Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on 10-06-2020 pursuant to E O 13526 MDR 107694 National Secu ty Agency Fort George G Meade Maryland JUNE 1973 'I· I l I J •l l I ' •1 ' ' I I ' This is V11 a9on Seed There is fantasy irony and the bite of reality in the name It speaks of the East A d like the East it suggests much says little V agon See is both Mothei China and her neighbors 011 agon See db is monumental and 11' inuscule It is the past and future · It begs for elaboration but gives none In it are echoed softly slurred Mandarin brittle Vietnamese determined Korean In it is the spectre looming over the Thai Lao and Khmer It is frightening and friendly It is uncertain Above all O agon Seed is promise It is fertile with ideas unbounded to be cultivated with creativity and imaqination It is challenge It is alive It will be more than it is V11 a9on Seed4 is yours May it grow with you The Editors I 'ft P S lffi'f UMBlb PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1 DRAGON SEEDS Publisher DONALD E MCCOWN CHIEF B03 Managing Editor Executive Editor Minnie M Kenny Roberts Benjamin Feature Editor Richard v Biographical Editor Curtin Rewrite Editor Jane Dunn Education Editor Marian I Reed Victor Tanner Special Interest Editor Ray F Lynch Composition Composition Helen Ferrone Lorna Selby PRESS CORPS B11 Carolyn Y Brown B43 Mary Ann Laslo B12 Philip J Gallagher B44 Jack L Thomas B2 Dee Ensey B45 John E Uzarek B31 Jack Spencer BS Nancy Fournier B32 Jean Gilligan 8611 833 Louis Ambrosia B62 Edmond J Guest B34 Thomas L Wood 863 George B41 James w s·chmidt B42 Peggy Barnhill -- --- - f s Patterson B63 William Eley ' EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 use 3605 Vol 2 Nr II • • TIILE IE·CIITEITI Buddha Speaks • • • l • GUPPY Mother Swims with TIDE Peggy Barnhill 8 One Chance In Three •••••••••••••• Wm Gerhard 10 Marketing Our Product •••••• Walter o Abbott 18 The Open Door The C Paraellelogram or A Vietnam•Cover Story ••• • •• Bee Kennard 22 • Reflections On A Non-Random Bane ••••••••••••• Rodney Forbes 33 DA Hitch-hik_ing Cipher •••• Mary Ann Laslo 38 Probing A New Technique ••• Dr Marti Branstad 45 Seedlings 48 Ask The Dragon LAdy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53 Contributors 57 'f6P SBeMYf - - - --- IJ IRRA - -- -- --- ___ _ - _ 1'0P SBORlff UMBRA RYE AN EXTENDED CAPACITY REMOTE ACCESS SYSTEM by Bernie Peters and Carolyn Palmer Pl Namele 1 4 lnde ed i 4 the 4 o u1tc e o 5 c 1te aUon Bu t th i ng4 have a mo the It a nd 4 he ha 4 a name - - - La o Tzu The RYE system was designed to handle a class of problems which was not satisfactorily dealt with by HARVEST or any other computer system current at NSA These problems are characterized by small size the need for immediate reaction the need for intermediate human decision before final results can be produced or the need for file-inquiry or information retrieval on a timely basis Some examples of these problems are 1 Small jobs requiring only seconds on any computer such as evaluating a message write-out on a single width Any computer can compute the average IC and the IC for each column for any one reasonable width in seconds If a fast easily available procedure is at hand the analyst will use it If no quick method is available the analyst may just write a few lines on a width and try by eye or may not attempt to prove or disprove the existence of width phenomena at all The machine method is in general more thorough more accurate and more economical and leads to a higher percentage of solved systems 2 Jobs with veE critical response times These are high priority jobs wor1ng in close support of a reading problem or a T A development of CRITICOM significance 3 Series of programs which are dependent on intermediate results for continued sequencing The analyst considers these intermediate results before choosing the next program to be rwi or before fixing on the parameters for the program 4 Inquira or information retrieval tasks usually vep inputoutput limited Such tasks need the resources o a large computer with mass storage but cannot 1 in themselves justify such a computer RYE permits the efficient performance of relatively large information retrieval tasks while other processing is also being done and thus avoids wasting the time of a large computer All of these problems can be handled more economically by a centrally located large-scale processor to which a large number of stations have access than by scattering a large number of smallscale computers in various locations in the building Since RYE is a real-time multi-channel device the stations may all submit requests and receive back results without interfering with each other Outstations deliver requests and data to the computer via telephone lines NSA grey phone system and receive results back in the same manner Depending on the amount of equipment involved there are several classes of outstations A general station consists of a model 35 Teletype only a Class II station also has a BOSTIC or high speed paper tape reader and punch device1 Class I stations have Teletype and BOSTIC and in addition a lineprinter UNIVAC 1004 and other high-speed equipment as needed PROGRAMMING The UNIVAC 494 is designed to be run on a real-time basis accepting requests as the users choose to submit them and from all stations without interference with each other It can manage itself with a minimum of operator intervention This is accomplished by means of an extensive interrupt system and a sophisticated executive program Each object or worker program must be written with the following characteristics 1 It is assembled so that it is completely relocatable in core and with regard to any facilities such as tape drives drum storage areas etc 2 It uses the smallest possible amount o-f core area consistent with efficiency 3 All input output is accomplished by means of return jumps to the executive REX 4 No use is made of the console typewriter to request operator action other than to complain about malfunctions 2 'f8P SBORfi'f UMBR-A - t _ __ -- - - - · -- -- --- p 8BOIHff UMBRA • S Large programs are segmented as much as possible consistent with efficiency 6 Properly programme error-checks are made to prevent program failure 7 Programs are allowed to rwi only for a specified number of minutes 30 during the normal work-day somewhat longer at night and on weekends and holidays Hence an endless loop cannot tie up a large part of the machine for a long time Also long jobs have to be segmented if they are to be run on RYE at all · With these rules and some additional conventions it is possible to provide prompt service to all the outstations PROGRAMMING PHILOSOPHY The programming philosophy assumes continuous use RYE operates 24 hours a day and 365 days a year insofar as this goal can be attained REX is able to interrupt any program at any time between the execution of successive instructions in order to service high priority interrupts and the interrupted program is completely unaware of the happening outstations may submit requests at any time the Teletype is not already tied up with another jobr in fact all terminals may submit requests simultaneously As soon as feasible after receiving an end-oftransmission signal from a terminal the system will return a receipt giving the date and time of receipt the internal job number assigned to the request the first two lines of the request containing the priority if any program name station numbers to which results are to be foi warded and the requestor's name section and telephone extension Programs are run as soon as possible according to the priority of the jobs awaiting scheduling Priority is determined by the user with the proviso that the user will not request a priority higher than the maximum official priority of the job The user uses a lower priority if he does not want this run to interfere with his own more urgent tasks if he wants the output held for delivery next morning or printed on the downstairs printer or if this is the type of research job which should not interfere with any operational procedures but which he would like to have rwi in any slack time which may develop before next Monday Only in exceptional cases and with documentary 3 'f8P BBeBtl'f UMBRA justification by the appropriate authority is it permissible to run a job with a priority higher than its officially assigned maximum This officially assigned maximwn is based primarily on the amount of machine time core space and additional facilities required by the program but with some consideration of the overall importance of this particular task in the work of NSA Once a job has been placed in the scheduling queue the program is placed in any available space in core as soon as it can be accommodated if the additional facilities required are available and if it is the first program in the queue which can be accommodated Hence a small program may well be scheduled ahead of a larger job which has higher priority Only in the case of a major emergency and on the direct authorization of the Chief A Group Chief B Group Chief C Group Chief Pl or Chief P are such drastic procedures as ditching jobs already in process resorted to in order to get a run started immediately Hence it is incumbent on programmers writing for projects with critical response times to use facilities as sparingly as possible consistent with efficiency The executive runs as many programs concurrently as possible This means that REX attempts to schedule as many of the jobs awaiting attention at one time as possible Once a program has been assigned facilities and loaded into core it can receive a share of the available running time The oldest program in core is the first one to be considered for control If it is awaiting the execution of an I 0 request and has nothing to do the next oldest program will be considered etc Thus a small program which sneaks into core in space too small for waiting higher priority jobs may actually be completed before other jobs waiting in the queue with it are even started--and in what would otherwise be wasted time RYE periodically inventories the queue of jobs not yet completed to be