t aCTb JTHX O I H J aHHH CKOJlb rny60KYIO BcnalIlKy HJlH pa3pelIlHB 60JIee OTKpbITbIe cllopMbI BbIpa l eHH II MHeHHH J 06H­ KIICC fopoot eB COBeTCKOH HCTOPHH HaMepeH npOBeCTH reHepaJIbHblH ceKpeTapb UK BaTbC II paClIlHpeHHR Kpyra OMa J aJOmero MaH J aTOM Ha ynpaBJIeHHe HeKoTopbIe aMepHKaHUbI C'IHTaIOT 'ITO B CCCP HCTHHHbIe pe­ CTPaHOH H TaKHM 06paJOM 06ecnet HTh pa3BHTHe CHCTeMbI AMepH­ cllopMbI HeB03MO I HbI 'lT0 OHH 6Y J YT CBe J eHbI Ha HeT HHepll HeH cymecrBOBaHHH npoMe l fTO'IHOrO TIyrH CHCTeMhI BbIXOJIOmeHbI HJlH OTBeprHyrbI npOTHBHHKaMH nepeMeH AMepHKaHIIaM HHTepeCHO raK I e 3HaTb HaCKOJlbKO RCHO reo CymecrBYIOT TaK I e OnaCeHHR 'ITO ycnex pecllOPM 6Y J eT cnoco6­ KaHl l bl COMHeBaIOTC II B HepaJIbHbIH ceKpeTapb UK KIICC Hero crOpOHHHKH TIpe J CTaBJl llIOT crBoBaTb npeBpameHHIO CCCP B 60Jlee CHJIbHOrO H onaCHOro conep­ ce6e TPYAHOCTH TPaHcclloPM COBeTcKoro rocynapCTBa MbI Ha· HHKa KOTOPbIH npe h llBHT 3anaAY HOBbIe Tpe60BaHHR 6mO J aeM 3a TeM KaK J aJIeKO H KaK 6b1CTPO OHH npo J BHraIOTC II PecllopMarop yrBep l J aJI MaKHaBeJlJIH npHo6peTaer BparOB no JTOMY nyrH H nOMep l HBaeT JIH HX COBeTCKHH HapO J Mbi cnpa­ B mn e Bcex KOMY 6hIJI BbJrO J eH npe l HHii nOp ll J OK BemeH H JIHlIlb lIlHBaeM HaMepeHbI JlH napTHR H rocynapcTBeHHaJI 6IOpoKpaTH II BHJIbIX crOPOHHHKOB cpe J H Tex KOMY MO l eT 6bITb nOJIe3eH HOBbIH Ha KOTOpyro t aCTO l aJIyeTcR reHepaJIbHbIH ceKperapb fop6at eB pa3 J eJIHTb BJIacrb C COBeTCKHM Hapo J OM ByAYT JIH paClIlHpeHbI npaBa H yaeJIHt HTC II JIH pOJib npocllcoIO­ lOB K TOMy BpeMeHH Korna B pe3yJlbTaTe nepecrpoHKH B03HHK­ MyT cepbe3HbIe TPYAHOCTH J JIR Tex KYO JIHlIlHTC II pa60TbI CMoryr JIH COBeTCKHe rpa l a aHe caMH BbI6HpaTh 'ITO HM t HTaTb CMOTperb CJlYlIlaTb nOKynarb H npO J aBaTh KyJIbType H penHrH03HbIX BepOBaHHRX IIepeCTaHeT JIH 6b1Tb B03­ MO I HOCTh nyrelIlecTBOBaTb npHBHJIerHeH JIHlIlb H36paHHblX CTaHeT JIH COBeTCKaR HCTOPHR BKJIIOt aR craJIHHCKHe t HcrKH rOJIo J Ha YK­ paHHe H KOJlJleKTHBH3aIJ HIO npeAMeTOM t ecrHoro paCCMOTpeHHR JIIO J eH CTpeMRmHXC II K ycraHOBJIeHHIO HCTHHbI COKpaTRTC II JIH BoeHHbIe paCXO J bI B crpaHe H 3a py6e l OM 6oJlblIlYIO aBTOHOMHIO Hall HOHaJIbHOcrHM H Hall HOHaJIbHbIM MeHb­ HaXO J HBlIlHMCH nO J pyCCKHM roc­ nO J CTBOM II03BOJIHT JIH COBeTCKoe PYKOBO J CTBO HapOnaM BOCTOt HOH 234 l e 60JlblIlHHCTBO aMepHKaH eB 60JleeT 3a pe­ HblH MHp Tpe6yeT 60JlblIleH OTKPbITOCTH COBeTCKoro 06mecrBa Tenepb Kor J a J OJIrHe rO J bI 3anepTaH J Bepb MO l eT npHOT­ KPbITbCH MbI aMepHKaHUbI J OJl I HbI 6bITb J ocTaro'IHO rH6KHMH J JIH nepeOCMbICJIeHHR 'lTo6hr He ynyCTHTb HbIHelIlHIOIO B03MO I HOCTb yCTaHOBJIeHHR npo'IHoro MHpa MbI nOHHMaeM Ba I HOCTb JIora H36e l aHHR aCOB BOHubI J JIH pa3pelIleHHR KOHcllJIHKTOB BbI3BaH­ HbIX CTOJIKHOBeHHeM HHTepecoB ECJIH pecllOPMbI B CCCP 6Y J yr npo J OJI I 8TbCH H BepIO 'lT0 MbI CMO l eM COKpaTHTb o6hI'lHbIe BOO­ pY l eHHbIe CHJibI cmA H CCCP B UeHTpaJlbHOH EBpone TaK l e KaK R J epHbIe BoopY l eHHR CeHlJaC y