Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on 12-03-2021 pursuant to E O 13526 MOR Case # 111020 mvDW D 1 mmvv twJlmB Ul IWV lillsl IWIBls 15 lillsall lls wa1meilkjll D CBm 'ill Jlbl Jrn 00'1JW W i0 EB PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 9 tO 11 J3 14 5 •16 • 18 - -· TH E IR 'O N T H UM -B - - - ••- - - - ••- - •- - • --------------t'l9 1 - ----------------'------------ 29 'lllli DOCIJHiN 11 CQNtfAINS GODHW9RD 1 IAIJIERIM JOP SECRET ltN8A CHC88 N8A C88M 111-2 • hi C tetal'J' 2 • 'f0P BEEJR Ef Published Monthly by Pl Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations MARCH 1978 VOL V NO 3 'f0P BIORll'f INon - Responsive PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 EO 3 3 b 3 PL 86- 36 50 USC 3605 8ESRl3'f SP81f l r •• • r· · Ill I• • • t • • ' intere- 8 eade s • • Aryl now the entire psoc ss beginning with the 'eziru ing • • t -' • • • 9¥J1S ee •Ltmgllttrle I • • • • • • Along time ago and far'away Chines charac i e'rs iere im1ented to nprisent what ma have een a mono yllabic laftguaae Today mdst peoThe specific impetus for this paper however •ple_•have the impressiop that Chinese is till is discussion-centered around the definition mo osyllabrc -- that i each character l 'epreprocess There are managers whg sants a rd This is o lY partially t e tionary lookup for each word •ny wordJ do use one character gaa vsh1 azs is unnecessary because lingu sis soul no JrriddZs Jaeaztt others do vot aar asn • all anyway And there are linguists who t ink Words like aar are ca1 ied compounds and re that they do know it all On the other ¥id made up rom two or tijree i-ndividual ch acters there are managers who thinlt that sincj the The wor car combines the t tara ters for gas machine provides a translation they• an save• and vshi oZ s Thus ga and vahi aZ e are words money by using nonlinguists or at l l f lesse r- only f aar is me nt quality linguists And there are linguists w o But the convention for wtiting Chinese is are under the fmpression that the IJll Chine is sup- that ult characters are giv n equal spacing posed to offer a translation f• re ect the one f the fundamenta i problems of readifig machine because the translation •is 1na eciuate Chil ese therefore i s the uestion of woich Since machine-assisted transla t pn and l1fl UiSt cha racters combine into compounds in t h utilization are topics withs currenCY this • to be read singly paper is an a t t e m p t e correct tis• this pfoblem even apprehensions about in this regard ween p rases causes ud sentences since but also to introduce a me of operation to punctuation is usually omitted For exa le 1f h t I © -- · © - · 1 -- __ _-m-----1 --------------------- 1 There a •a nlllllber of 2111°ions available in his If one readsl Jls part of the comppund 2 one gets interpretation A But one part of the compound•• 1_____ _ one 3 g rpretation B which is less concrete • Moreover one can read 1 as the end of one clause 4 sentence reading z' 3 either as a complete sentence or as the beginning of the next sentence or one can read l 2 as a sentence with 3 beginning the This problem of identifying words and phrases next sentence In combination these options bears directlv on how much time is spent in a yield four possible translations dictionary With text A B C D a linguist if March 78 • CRYPTOLOG Page 19 8138RH'f BP8KB - -·- - - -- - -sr- -• ----- • Sfi€RBII' 8P81Ul I uy know all four characters singly but have to look up AB BC and CD as compounds ••Or •hit• •Y know AB and CD but have to ensute that BC is not relevant in cpritut The llanhours spent in J an be-cut drastically by relying To use the phrase coined by Norman · t 1s the iron thumb that never gets tired of turning dictionary pages U gives all possible combinations and their meanings - - jp a f loup - • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ' tt t t • • •• •• • o o o o o o Anatutio Factors urn L The o • d o x 4 1 - s 'the Eoliow7 o s or product titles was selec 1 'ed froll reports issued during the few weeks pre eding the writing of this paper March 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 20 SECRtllf' BPOK i EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 j RCRE r 8P01ill 'i ·c t · • · • ' - -· • • • r _ ' • • 11 ---- · ·- - - ' _ _ _ _ ' ' ' - ' - _ _ I • •l Sixth as a corollary of tne anov po1nt l ithere is a pressing need to retain 11d-dissalitate widely ·the results of linguiftlc reseaf Fina1'Jv ah •• l a 1 ft n •• I r · r - - _ •• I a fleitible and responsive ·17 cootinu'-----------------------1 iflg f r tf ptace the aost coaplete infonnaReporting in its pl'edecessors iion possibfe it the fingertips of the linguist B25 • 84 and I 837 BS B241 has been affected by several • factors I analyst in prdlr to make maJtilllUIII use of scarce human resolh cr p To eitpand on the simple defini- I Most o her report ' 'l1i n g l ' 'nasi lo e en - c on c e rn e r 11 - r the hand with current development and on the ctther hand with long-term trends· in fairly road terms •Third in response to