sure that none is being unduly delayed and takes corrective action to insure that all jobs are started within a reasonable time after their request considering their priorities RYE also keeps a complete log of all transactions and is able to answer queries from originators as to the status of their requests For these purposes a unique job number is assigned to each request in strict order of receipt 4 '110P SBORti'f UMBlb - -m• •m 'l'f' ' I _Q l'IIE•c•1•ea1111Y1'11£ liiil-1elh c ·_·_ -_ _ -------'- _ _ a - - -• ee - 'fflP SMRfi'I' UMBlb EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 OUTSTATIONS The basic outstation is a model 35 ASR Teletype This permits communication into or out from the computer at a 10 character per second rate via keyboard paper tape reader punch and printer This means that very long data tapes will take an appreciable time · to input and if a station has ma y such tapes it will want to obtain or make arrangements to use a BOSTIC high speed reader 300 CPS However it should be noted that there are no long waits for other stations to complete their turns before input can • be started so that the 5 minutes it would take to _input 3000 characters or 25 feet of punched paper tape may be preferable to• walking to a station with more rapid input equipment Also it is possible to input a stream once and have it held for a number of • runs without taking the time to re-input it--or to input a long stream and have it broken into sections with an identifier attached f q a h so that an subset of the whol can be selected for proceis- I On the output side of the situation whenever a large volume of output is required it is desirable to have it printed on a line printer to avoid tying up the Teletype This is particularly appropriate when small parts of the output are worthless or nearly worthless until all of it is available to the analyst Four choices of disposition of results are available to RYE users One may require that 1 output be forwarded to the requesting station regardless of the delay encountered before that station is onthe _air and free to receive--a valuable insurance for some compartmented problems 2 one may request output to the station if it is up otherwise printer output 3 output to the station if it is not busy otherwise printer 4 printer output regardless so that the station does not have to stay on the air after normal working hours or will not be tied up if a pressing problem come s along BOSTIC readers are able to accept paper tape at 300 characters per sec ond and in either manual or automatic mode They require an associated Teletype to initiate the request and receive back the receipt for the job They can also be used for punching out long paper tape results for exaJRple weight tapes and crib banks which one wishes to keep on file for later input 5 8P 8fiOJHf P lJMW The remote printers operate at 300 lines per minute They normally have paper of the same size as the Teletypes B 1 2 x 11 and can be used to provide faster output in the same format as the Teletypes A computer printer is always available as an -output device PROGRAMS AVAILABLE In addition to many specially written programs for specific projects several General utility Programs Guppies which should be of use to analysts from various areas are available These can be divided into several groups A DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAMS BIG STET--a large flexible stethoscope package which will accept up to about 100 messages and a total of 24 000 characters and which will allow the user to select the subprograms and options he wishes DIANA--allowing printout of digraphic identities and statistics on ten sets of digraphs where the wanted set is specified by I J and K parameters I indicates the position of the first character of the first digraph of a set J the increment to reach the second character of the same digraph and K the increment to be added to I and J to locate the next digraph of the set INDEX--a flexible index for up to about 30 000 characters where the records to be sorted can be up to line length and cut from the stream in assorted ways the control or sort key can consist of any 15 characters available in the record the input alphabet can be specified by the user in any order he wishes as well as any coding which can be punched in 6 levels of paper tape the output print format is also under his control EPIC Epictetus --program which saves more information about the location of roughness found in columns of a write-out of message beginnings and or endings or in groups formed by summing or differencing groups and columns from this write-out PINKSBURG will provide various level counts etc for 5-level paper tapes 6 M ar - - •- - -- EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 use 3605 a L •• ••I • 'I • B I • MATCHING PROGRAMS I • I • permits a non-homogeneous batch of distrlbutions • to be broken down into sets so that the cross hitting between members of the set is as good or better than the average internal • hitting of the whole batch of distributions XIBAR CASANOVA C I n I I EDITING PROGRAMS These programs perform a variety of editing functions dn a single stream or a pair of streams and output results on conunand to the station or for input to another program Functions which are provided include MASK eliminates bits from a stream accord- ing to the unpunched positions of a mask tape DOBE 1 for 1 2 for 1 or 1 for 2 substitution DROP-KEEP drops or keeps specified codings INDEED inserts into or deletes from a stream-· according to a pattern NEPTUNE local transposition of elements within a given span of a stream DELT combines two streams by sum or difference of characters LACER interlaces a specifie4 number of characters from one stream with a specified number from the other stream • •· D EXPLOITATION PROGRAMS To make possible the exploitation of situations not readily handled by hand but easily managed by a computer GEEWHIZZER--locates stretches of cipher which combine with other stretches to produce plain-text digraphs to break into simple transposition cipher ' I HUSK-i I SCOOT-f I --Vige4ted 6 om the NSA Technical Jou nal Vol IX No 2 May 19641 7 T-QP il RIR' UMIJR GUPPY MOTHER SWIMS WITH TIVE by Peggy Ba 11 nhitt 842 Carolyn Palmer ge t6 excited whe n 6he talk6 about RYE TIVE and AUTOL1NE and well 6he might She 11 eal lze6 how 6a 11 the t echn i que 6 and equipment have advanced in the pcut twenty-odd ye au and he11 achievement in the 6 leld 06 compute II c 11 yptanaty 6 l 6 date 6 p 11 ac u cally 611 om the in i u al combinau on 06 the two te 11 m 6 When Mi 6 6 Palme II a 11 11 i ved at AFSA in 1951 with a 611 e 6hly a wa 11 ded M A ln Math the compute 11 6 11 we 11 e limited to analog mach-i ne 6 and EAM 011 RAM equipment One 06 Mi 6 6 Pa lme11 ' 6 ln i tiat a 6 6 lgnme n t 6 wcu with a g11 oup 06 c 11 yptanalytic gu11 u 6 who combined the ill talent 6 to achieve a 6etdom he a 11 d-06 6ucce 6 6--they 11 ea d a one-time pad 6Y 6 tem With that achievement to in6pi 11 e he 11 it l 6 ecuy to unde 11 6tand how Ca 11 otyn became one 06 ou 11 mo 6t dedicated 6ucceede u A 6 pa 11 t 06 what tate 11 be ca me Pl 6he a t 60 6pent 6ome time e valuat lng the KW • 26 a piece 06 U S c 11 yptog 11 a ph lc gea 11 White that e qu lpment p 11 ove d to be a little be tte 11 than that 06 the competition the co 11 11 ecUon 06 6eve11 a l 6taw 6 which we 11 e 6ound made lt much mo 11 e 11 et-i able • • • 60 11 e l labte ln 6act that it 6t lll con 6titute 6 a majo11 po 11 tion 06 the U S c 11 yptog 11 aph lc 6 lnvento 11 y Ca 11 olyn wa 6 lnt 11 oduced to p 11 0911 amm lng when ne ce 6 6 lty called 6011 t 11 ain ing a nucte u 6 06 BOGART p 11 og 11 amme 11 6 The e Mu i ng cou ll 6e wh lch Mi 6 6 Palme II de 6c 11 lbe 6 a 6 compa 11 ing 6avo11 ably w lth 6ull vival t 11 a i n lng p 11 oduced 6ome 06 the be 6t p 11 0911 amme u we have 1 t 6 g 11 aduate 6 put togethe 11 the BOGART ve uion 06 STET a g11 and6athe11 06 the p 11 e6e nt-day cAypt dia gno6tic pAog 11 am6 The BOGART STET ·wa 6 a g 11 e at advance but a p 11 obtem developed beca U 6e 06 the p 11 og11 am'6 popula 11 -i ty People we e U 6ing STET to ma e S3 mea6u11 emen t 6 06 a c lphe 11 6tll eam when they 11 eatly wanted only th e e To 6o·t ve the p 11 oblem Ca 11 olyn began the development 06 the GUPPIES The6e 6hoAt ge ne11 al• pu11 po 6e c11 yp todiagno 6t lc 6 we 11 e in 6talled on ROBROY and with little va 11 ia tion a 6 capability 06 the 6y6tem advanced they a 11 e much the 4ame tod y Wh lte 6he didn't w 11 ite all 06 the GUPPY pAog 11 am 6 CaAolyn wa 6 gene II ally Ae 6pon6ibte 6011 them She i 6 theAe6oAe mo t widely known cu the GUPPY Mothe 11 8 '19P sec RR WR ··• - - - - · _ _ i'9P SBOR ff UMBRA W-i th the upg11 a de 06 the 6tJ 6tem that the ina ta lla tion 06 RYE b11 ough t Ca 11 olyn began to 6 ee the concep t 6 011 lgina lly env la loned 6011 ROBROY come into be lng Not content w-l th that aucce-06 ahe began planning 6011 what haa become the TIVE AUTOLINE ayatem today Today -0he l-0 planning the 6tJ 6 tem 06 tomo11 11 ow And con-0 lde11 ln9 the advance ma de 60 6a11 and being a wa 11 e 06 he11 in 6 lgh t a nd what a co-wo11 ke11 deac11 ibea a 6 he11 uM eMonably good p11 og11 a mming abil £ ty we a 11 e 6ull e that tomo11 11 ow'-0 6tJ 6 tem w £tl be a-0 much 06 an advance ovell the TlVE 06 today a a TlVE l-0 ove11 the ROBROY 06 yeate11 da y We don't wa n t to g £ve the imp11 e-0-0 lon that Mi-0-0 Pa lme11 live 6 ea ch day to do 011 d-le 001t VIRNSA 6he ha-0 othu -i n te11 u t-0 She po-0ae-0-0e-0 the love 06 good mua-lc wh-i ch -0eem-0 to be p11 e-0en t in nea 11 ly all ompu te11 - type people and la a 11 egula11 -0ubac11 ibe11 to the Na t-lona l Symphony When hell 6chedule pe11 mi t6 Ca 11 olyn -0pend-0 time 11 ela xing in the nea11 by V £11 ginia moun ta ina 011 v-i 6-l ting w-l th a 6a m lly who 6e membe11 a a 1te -0ca tte1ted a long the Ea at Coa a t 611 om New Yo11 k to the Flo1tida Keya 9 'f6P SlJClfflf UMBRA ··---- ONE CHANCE IN THREE---BUT IT WORKED by William Gerhard B6 ARDF needs no trumpeters in B Group in ASA or in AFSS But important as the ARDF program was to become experts in 1961 and early 1962 doubted that the first