Hac 60JIblIle B03MO I HOCTeH C03­ a aTb HHoe 6yA 'mee nOTOMY 'lT0 KaK CKa3aJI COJI I eHHUbIH HC­ BKJIIOlJaeT JIH npH3bIB reHepaJIbHOrO c eKperapR K neMOKpaTH31Uum J eC IITHJleTHRMH M Bce H neperOBopOB J JIH npe J OTBpameHHH H lJ epHOH KaTacrpocllbl J JI II IIpH3HaeT JlH COBeTCKoe PYKOBO J crBO pa3JIHt HR B nOJIHTHKe lIlHHCTBaM nopH J OK cllopMaTopoB H 6oJIblIlHHCTBO aMepHKaH eB y6e l J eHO 'ITO npot ­ TOpHR - no MbI BCTpet H nO J 06HbIe HblHelIlHeH KOHcllepeHlI HH B qaToKya 061 e J HHRlOmHe J eRTeJIeH nOJlHTHKH peJIHrHH H HCKYCCTBa Ot eHb Ba I HbI MbI H aeMC II B rOJIocax cnoco6HbIX Bblpa3UTb npocrbIe t eJIOBet eCKHe qyBCTBa TaKHM 06PaJOM t T06bI OHH craJIH nOHIITHbI nOJIHTH'leCKHM J e llTeJIHM MbI My l J aeMCH B aMepHKaHO-COBeTCKOM 235 copeBHOBaHlfH WIH COXpaHeHHH '1eJIOBe'lecrBa a He WIH ero ymNTQ lKeHHH B copeBHOBaHHH KOTOpoe nOMO lKeT 06eHM crpaHaM cnpa­ BHIbCH C HX BH 'TpeHHHMH npo6neMaMH a He yrpO lK3 IOmeM MHPY pa3PyweHHeM Mbl H ' aeMCH B npopoKax H Me'ITaTeJIJlX He MeHb­ we '1eM B reHepanax H 6lOpoKpaTax HaM H ' lKH0 pa3pa60TaTb ro­ BOpH cnoBaMH BaneHTHHa PacnyrHHa HHOH OJIaH BbInOJIHeHHe KO­ OTPLlBKH H3 HHTEPBbIO nPE llOCfABJIEHHOrO T H 3ACJIABCKOA f YPHAJIHCfAM HA KOH EPEHQHH TOporo H3MepHeTCH He TOHHaMH H Ky60MeTpaMH a Aj'lllaMH B TOKYA o B03MO lKHOCTH lJ eKOJIJIeKTHBH381UfH Ha npoTH lKeHHH BceH MoeH lKH3HH H o'lem MHOro 3aHHMaJIaCb KOJIX03aMH H B TO BpeMH KOr lJ a H HattHHaJIa C HHMH pa60TaTb 3TO 6bIJI 1950 ro lJ KOJIX03bl KOHettHO npe lJ CTaBJIHJIH co60H lJ ocraTO'l­ HO lKaJIKOe 3peJIHme nOCKOJIbKY 60JIbwaH '1aCIb npo lJ yKToB C03 lJ a­ BaeMblX B HHX H3blMaJIaCb '1epe3 HH3KHe neHbl B 06meM nO'ITH He nJIaTBJIH 3a TPY lJ JIIO lJ H lKHJ1H 3a C'IeT JIHttHblX nO lJ C06HbIX X03HHCTB H T lJ Ho C Tex nop npOWJIO MHOfO BpeMeHH H B '1aCTHOCTH B KOH­ ne 50-x - Ha'lane 60-x rO lJ OB B nepHon XpymeBa KOr lJ a MHoro ne­ JIanOCb WIH ceJIbCKOrO X03HHcTBa nocne npo lJ a lKH MTC KOJIX03aM H np KOJIX03bl Ha'ianH nOKa3blBaTb CBOIO O'leHb 60JIbnIyIO CHJ1Y H OrpOMHblH nOTeHIJ HaJI KOTOPblH OHH B ce6e HeCYT MHe npenCTaB­ JIHeTCH 'ITO KOJIX03HaH l opMa npoH3BOnCTBa B cnyttae eCJIH KOJIXO­ 3bl He HBJIHIOTCH cnHWKOM KpyIIHblMH a OHH K CO lKaneHHIO Y Hac HBJIJlIOTCH cnHWKOM KpynHblMH OHa C O J HOH CTOpOHbl TaRT B ce6e '1pe3BblttaHHO 6oJIbWyIO B03MO lKHOCTb pa3BHTHH H C npyroH CTOPOHbI cOOTBeTCTByeT coBpeMeHHoMy 06mecTBeHHoMY C03HaHHIO B CCCP neJIO B TOM 'ITO 60 70 JIeT cOBeTcKoH BJIaCTH H y lKe nO'ITH JIeT cymeCTBOBaHHH oGmecTBeHHoro CeJIbCKOrO X03HHcTBa npH­ BeJIH K TOMy 'ITO HeCKOJIbKO nOKOJIeHHH CMeHBJIOCb H Te JIIO lJ H KOTopble cerOnHH pa60T3 IOT B KOJIX03e HJ1H COBX03e He TOJIbKO HHKorna He 6bIJIH e J HHOJIHttHHKaMH HO y lKe HX PO lJ HTeJIH He 6bIJIH enHHOJIHttHHKaMH BHHX HeT ne lJ b1 HX BCTynanH B KOJIX03bl B 3THX ycno­ nCHXOJIOfH'leCKHX npennOCblJ10K WIH pocnycKa KOJIXQ 30B nOnYCTHM Mbl pacnycKaeM KOJIX03bl H nepeXO lJ HM Ha l ep­ MepcKHH THO X03HHCTBa HeT HH nCHXOJIOrH'leCKHX HH COu HaJIbHbIX 236 237