this the work style that has developed is one in whlc linguist analysts read understand absorb large amounts of f data in the original language They then pro duce narrative reports wl J ch are a synthesis of significant developMllts or trends in their area of responsibility • f Pourth in such a lituation for a synthesis i to be broader or deeiff or better the analyst first absorb mote data the quality of the analyst_ not 1•--··--•--i moansl • ·• · unus i nere 1s oppor1 uni y '1' 0r 1 ne sys- t_e_m_t' o contribute greatly to the speed and sophistication with which an analyst digests his material At the same time the system serves as a channel through which each analyst contributes directlY to the understandinR of tion of t-l ' -•-- • - one and llUSt h•ino 1 ndaP Thie • an every other analyst I March 78 • CRYPTOLOG • PaJe 21 iiCRl r SPOH t-h• • • -- EPOL 3 3b 3 86-36 50 use 3605 I 8EOR8f SPOH March 78 • CRYPTOLOG Page 22 l I EPOL 3 3b 3 _ 86-36 50 USC 3605_ iR H'I' 8P8KE r March 78 • CRYnuLOG raJe il IIRT 8P81i8 f - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 8ESR8 8P9Kfl March 78 • CRYPTOLOG Page 24 SBCHlf' 8P9K R - - -- ----------------------- EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 · - - ' 8 BGRG f SP9KB ·- - history As a me IIS of eas l na the tran ir- • tion from the 'acad4Fii comlll1plity 'hich • naturally co11i entra th on characU i s to an organization • • • • • • I and as a means or _ un ng P•ut1c1enc r • • in characters for t 'he l nguists in• such an • • organization such jl feature is hignly de- • • sirable The cost of aading Chinese yracters to a hiah-volU11e loJ has however • been greater than was wort while in term of both 110ney spent•and• ille lost in pro- • cessing Fortunate y tit' this instance com puter evolution is 110vin i at a rapid pace Another review of this q ieJ t on has recently taken place and cost ffeoti ve fast haracter- priJ Ung technology may soon ·b e available ' • • • routi ut i available to analysts by category on paper or itrvf1$ he at their option In addition print of any individual SltoRPIY _ '-• rurned off or on at any time lmaY also be sunnressed bv ca• I • I 0 • EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 use 3605 • • • I • I -t i Reading ths T 1 1t Brrg'Lish • • Managers are constantly looking for way to get jobs done at les cost whether in salazy level or in t ainina investment An obvious question therefore is•why can1 t a no9iinguist ''read the English dictionary lookup erp lTP ________________________ several reasons whv this is i DPracticalC • Fourth there is a tendency 8JIIODK inexperi• I • I These reasons • enced linguists or nonlinguists to take the 1 notell 1ne11v1e1uauy 1n pnS1ng above are here • English dic tionµy definition as truth The exrecapitulated with an e le perienced linguist knows that the dictionary • lookup b only a tool and treats it accordingly I March 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 25 SBGRBT 8P9IEB - - -- EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 iGGRB J 8P0KE March 78 CRYPTOLOG Page 26 _ _- - - i -- - -- _- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ii€H'f 8P8KR March 78 CRYPTOLOG Page 2 S ORB f 8P8H - - -· ·-· EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 seette SP8HB - ·- i ••••• · ••' • ' • • R m val' forwarded tQ wo fdaily I retrieval-data bases First a 60-day file is maintaine On-1-lna in nn•- laVl on one- dav-oFf I • • • IThb file auo a gap between the daily progr aa and the long- erm•retrieval file Data is 11 dded to the long-i i rm file month by month file reside bo STRONGBOX and contains 10 years of a 6n a ne-year-on one-year-0£ basis I aken off STRONGBOX rnains wailable 1n tne tape librai-y for special reques ts extends • I Bpth jetriev •systems use the I • ln the 12-month period ending in August more than 23 900 indiviqdal requests were in 60 batches run aHinst an averalle of 7 vears of data I ne resu L ne retr1eva scan 1s presented 1n statistical fonn to the analyst who then makes print no-print decisions based on his anticipated workload I I out Jt can be either paper or microficne w1-i n • • • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 • •• •i • • • is n4V' nn A l ae-le • • Ii tUlS 'Ol'is and lz11 tR 1977 made I II I ts ot or without full dictionary lookup I f March 78 CRYPTOLOG • Page 28 Sll0RDlf SP8KS ---- ' '---'''- - -· - ·------ - - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 BBSRl f 8P0KB 1------------- Conclwrion • fhas existed unchanged in concept since 19 2 which is to say either that its current sponsors are badly behind the tilles or that its creators were very farsighted Having seen the system respond dynamically to changing environments and requirements over the years I think that the latter is the case The system is not perfect -- there are useful improvements that can be made to it right now -- but l believe that the concept will reaain valid fo he fores •ble future 1 March 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 29 •1 Non - Responsive I