experiment involving direction finding and an L-20 aircraft would prove successful As it turned out there was one chance in three that the experiment which led to the ARDF program in Vietnam would in fact work at all The following excerpts from an interview of Mr H s Hovey D Ch of Staff for R D Hq USASA by Mr L L Sternbeck and Mr J Gilbert of ASA shed some light on the first ARDF birds to fly for the u s in Vietnam on the early improvising by ASA innovators and despite odds against them on their success Why ARDF was Required in the First Place Q PltJ oJt to ASA' 6 becoming involved i n AROF development 06 the co po bitity within the wo 6 theJte o ny ongoing development A1tmy A The answer is really no There had been of course a lot of development of ADF airborne direction finding systems for navigation purposes which don't operate in the HF range and also the FM homers and other VHF navigation systems Q 601t lL4 • •• The qu uti on 1 o two y-6 had ••• Why W0 -6 -i t to do tha t 60 d-t 66-lcu tt A•••• There is actually a technical explanation for why this difficulty occurs ••• the Vietnamese and the VC were using low power radios Now how do I get in HF a low powered radio ••• say a one-watt power ••• to transmit a hundred miles Well the way to do that is to use a horizontal antenna radiate the energy up to the ionosphere1 then the ionosphere causes it to reflect down on the point you want That means almost no energy is going out directly so you sit over here on the ground with your direction finder even a half mile away and there is no ground wave energy to hear Now an interceptor can listen because the sky wave is coming down from the ionosphere I can sit there and copy what he is saying but when I try to take a bearing I am trying to take a bearing almost straight up and there is just no way you are going to do that Intercept is fine from steeply incident 10 SBORlff UMBRA skywaves but OF needs a much more stable propagation path The salvation is ARDF ••• you get a line of sight to him essentially and there is now enough direct wave energy for you to operate with You still must discriminate against the vertically incident energy That was what had defied everybody because at these frequencies the aircraft dimensions are about the same as an antenna So then all this steeply incident energy comes down on the airplane and the skin of the aircraft is excited with RF currents Your antenna is coupled into it and all you get is a hodgepodge ••• the one great thing we learned technically was how you could make a system that decouples from the plane discriminates against the sky wave energy and operates on the direct wave energy Now on the broadcast band you don't have that problem You are talking large power and a lot of energy that is vertically polarized and radiated out The same with VHF The VHF will not come back down from the ionosphere That is exactly why the Viet Cong used this HF frequency because it did support propagation ••• It was October November of 1961 when the urgent requirement came out of Vietnam because they 3rd RRU members had gone in-country and were trying to use AN PRO-ls and they couldn't The AN PRD-1 is a ground loop type DF set and needs a good ground wave signal to work against A cable came back asking us what we suggested or what we could do The Experiment A Our 3rd RRU and specifically ••• wo George Miller I was the project officer for direction finding systems in these days George Miller and I---I had the action here through command channels and he had the action there---had this exchange of messages there were probably 10 or 12 messages in that sequence We worried about how to improve the AN TRD-4s which is the larger OF set and what we were going to do with his AN PRO-ls Then we got on to what we could do to solve it That was where the idea of trying the aircraft emerged We thought an aircraft would be useful and he agreed that probably the aircraft would be great In November about Thanksgiving I went over to Vietnam along with an engineer named Harold Jaffe from ECOM tu s Army Electronics Command ••••• so we went over and spent a month in Vietnam and wandered around with George Miller and the rest of the people involved We went around on PRD-1 operations ourselves took receivers and listened making measurements of what the propagation conditions were 11 Q Wke n and unde 1t what c i1tc um 6 tanc u dld AS A 6-lM t b e c ome i nvolve d with 1te 6ea1tc h and development 06 ARDF Wa 6 it a 1te 6ult 06 the 31td RRU' 6 1tec ommenda-tion MACV' 6 Vepa1ttment 06 the A 1tmy 'i A You can summarize it by saying that the way we got involved was reacting to the problem--that they couldn't use AN PRD-ls to do the job and the proposition was •could we use airplanes ·And the answer was Yes we think we can '' Q You M1t • J a 66e got toge theft with ECOM on thi 6 and went out with A Exactly Q When did you biting Vepa1ttme nt 06 the A1tmy into thi 6 A We didn't really •• this whole thing was done on a shoestring There were no external contracts made during this time frame all was done in-house at ECOM There were very few approvals obtained because we weren't talking dollar levels that required any approvals Secondly there wasn't a great deal of attention that was attracted in this time frame in the eyes of the Department of the Army The 3rd RRU was calling for a solution but it was to ASA So it was later on that major involvement on the part of DA took place ••• Q Welte the pltou 01tganic to the unit 31td RRU A Yes I don't know how they came to be but LTC Cochrane CO 3rd RRU Saigon had acquired two pilots one a CPT Bill Simpson who later came and worked here and CPT Don Schessler They were both Transportation Corps officers and didn't know anything about ASA until they came in I believe a lot of credit belongs to them for having operated the thing Q Did they come explicitly 60 thi4 p1tojec t A Yes that was something the 3rd RRU had arranged We went out the first time feeling we could produce the gadget and LTC Cochrane handled the arrangements for getting aircraft which he borrowed from a Signal Unit I believe and the two pilots Later we came back with the equipment and put it on 12 10P SEOBE BIie A Right Q How much te4ting we e you doing the e A we were running a pretty extensive program In the first place it was a fairly simple system although it performed an elegant solution We had done work earlier with VHF ground direction finder a thing called AN TRD-16 which ECOM developed which is composed of a pair of antennas differentially connected That was a very effective ground direction finder in the VHF That was the technology which we applied to the HF but increased the spacing between antennas In terms of hardware you weren't talking a great deal--a receiver some cables the antennas on the aircraft and a little bit of circuitry to connect them That was the size of it in the first version It was a kind of thing which did not require weeks and weeks of fabrication It did require an awful lot of testing A whole series of antennas were tried to get out of the coupling problem with the airframe-that was going on at Fort Monmouth--the actual testing When we felt we had something we were able just to use the shops at Monmouth to fabricate antennas cables and other things and rush over and install them ourselves •••• Q Wa4 the e any t aining involved by the pilou and ope a- t oM A There was a lot of training by the pilot This was very demanding of the pilot because he had no navigation system which would tell him where the airplane was at the time he was taking the bearing He had to learn to fly over a point on the ground that he could then identify on his map as he took a bearing The operator who was flying with him with a map had the duty of operating the receiver The operator's task was not too different from the one he had operating the PRD-1 or an intercept position He had to find the signal frequency and copy it · making sure he was on the right one So that was pretty much what he was used to on the ground except he now was in a plane and had all the risks of getting air sick etc But really the pilot was the one who had to do this by pointing the aircraft at the target and slueing the tail back and forth reading on his gyrocompass while he was still over ground he could recognize A skilled pilot can do that very well but this is something the average Anny aviator isn't trained to do 13 -'1181 ·- •jUMBltk • When we installed the thing we worked a couple of days with the pilots there refining it We flew a lot of hours ourselves They caught on very quickly To prove what we had done we had a hidden transmitter hunt The 3rd RRU hid some t ansmitters around Saigon and they went out and found them If the pilot was careful in finding a bearing even this first system could be incredibly accurate For instance during this hidden transmitter test the system showed which side of a road at a junction the transmitters were We were talking even then about accuracies of hundreds of meters Q Why we e the L-20 a i c a6t 4elected 60 AROF1 Whe e in the United State4 4nd when did the initial ARVF te4ting t« e ptace'I A• • • we found out that this aircraft was fairly available over there It was adequate for our purposes because you needed something with good visibility it could carry two or three people and some equipment •••• The L-20 just happened to be a very nice airplane for the purpose The big thing was it was available over here and could be maintained because the MACV Flight Detachment was who their people worked with in the beginning--the old MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group Flight Detachment actually The Detachment had L-20s Q Wa 6 it the Signal Co p4 4om whom we had bo4 owed the eady ptanu A Yes it was the Signal Corps we got the aircraft from We had the one aircraft at Monmouth from the Flight Detachment that we had put the antennas on and it eventually worked out very well That became the basis of the system we took ·over We went over with equipment to do three airplanes As I say this went as luggage I went1 Harold Jaffe the ECOM project engineer went a technician from ECOM by the name of Walter Day went and an airplane technician by the name of Danny Shargus Danny's job was to mount the antennas on the aircraft Walter Day was the electronic technician who was to help Jaffe and me get the system together Jaffe and I did most of the flying So we had this airplane which worked well at Monmouth We went to Vietnam and they had arranged three airplanes to work with The first plane we put it on it worked very well This 14 - wi------ - - - is the one we did the hidden transmitter hunt from As soon as that day was over they took it away from us We wanted to test a little more but they figured it worked well enough so that it went into operation We did fly some operational missions with them for a while to make sure things were working We worked on the other two L-20s but neither one of those aircraft worked We installed the systems and sweated blood for several weeks and finally just had to plain give up We couldn't make the systems work on these two planes The reason for it had to do with the way the aircraft themselves are constructed We apparently had some type of unsymmetrical airframe current distribution As long as that is symmetrical and you can maintain a decoupling from it your system will work But some of the L-20s had been through extensive rehab The inboard ends of the wings had been painted more coats on the one than the other and things like this When they had been put back together you had a terribly unsynunetrical RF current distribution and we had no way to adjust for that at the time At that time we found ourselves literally faced with the problem of selecting airplanes We wound up then leaving those two which worked quite poorly and one which worked very well Aircraft tail 15682 was the good one and 133731 and 37963 were the poor ones We came home and chose airplanes ECOM sent people--Walt Day I believe from airfield to airfield finding planes which had not been through this major rehab equipped two tested them here loaded them on board an aircraft and flew them out to Vietnam to give the 3rd RRU the three it was after The planes they had which didn't work well went back to where they came from The 3rd RRU wound up then with three working L-20s after that ordeal Actually the ECOM lab A C fSSlSl and 182012 were the ones that were sent out Now I said there was divine intervention It turned out historically that one out of the three aircraft worked successfully with this system on it So the odds were very much in favor that we would have gotten a bad plane in the beginning at Monmouth or that we should have gotten a bad plane in the beginning in Vietnam Given the suspicion or skepticism about ARDF--we could have very well stopped had that happened--and here very competent people had said it couldn't be done anyway There may not have been such a thing as ARDF today It was a fortuitous thing and something we speculated about 1S '9P SB JRm lJM8BA ··-- ----- - - - - - - ---- - - ----------------- Q Vo you have a ny ••• ane cdote It elated to the deve topme nt o AROF ••• A I think this business of taking it out as luggage And the pilots would have been far more worried than they were if they had known just who mounted some of these systems because all of us wound up riveting things on airplanes I did We almost lost it all in Hawaii when they misrouted all our luggage we had to go •t the last minute and dig that out of another Pan American aircraft I think the selection of aircraft is also significant One of the things we took some technical satisfaction in was a little event out there when we were flying the first one What we would do was to fly to Bien Hoa where we had a OF site and the flash transmitter which controlled our OF nets in Saigon ·so we would fly over our OF site at Bien Hoa and shoot that lash transmitter taking a bearing on it because that was one of the check bearings they used that was supposedly quite accurate We worked a couple of days because there were a couple of degrees error and finally in disgust went back and recomputed the check bearing and found out it had been calculated wrong and that the aircraft had been correct all this time The W l e Man whe n a b 1t oa d Jmpa 1t t lat to the wolr td Voe not d lv lde oJt judge Bu pe opte e ve Jr ywhe e MaAk we t t hJ I e a u a nd e yu fo4 w l e men he a Jr and e e A t ittte c h ildAe n do ---Lao Tzu 16 'f8P SFJORIR UMBR The gem cannot be polished without friction nor man perfected without trials • 17 '118P SBORlff BMRRA MARKETING OUR PRODUCT by Walter D Abbott Jr B6 Many of us involved in the production elements of this Agency have heard the expression Product is our only product The capabilities successes and even the shortcomings of our intelligence apparatus are amply docwnented by the myriad of products released by this Agency on a daily basis and overall speak quite eloquently for the talents dedication and technical skills of the people devoted to intelligence production within NSA Recognizing that we are dealing with a fluid cast of product recipients many of whom may only recently have become involved in the intelligence business and recognizing that some of our subjects and jargon might be considered technical confusing or perhaps even mystifying to the casual reader we have set up a system of user service centers known variously as Cryptologic Support Group CSG NSA Operations Group NOG and Intelligence Support Staff ISS to assist the user in understanding and interpreting the product he receives These organizations have often demonstrated their functional utility and have periodically reflected quite favorably on NSA The quality of these operations has not however been consistently excellent and this is the point I intend to address The success of any product service operation is contingent on the people manning the operation Most of our operations located at major command headquarters outside the Washington area are manned primarily by NSA civilians whose function is to advise and support their military counterparts For many military personnel the people they meet at the product service organization will be the only NSA people they will be exposed to during their military career and the impressions they form of the Agency itself will be influenced by the impressions they have of the NSA people they have met It is therefore extremely important to give these command personnel the most positive favorable impression we can We ostensibly endeavor to ensure that this happens We select personnel for the product service organizations who are generally very knowledgeable on some target entity have a demonstrated talent or skill and are considered experts or near experts in their field This is however only one part of the 18 'NP SBC Am' UMBBh · 2 selection process We also select people who need a job change for professional or career development reasons people who are the only candidates for a particular position at which time skill talent etc become secondary or people who have either never been overseas or have not been overseas in many years In recent months a prevalent opinion is that this latter criterion is an overriding factor in overseas selection We normally do not select people because they have performed such jobs in the past and demonstrated real skill at handling such jobs We do not have for instance a cadre of overseas specialists who not only are SIGINT specialists but also are versed in command structure and relationships and capable of doing a good job in a command environment Rather we endeavor to •spread the wealth and by so doing we sometimes end up a bit poorer than when we started I am not condemning the system as it exists I am merely offering suggestions which I feel might improve it and give the Agency a better image overseas First I strongly advocate that at least some selections be based on past performance in the field If a person has demonstrated an ability to represent NSA with excellence he should be allowed to serve again as soon as possible or to continue to serve if he is already on the job I know and know of several individuals who have done truly outstanding jobs overseas who were functioning well were happy where they were and wanted to stay but had to come back to NSA because their tours were up They had little or no prospect of returning to the overseas area Excluding the cost considerations the expense involved in rotating families is not insignificant the Agency opted to replace a known commodity i e a man who was a good Agency representative with an unknown or at least untested commodity for reasons which to me are less than clear I suggest the system needs to examine its inflexibility and consider each man on a case-by-case basis The result should be beneficial to the Agency and that seems to me to be the paramount issue My second recommendation is that all NSA personnel before they are sent to an overseas job which demands continuing exposure to non-NSA personnel be given a series of training courses dealing with personal interaction as well as command relationships and responsibilities Too often our people forget lt M SHOBMiJMllil A that the person in the command intelligence shop is frequently new to the business and may have been a weapons system operator for ten years before being given a Special Intelligence clearance Questions from that individual might seem stupid trivial or a waste of time to the NSA person who has been involved in the cryptologic business most of his adult life but he should attempt to answer them without condescension Moreover the NSA people should get to know their counterparts and be able to relate to them on and off the job Superior aloof indifferent and arrogant attitudes have no place in our overseas operations But they exist and they hurt us We should expend all necessary efforts to develop a sense of trust and confidence in the people we support If that can be achieved the entire support operation of the Agency will benefit The training program should include a little Madison Avenue public relations training and a brief exposure to salesmanship It is not enough to be a good analyst technician or reporter The individual also must be a good representative of this Agency able to convince his command counterparts that our product is worth their attention and that we honestly want to satisfy the command requirements regardless of our individual propensities We have a very saleable product We need to develop the personnel to promote our product It might be worth the investment for the Agency to explore various industrial programs geared to developing a sales force The foot-in-thedoor syndrome has applicability in our business and developing a training program to foster this is in my opinion both worthwhile and necessary Again let me state that I am not faulting the existing system so much as offering ways in which it might be improved We have a good product and a ready market for it Let ' s market it properly and make friends for the Agency in the process Let's do it right 20 -- - ---- -· ___ _- -·- - --- · · - Transposition is ••• This month's puzzle has pairs of twists Can you solve it GERTM UN D NI CU S E L AE P I M SF TON HUD RF Y HOR I E HON L S E I E A I E P A U v ·E EE U NF MF 0 E WT Y W 01 JTNO 0 TR I X A EL EE NM GE F U K O I I HT ET E DH NG I I T A WM KEA RE EHN RS EV S AR E T RAF TS IN A E LL Y N HAE DX MOR I 0 E T I I S A L F T N NS XS L GF N T 0 E I S S YR U X N HD D W N P X I VI U ER OAMED HNE NA XRRAT E I I WC D NT RD AUOIK D S A E R 0 RH EH AOTTP G N E E G S N N F 0 S I T S H ET AO A SP LY 0 LTRME E US HM S CE L N RAAAE DP LY I U OE ON EAT EC HI OE T DOCS X RN SOX I TB AT OHOS A SOOSE I O NS L OLRDM UO S T D EX AS V E N S B S UP AD I EDY EN T CE A E TTMHV HR RX R THC N X E F P LA DH GOH GT T OD C DT E R TEBCO RM TU 0 AT U AD N I DWI FR I RT I C I O H MR MP S E E E I AXT ET HWORE A T I V L LE LIE S FE A I Y H CS F I LI F X EPTRN MSOXR DP LE A SE DR T HYE OT RM CB N 0 I G S P T W LO 0 0 0 RS N ME HTS 0 TL FI I E I RF S P N WA S L WI M TN FAD E S A B H 0 MM AD U F O N L C G B E I E HA H M U I D DEX NS HL DT A D G NM O 0 0 I F G 0 E POAG L T C T I S T F N I WB D C C S Y T N H GS NA S 0 0 TD N S L X NA DD ASE I S N HI H CO OE RS AH T EM NOV A AL CA I S T L T ZUK AO TAME T CS NEU LEEN R T CT D N UNO AR FL HR I G FD LC RANMT 0 NA HT I S H E R 0 MEES DK SH N I I L OW S REE E YR IT L 0 0 US X F CED I TEO XI N E S E H 0 EI N N TS NTN S Y D Y D S E N T N GS NEE 0 DE OT ATEN N H 21 I H OE I LAA XS 'ftlP BEORlff UMBlb TIE OPEi DIii rJ e 4 e di to be co mpan lo M ato ng the way The tante Jt n which we ca JLJLIJ ij not ot t U The 4 pilr1 t whieli we jh4Jt e u eonta 9 io U tkou ght The Rnowte dge which we · 94-in a n ittum ina t lng toJLch And a Lt who 4 e e R may pe Jt ce ive and te a Jt n -The Cance pt a 0Jt a gon Se e d6 THE C PA ELOGRAM OR A VXETNAM COVER STORY' by Bee Kennard P222 Lessons Learned in Vietnam was the title of an army publication describing the latest combat developments in the ground war SIGINT learned many lessons there as well but for the most part the participants have been too bu y fighting to bother with writing about their experiences The Vietnam war was also an education for the information analyst providing battlefield support While the lesson is still fresh and the topic timely this particular contribution to the war effort is believed worth sharing and passing on The Monsoons Came Times have changed since Napoleon for a modern army travels on paper It simply cannot function without a piece of paper telling it where to ·go and what to do and how to do it The Viet Cong North Vietnamese Army had paper paper everywhere Torrents of infiltration passes invoices manifests supply lists poured down the Ho Chi Minh trail Files records accounts · inventories manuals directives flooded the base camps Marching orders firing tables target studies attack plans swamped the battlefields And floating on top of the official paper sea were the personal diaries kept by every VC soldier from private to general If the info analyst could survive the innundation captured enemy documents made Vietnam an intelligence paradise 22 The Communist proclivity for secrecy compounded the red tape because everything and everybody had a cover name which changed constantly A drifting cover designator list became a lifeline for the drowning analyst to latch onto Studying for dear life the cover designator lists revealed an identification system that was intricate minute and precise There were two main channels military and party and each had a four-part cover address consisting of a cover name a cover number the official letter box nwnber and the personal letter box number Every military unit from division to company had the four-part code which was different at each echelon The party organization and its agencies at the district province and regional level were assigned a multipart cover address There were separate sets of cover designators for intra- and inter-regional correspondence and between North and South Vietnam The party used family relationships to denote echelon while the military used the government administrative structure Leaders favored numbers for cover names The VC cover system was controlled from the top and carefully regulated Once the patterns were mastered the info analyst could knife through the complicated tide with ease and dispatch • • Conununications Problems Buoyed with success and armed with the trustworthy VC cover system the info analyst turns next to bail out the SIGINT analyst However SIGINT has its own identification system for VC targets and in another language yet radio station designators case notations crypt systems callsigns The two systems would not rnesh Not only do SIGINT and collateral not speak the same language but also there is unreasonable doubt that the two are even in the same ball park What can you do with a can of worms that Wriggle Off in a11 directi 0 nS Conunon sense to the rescue The first step was to set up two columns SIGINT and collateral and jot down just the bare facts under either heading This move put a stop to the confusion over nomenclature Lined up side by side the next step was to match the VC cover with its SIGINT counterpart Some pairs were easy to hitch together but others balked and got downright obstinate So we applied psychology Any analyst handling voluminous material over a lengthy period develops a feel for his subject but these feelings are seldom expressed or written down This intuitive knowledge spells the difference between success and failure Altogether the parallel format the fusion technique and the inductive approach proved a sensible workable arrangement A number of secret VC targets were identified - i i a 23 'f9P SBOM UMBRA Parallel construction Here is a shining example of what this device can do with a really tough problem The story uncovered by your war correspondent has everything action suspense mystery intrigue a devious plot with a surprise ending and a search that ranges from steaming jungles to elegant drawing rooms and races to a thrilling climax at zero hour in a mountain hideaway Since the facts do not always speak for themselves interpretive comments have been included to aid the uninitiated Lights camera ACTION SIGINT Collateral C mentioned briefly in directive on expansion and development of crypto branches Region 1 C from content apparently crypto agency on higher level than COSVN Central Office for South Vietnam the vc head organization Date of info 3 Jan 66 Source captured document Comment An unobtrusive beginning c both sent and received messages C messages more strategic than those addressed to R cover designator for COSVN C cadre operated command post in VC Military Region 3 C radio operators and crypto personnel infiltrated to MRJ in Aug 1970 C radio equipment dispatched to MR3 Oct 70 Date of info 1969-70 Source captured message register code books of Signal Crypto Branches MR3 Comment ARVN J2 study dtd 11 Comment Communications links Mar 71 established that between MR3 Hq and High Command •C does exist were the same as those with other •C is different from and higher known military regions Until Oct 71 MR3 Hq conti ued to use echelon than COSVN •Chas operated in delta region a signals plan involving callsigns from a system which was of SVN since at least 1968 24 '110P B80RB'f 8MR1b s z • 5 u ' lsz l Collateral SIGINT Conclusion ARVN J2 opined that Agency C 1s the Forward Command Post of NVA High Command Hanoi generally replaced in late 65 early 66 An unusual feature which could not be explained Col Nguyen Van Sau to return immediately from Front 4 in Oanang area for urgent work with General Staff in Hanoi Car transportation arranged Date of info Apr 71 Source Intercepted message of 559 Transportation Group Comment To spell out the full name in traffic is never--well hardly ever--done This rare occurrence constituted a real breach of security The colonel must really be important to rate a private automobile in transportscarce North Vietnam Could he be the same man found in collateral Nguyen Van Sau signed leave authorization for command of CP 40 Central Executive Committee Lao Dong Party Date of info 17 May 65 source captured docwnent comment An innocuous tidbit-but follow where it leads CP 40 Commander Lt Gen Nguyen van Vinh Location Hanoi 96 Quoc Tu Giam Street Mission Secret military command center directing Liberation Front activities in SVN Organization Diplomatic Office Planning Office civilian Military Affairs Finance Economy Office Date of info late 1966 Source VC POW illll f - - I • l i - I 25 Collateral Comment SIGINT The plot thickens Isn't it incongruous for a military outfit to engage in diplomacy Or is CP 40 strictly military What business does the finance office transact Central Reunification Committee Chief Lt Gen Nguyen Van Vinh See above for connection Mission Executive agency of Politburo Directs and coordinates all military and political activities in SVN COSVN is responsible to CEC thru CRC Staff Hq for conduct of Liberation War in SVN No communications of its own MI'nistry of Defense provides all communications facilities Date of info June 67 Source VC rallier Comment If the CRC uses the military communications system for the military side of its mission then it could use party and dip comms for its political and diplomatic functions The scene shifts 3 Jan 69 new routing designator on traffic from Special Delegation in Paris Mag relayed to COSVN by CEC Hanoi Feb 69 new routing designators on Paris messages for both Hanoi and COSVN Then two more groups appeared Phnom Penh-HanoiPeiching and COSVN-Hanoi-Phnom Penh 'Any msg originated by one intended for other two Phnom Penh link last observed Apr 70 following break in dip relations Hanoi and Paris messages predominate From SIGINT viewpoint the new designation system on dip-party comms is unique because 26 ---- ------- - n ·- nnnenw S r - llllll · -- · - -r- - T •t 4¥4 Collateral SIGINT 1 Routing designators in addition to and different from dip mis ion designators 2 Msg technical characteristics similar to but unlike dip post comms 3 Msg between foreign NVN embassies is infrequent 4 COSVN involvement with NVN dip posts for first time Source 2 00 VCD Rl4-72 dtd 17 Oct 72 Comment To sum up we have an organization which used the dip crypt system and the dip conanunications network but is not part of the dip establishment What organization fits this description The Central Reunification Conunittee The CRC has a man in Paris and with COSVN and had a man in Phnom Pehn and Peiching CEC Hanoi which relays the Paris messages is the diplomatic office of the CRC and the triple axes were the CRC dip communications net An exciting development We're off in hot pursuit Footnote For what it's worth the defunct PP-Hanoi-Peiching axis is believed the Finance Office of the CRC It costs a lot of money to wage war When the mob sacked the NVN Embassy they really came out of the woodwork Cambodia was the principal supplier for the Liberation Army and Chinese aid to the VC was funneled through Cambodian ports Doan 17 was the vc covername of a secret rear service group located -in Phnom Penh Its supply operations and finaglings in the international money marts 27 'f0P SEORB'f UMBRA M •i i I ----------------------- --- '110P SBOIHJf UMBRA SIGINT was a tigh ly held secret When the Cambodian source was cut off the VC became so desperate that ' maritime infiltration from NVN was again attempted Remember those trawlers Map showing observation points on Bach Ma and Ba Na mountains north- west and southwest of DaNang Date of info Dec 68 Source French newspaperman from Vietnamese delegation sources Conunent Just a nondescript map but why that particular area of South Vietnam What is the French connection with Region 5 Here was the key to the mystery in the answer to those two questions On 6 Mar 70 four new routing designators appeared on Parisoriginated correspondence and were subsequently relayed by CEC Hanoi to Region S Committee and Tri-ThienHue Conunittee These Paris messages are usually passed one or two days after the Thursday meetings The correspondence was not re-encrypted in a party system but remained in the vc dip system Comment A communications anomaly Why should two subordinates of COSVN receive info copies Or are the Paris msgs intended for a special office located in Region 5 l I 1 1 ' '1 Cover designators for high level agencies Ca elder brother Dai-Central Party Hg cau uncle ca-central Reunifica- tion Committee Cau uncle vu-central Military Affairs Party Committee Ii I I 1 Z - -- ---------------- - ---------- ' SIGINT Collateral Address of C Command Committee c o Gai Lai Provincial Unit Darlac Provincial Unit MRS Date of info about Mar 67 Source Master list of CD-LBN designators for MRS and MR6 classified VC Top Secret Captured from postal battalion Comment A prize document worth its weight in solid gold It is the only CD list which gives the covernames of Lao Dong Party agencies In our parlance the document would bear the caveat HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY because in VC practice only communications personnel had access to master CD lists Agency Chas a command post in MRS as well as MR3 Is Agency C in both regions the Central Reunification Committee Cau Ca personnel roster No 2 man is political officer of C Nine regroupees assigned to 5 provinces in MRS All hard-core Communist cadre admitted to the party between 46-50 Date of info 18 Sep 67 or 68 Source captured document comment The clincher linking c to Cau Ca and the answer to the French connection with Region S Premise There exists in South Vietnam a deeply hidden top level decision group directing military operations Basis Inadvertent disclosure by NVN delegation in Laos Date of info July 62 Source The definitive study Viet Cong by Douglas Pike Conclusion C aka 1 Cau Ca aka CP 40 aka central Reunification Committee is the hidden group which l n also known as n 28 • I I Ii I I 'f6P SHCMl'f tJMBlb SIGINT Collateral has been running the war all these years Comment EUREKA We finally blew their cover The very name reunification is its own proof No wonder the CRC went to such elaborate lengths to hide its name all these years--and successfully too The revelation does not materially change the tactical outcome of the war but it certainly alters the entire strategic concept Although the discovery came too late to help win the war the knowledge may help to secure the peace Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement Le Due Tho remarked that reunification is the postwar goal of North Vietnam President Nixon hopes to persuade Hanoi to achieve the goal through political means REUNIFICATION is still the name of the game Epilogue The Central Reunification Committee could not be isolate in SIGINT because it had no communi cations system of its own Since the military party and diplomatic systems employed by the CRD we·re unreadable the CRC could conceal its identity but not its existence The oddity here the anomaly there the unique and different in communi cations behavior attested to something passing strange SIGINT could tell what it was not but collateral told what it was It takes both negative and positive evidence to provQ the truth Proving the negative is a grubby thankless task and SIGINT had the harder part Neither SIGINT nor collateral alone could have identifi the Central Reunification Committee but together they found it · 29 l'QP 8 H'f BMDllA -- --- -- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - · -- - 'f0P BBORBf tiMBB-A After Action Report Now is the time for a performance appraisal of the parallelogram focusing on how and why it works First note the striking format and how it clearly delineates the problem throwing the known facts and gaps in sharp relief The simple act of placing the facts side by side causes the sparks to fly upward The parallel arrangement is all important for generating analysis and research The analyst can tell at a glance what is missing and get straight to the point Research will be a coordinated and directed effort instead of a hit or miss operation With the whole picture before him the individual analyst can see where his contribution fits and can better appreciate the group endeavor To know your work has meaning and value in the compartmented world of intelligence gives a big lift to morale Also the parallel format provides an incentive for the individual analyst Who can resist adding his piece to the puzzle Next notice how SIGINT and collateral meet understand and reinforce each other There has been limited fusion of SIGINT and collateral but essentially each sticks to its own narrow track No hits no runs no errors and no ball game The info analyst who sees both the collateral and SIGINT viewpoints from the Agency's vantage point can build the bridge of understanding and get the two sides together to play ball The fusion of the two viewpoints enlarges the vision doubles the knowledge and resources of each side and benefits the intelligence community as well Fusion would soon remedy the execrable writing which afflicts SIGINT reporting Why should the reader be forced to interpret what you mean standing on his head If you can name the target instead of referring to it as an wiidentified high level authority your sentence automatically becomes taut crisp and clear Good riddance to bad weasel English would enhance our product and relieve our long suffering customer a I I Finally study how the inductive approach resolved the dilemma and untied the knot As long as you are adding two plus two from either column deduction can easily arrive at four When you are dealing with unknowns which is the usual equation in intelligence you have to put the cart before the horse However the French inductive leap proceeds from Sherlock Holmes plodding Just suppose the answer is five and eh voilal see how she runs Once you try looking in a new place the leads ·•'1 ' • ii I I I JO I 'WP BIGHT UMBRA will turn up and things start to click Suddenly the light flashes on You see the whole brilliant picture you hear events falling into place and you feel how every detail fits It's a brand new ball gamel To play in the big leagues requires a free style in analytical research To succeed you have to try harder but you will never know until you try What have we got to lose but our ignorance Wave of the Future The parallelogram has been tested on the battlefield and proved a practical and valuable tool It is not a shortcut to ·success nor a substitute for work nor a formula to replace thinking Indeed analysts on both sides will have to hump to meet the high standards No longer can either side go it alone or afford the luxury The parallelogram is a sophisticated tool designed for qualitative analysis and research With such specifications it is tailor-made for subtle complex intelligence operations demanding integrated research in uncharted fields Pioneering is for the brave the bold and the imaginative Soaring on gossamer wings of faith and courage with the beacon of hope lighting the way together we can meet the challenges of a future bright with promise We recommend the parallelogram as the wave of the future It's simple it's beautiful and it comes with a money-back guarantee EVZTOR'S NOTE The above a4ticle h U p1tovoked comment among the e d l t oJtA and ta66--not all avo1table We plte e nt it to you ub t anually U it W U w1t ltte n ln the lnte 1tut 06 oult Open Voo1t poUcy But we and the au tho1t would lnce 1tely app1te c late yoult commenu on the a1t u cle the -i nte ll lge nce 6act d l c 6e d and the ne w te chn-i qu e 1t e p1t ue nte d by the pa1t alle log1tam pltU enta t lo n 31 'f8P SHCRffl' UMBltA OP SBJRm' UMBRA CRYPTO·SCRAMBLE By Richard Atlcinron Unscramble NCI of the five numbered crypto scrambles placing one leu r in each names each of which fits the dafinition to its right 1 l I • - e to form five words or Measure of 2•s roughness LAT I CED ____Q__ 2 o_o_____ _ See 1 3 o__o____ _ I CRAVE AGE Width 19st on STET __o___ _ _o___ _ P HONOGRAM 4 MAGGIE S Measure of deviation from normal 6 8 LE ATS Rye program which ganerates tailor• made mathematical tables to YOUR specifications i i Now arrange the circled letters to form the cryptoanswer sugglltld by the cartoon at the i - t Print CRYPTOANSWER here - - -- Answers on page 58 32 ONE WAY TO GET A RAG MAN '118P SBORti'f UMBR il 'l I l 'f6P 8B0Rlff UMBRA REFLECTIONS ON A NON-RANDOM BANE by Rodney Forbes B43 The cryptanalyst usually keeps his eyes open and his computers searching for non-random phenomena and reqards such results as a boon 1 33 - tF 5 57i1--- r EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 -- - - --- - - - - - - -- --- - - - - - 1'0P 8' BOR B'f UMBRA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 34 'f6P 9'0 UMBlb ' I l T6P SBCRB'f UMBRA 35 - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 T6P SEClffi'f- UMBlb i • Wile sells husb Qd l 36 'f8P SBOH'f UMBRA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ·- --- r EO 3 3b 3 - PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 •• •• • • - 4 4 You ma y a t k What l 6 thi 4 91tot que thi ng above 6lutte ung the page t1te mblu i n hattti • • Pulti ng out the ole the 6au1tt Ui e 61 d that i t i 6 mo4t o6te n a-4 an i n tgnla olt a 4y bot c1te 6 t 6hi e td and po44 lbty e ve n a bad e - utt lng M ae the • 61 ne pJUnte d page 4 we 61 nd that the de 61 n- Uq n 6 61 t 1tath 1t ni city 1te 6e 1t1te d to j •• The p lc tuud bov• wa ••••Uy Hlecct ed by a majoJU yo volu n the I ' _1812241 a mong a n e no1tmoU4 6ou1t and a hat 6 e ntuu to l gn• a thl 6 e cti on' 6 6 ymbot Whe 1te a 6 • e a ch e nt1ty conta i ne d te chni cat r· pe c t 4 06 NSA' 6 poli cy ai di ng i n the e n1ti chme nt 06 ' the lli ve 6 the wi nni ng emblem whi ch Wa 6 conce i ve d an d1tawn by Sgt F1tan F1tate de tve 4 i nto the ae 6 the ti c 6 06 the count1ty and the people • r • Re 6e lt' e d to e aJt t i e lt a 6 a g1tote 6que pi ctu1te a co1t1te cti on mrut be ln 'btack and whi te the 6 Jmbot l 6 mi 4 te adi nr howe ve 1t a 6 the emblem po ct ed in 81224 on• ••• ea lly ct h• 1 w h i c h 6ymboti ze the colo1t and beauty 06 th countXY nd e Jpe c a ty the pe opte 37 ma de I • ---· - --- ' I - -- - - - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 '9P SSORM' UMRRA · - _ ____ • ITCH-HIKING CIPHER L--lt------- --- b yf 'MU a ry Ann Laslo B43 • I I lI • 38 '9P SERIR UMBlb I l 'f9P BtlORfff UMBlb EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ' 39 '9P SEORBf UMBlb • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1 l ------ l• l 1 I • f --------------------------1 1 40 'fOP 8 80RB'f UMBR 'f0P O UMB 'I EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 41 19P BfiORfi 0MBah - - - - - _ _ ______ __--_ -- --- i _o - J - -- - - - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 IOP ORIR' UMBRA • 42 '9P S JIHR UMB 'f8P SBCRti'f UMBlb t '- ' 43 'P0P 88CRE'I' lJMBRA • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 i7 o · 1 - t11i11i6P W _R _B U M B ftA USC 36051 •••• 44 'f0P BBORtl'f UMBRA _ l 'f8P SBORB'f UMIHtA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 I CRIB DRAGGING IN SING TRJWSPOSITION PROBING A NEW TECHNIQUE USING DIGRAPHIC WEIGHTS by Dr Marti Branstad Pl • • This is a report on an experimental xamtnation of crib dragging as a technique for breaking in o sio le transposition Cribs of length four were used Experi'Jnen s were run using both English andj I F r English digraphic transposition weights were used • • • f1j • ufi w i j •log N lofJ • • f tfij o £1j I fij j j N i i i f For l_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ digraphic chained weights were used ti N w i j log 7 log tfij • 1 j N c APPROACH fl All possible crib placements were located For each placement a sequence of preceding and following quadruples were scored If a sequence of MINSPAN or more quadruples each of which scored above THRESH was found it was printed The next placement was then examined More formally if possible crib placement is 1 1 1 1 l 2 S It then calculate s1 score 1 -i 1 -i 1 -i l -i for i l 2 ••• l 2 S 4 until s1 THRESH then calculate sj•seore 1 j 1 •j l j 1 •j for j•l 2 ••• 1 2 3 It 45 WPWUMRM I --- - -·---- t- • • ' '8P SHORfi'f UMBRA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 until sj THRESH if maxi max j MINSPAN then output the quadruples just examined and their scores Proceed to examine the next possible placement of the crib NOTE Score a b c d w C a C b w C b C c w C a c d where C a is the cipher letter at position a RESULTS Four messages in l_____________rwere processed Message No 1 The cribs were placed correctly and had high scores 2 The correct placement wasn't found 3 The correct placement was found but it had a 4 The correct placement wasn't found low score Two messages in English were processed Message No 1 2 The cribs were placed correctly The correct placement wasn't found APPROACH 12 The same scoring of quadruples was used The sum of the scores for SPAN quadruples was examined The intent was to lessen the effect of any one bad combination of four letters in the vicinity of the correct placement More formally for possible placement 1 1 1 l SPAN-1 l 2 3 It calculate SUM I score 1 -i 1 -i 1 -i 1 -i i 0 l 2 ·3 It if SUM SPAN THRESH print the result calculate SUM• score 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SPAN-2 1 2 I i I score 1 -i l -i l -i l -i i•O l 2 3 It if SUM SPAN THRESH print the result 46 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 continue calculating and testing the_ ast SUM is SPAN-1 - •• SUM t score 1 i l i l i i i l O 1 2 • • s • Proceed to exami We ext possible placement was used on message No 3of I I L · bR ADfr6ach It located many good placements SUM 12 • I 1owever it failed to locate the correct placement SUM fell between -5 06 and 1 67 for all alternatives for j CONCLUSIONS These experiments done for B1203 seem to indicate crib dragging using digraphic weights is an unreliable technique for breaking into single transposition Bl2 is c rrently revising the weighting and threshold parameters in an effort to make this technique work •••• 47 i'9P ---r1--- - -• ·•· -- ri a '± I -4 I 7XTF _ ------ -- BBORfff ·uMBlb - - --- ·- It ---The new rulings on retirement have hastened the exodus of several of our cohorts Saying •so long on 30 June are Frederick Stires B04 Margaret Gohrband B12 Thelma Cook B21 Dicey Coyne B21 Mary Talley B22 Chris Christenson B41 Fred ·w Johansen B44 Margaret Hickernell B44 Theodore Lively B44 Caroline Flaccus B45 Mary Henley B61 Dorothy Evans B63 Good luck l Keep in touch And remember the Phoenix society ---If you're having a bit of diffi culty with your AG-22 data base query and response techniques you may find the series of programs developed by Bill Davis B2 and catalogued on the 370 the answer to your dilemma These programs allow the user to make specific SPECOL queries to manipulate the data base as desired An interesting example is the program called DF FIX which is designed to provide a fix list by RAD using line bearings retrieved through SPECOL from the STRUM AG-22 data base Routines are available which allow the user to correct identifications RADs and delete unusable DF modules before program fixes are attempted For information about other programs in his library Bill can be reached on 5561s ---MANAGERS NEEDED--WANT TO APPLY The American Management Association which has sponsored conferences for women managers since 1967 says attendance at these courses has roughly doubled in the past year Women are hungry for management education asserts Rosemary LeBoeuf a program director for the Association Where are the hungry women in NSA If what we are really working for is acceptance as a matter of course in being considered for and performing any job for which we have the capability let's become qualified The Cryptologic Management Department of the National Cryptologic School and local universities offer programs which emphasize the issues found in most of the new management courses for women decision making communications 48 '9P seJIHJf UMBlb t · TOP· SECRET UMBRA problem solving and group dynamics Here is the real challenge Do you desire management training Are you personally willing to inv st your efforts to participate in management training Do you know what is available and what the prerequisites are If your answer to the first question is no _ forget it If your answer to the second question is yes and you need answers to question three call Helen Schmidt ext 6101 This is the first step in getting your training requirement into the system ---Be a WINner with WIN--- ---B Group Language coordinator's Office has recently published the second of a series of language aids entitled Handy-Dandy 2 These aids are being compi ed primarily for the many Chinese linguists in the Agency who desire to learn or maintain familiarity with terms commonly used Many military personnel arriving at the Agency from language schools have mentioned a forgetfulness or unfamiliarity with some Chinese characters and instead of fighting their way through •dozens of former textbooks they want something handy These language aids are not intended to serve as texts but as guides for vocabulary studies with some Chinese character exercises that should be beneficial for the serious student 49 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 Copies of these 11 Handy- andy 11 aids have been provided to various B Group Offices NCS incoming Chinese linguists and to other interested persqhnel Suggestions for new language aids are earnestly solicited by B02 ---Bl2's Project CALLI RAPHY aimed at developing a software package capable of rep_i -oducing on-line any of the several writing systems encounter d in Southeast Asian communications produced its first u able Chinese character decrypt on 16 April 73 The idea behind this undertaking is to provide analysts of languages with non-roman alphabets the same services airailable to other linguists---decrypts working aids etc in the native script See V a gon Seed4 Vol 1 Nr 4 Sept 197 p Being develope• is a system similar to G Grou 's VICEROY system __ _ _ _ l I _ The significant dif erence is at VICEROY uses a fixed vector character set which makes it language specific CAL IGRAPBY is designed for user implemented character sets and is therefore language-independent -•-If you would like to have a copy of Military Cryptanalytic Callimahos and Friedman Volumes I and or II please call the Cryptanalysis Department NCSch on 8-8025 There are a limited nwnber of copies of both vol s available '119P SBORfR UMBRA ---TRANSCRIBER BONUS CLARIFIED With the p omulgation of the The Language Career Panel's Revised Criteria in June 1972 1968 edition of the Criteria for the procedures for awarding addiCertification of Professional tional points for demonstrated Linguists• provided for an addilanguage ability were modified tional 100 points under the Credit on the basis of a superLanguage Ability Criterion for visor's certification was •demonstrated ability to transcribe discontinued The Panel now operational voice tapes Paragraph grants an additional 100 points IIC The Panel evolved the under the Language Ability following policy governing the Criteron for any one of the awarding of this bonus following 1 Certification as to operaa Exceptional performance on tional transcriber ability was to both parts of e PQE be accomplished by the aspirant's b Acceptable passing persupervisor by means of a memoranfonnance on Part I of a second dum to the Panel language examination 2 Transcriber bonus was to be c Acceptable passing perawarded only in cases where it formance in one additional SIGINT could be certified that the aspidiscipline Part II within the rant was or was capable of same language transcribing operational voice The Panel's revised Language material Ability Criterion became effec-· 3 The bonus was to be awarded tive upon publication ci2 Jun 72 only after the aspirant had passed No grace period was allowed Howthe POE and had satisfied all other ever the Panel recognized that criteria minima some special accommodation had to 4 Where the transcriber certi- be made for those aspirants who fication pertained to non-current had been counting on the old bonus experience only the Panel reserved when they finally passed the PQE the right to require the aspirant The Panel modified its policy to to demonstrate his transcriber continue awarding the 100 points ability by taking a specially prefor transcriber ability under the pared test the forerunner of Part 1968 Criteria until 12 Jun 73 for IIB of the present PQE format those who had already submitted such certificates In extending A number of voice transcribers this provision however the Panel in the Agency achieved their proruled that to qualify for the old fessional certification in this bonus aspirants would have to manner and the procedure fulfilled take and pass Part IIA SIGINT a much needed escape valve i n the Translation of the new PQE which certification squeeze for these equates to the former Part II people Passing Part IIB Transcriber's 54 il BIR ITIHIR t option obviously does not satisfy the intent of the Panel's original policy for in allowing it the aspirant would receive double credit for the same thing This point is made here in order to clarify any possible misunderstanding that might arise during the overlap period between the expiration of the 1968 Criteria and the effective date of the 1972 revision EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ---Did you know that Bis investigating the develop ent of a • comDute·r system to provide on-line f l ·1 r 'JI· Tr· ---Be sure to read Jerry Gegan's B12 interesting article in the May issue of QRL to get some insight into the problems connected with training and utilizing military linguists at field processing sites ATTENTION BOOKBREAKERS - Collected Articles on Code Reconstruction• is the t tle of a recent NSA publication edited by constance Clarke and Kay Swift for collateral reading in the bookbreaking course CA-301 Anyone wishing a copy may request it through Betty Ames El3 x8025s · FANX II 51 'JQP · 8iCR R UMBRA soc program now involves over 100 two-year colleges through---Be sure to read the bulletin out the nation and is coordintitled College Training Program ated to provide aervice personFall Semester 1973 issued by the nel easy transfer of credits National Cryptologic School if and continuity of curricula from you're planning to take some one college to another after-hours courses next semester To be eligible for Agency sponsorship 2 3 of your tuition and associated laboratory fees ---You computer buffs may wish you must to mark on your calendars the 1 be a full-time 40 hour dates of a series of seminars week employee being presented by Advanced 2 meet the admission require- Management Research Inc on new ments of the college or univerapproaches to solving difficult sity of your choice data processing problems 3 be requesting Agency sponThe use of microfilm and the sorship for the first time or development and iiaprovement of have maintained a c average in microfilm information systems previously sponsored courses will be discussed at a 3-day 4 obtain the endorsement of seminar to be held in New York your supervisor or office chief City from 16 to 18 October 1973 S have no outstanding obliAn intensive course in sysgation from previous Agencytems design and analysis will sponsored training be conducted in the same locale from 24 to 26 October 1973 This seminar will discuss what is expected of the new analyst ---AACC at Fort Meade and how he can best meet the Anne Arundel Conmunity College challenge will increase its commitment to Data base design is the educational service this fall by subject of the seminar to be providing a full program of held from 28 to 30 November college courses for personnel 1973 in Washington D C This attached to Fort Meade course has been developed to Designated in Spring 1974 a ·give an analysis of the current Servicemen's Opportunity College state of the art of data base SOC by the American Association development of community and Junior Colleges AACC expects an enrollment at Fort Meade of approximately 2000 in study programs leading to the Associate in Arts degree The result of collaboration of the AAJCJ with Defense Department Educational agencies the 52 ASK THE f 1UGON LAOY A 10 April 1973 memorandum signed by General Phillips states The Management Review has indicated that we may have some problems in our manning of linguist ••• billets I wish to examine in detail the nature of these problems and the actions we might take to resolve tl em The Dragon Lady submits the following sentiments voiced by some of our senior language analysts in various conversations on the same subject Opposing or supporting arguments are solicited The p1to6U 6 lona t Ungu-ut at NSA who wa nt4 to 1te ma ln in tan9ua ge wo1tk mu 6t a cce pt de 6 in ite ca1te e1t l im ita ti oM E ce pt in the 1ta 1te 4t in4ta nce 6 he cannot e pe ct to advance beyond a ce 1tta in po int 44 a l lngu l 6t To p1to91te 6 6 6u1tthe 1t he mu 6t be come 4tltictly a ma na ge 1t--a nd ma na 9e me nt i 6 a nothe lt p1to 6U 6 lon Tlta t thu 4-itu a t i on e x i4U i 6 the 6a ult both 06 h-l9he 1t manage me nt and 06 Age ncy t ingu-l4 t6 he m4e tve 4 Ma na ge lt 6 te nd to thlnk 06 Ungu-uu 46 inte 1tcna nge a 6le 6od iu CA6 te 1t a U Anyone can toob up 11101td6 in 4 dictiona 1ty I Sfl lll te ve U e pe Jt le nce and ca pa -lUty a 1te g lve n only pe 1t6uncto1ty corw ide 1ta t i on On the othe 1t hand l lngu l 6 t 6 o6te n 6 lnd the i1t wo1ti at NSA 40 inte 1te 4ung a nd e njoya ble that the y a1te w ltUng to a cce pt Qlithout pltote 4 t the ta ck 06 a dva nce me nt oppo1ttu nitiu 111 ith in the lit 6ie ld •••• 53 'IQP iJg RR UMBR-A On the subject of supply and demand We bec4u 4e 06 4ecu ll l t y aJt e no t allowed to compete ln the u n lvu 4 lty wo1r td we a1r e not e v11 n alto f Je d to compete on an lnte 11 -a ge ncy gove 1r nme ntal ba 4 l4 Vo you think that the Ile l4 any ll e 4t oppo1r tu n lty 601r t lngu l4t4 to 4e lt t he l11 t ate nt6 to the h lghe 4t b ldde 1r NSA c e llta lnty pllov lde 4 no oppolltuni t y 6011 IJ 4 to get toge the IL w lth 6eltow p11 06e 44 lonal4 06 othe 1r agenc le 4 n any 4 ltu a t lon exce pt u nde 1r c to4e 066 lc lat ob411 11 vat lon F11 e e en t e lLpllLH 001r g ove 11 timent l i ngu i4 u l4 4 tll lctty out 06 the qu e 4t lon 16 t lngu l1it1i' 1 atall le 4 a 11 e towe 11 at the L ib11 a11 y o Congll e 44 at S ta te at CIA at FBIS don't you th ink lt 4 pa1r t ty be c a u1ie o 0 th l1i Onc e you have wo1r ke d at one 06 the 4e place 4 no one e t4e w ltt touch you We bu ltd oull own little emp llle 4 and nevell neve 11 le ave them But ln how many othe 11 b1J 4 lne44e4 and lndu 4tll l11 4 a11 e you a pll l4one ll 06 IJOU ll pll o6e 44 lon a 6te ll o lve yea ll 4 And tlte fiction that goveJt nment 1ia ta1t lu a1te 40 much bet t e Jt than tho4e 06 the ou t1i lde wo1ttd l4 1itJt lctty that 1 know that many o 6 the be t t ell un lve ll 4-Lt- u have 6u tt pllooe44oJt 4alaJt le4 in the $30 000 to $40 000 Jt ange wh lch l4 a ve Jt y 11 a 1r e t h lng in the t echn lca t a 4 oppo1ie d to the ma na ge Jt lat po1i ltioM at NSA And -in my v le w the pu 1te p1to 6U40 1t a 4 d l1it lngu l1ihe d 6Jt om the depaAtme n t he ad pll ovo4t de a n4 etc i 4 the p11 o 6e 64 lonat e qu lvatent o 6 the puJte te chn lc lan at NSA What I have 4a ld l4 aimed at the mo1r e mundane a 4pe c t 06 ouJt pJt ooe 44 lon money but it may help to Jt ound out the p lc t u e 06 the t lngu l 6t' 6 pll06e 44 lonal 4-Ltuation at NSA •••• When I WM a GG- 7 I had 6antcut i c pe Mona t Jt Upon4-ib it ity Z WM 1r e1ipon1i lbte 601r deve top ing the Age nc y' 6 whole Xend ian language pJt og a m Then Ma GG-13 I wa 6 educed to coun t lng cha-iM in c la44 Jt oo m4 • •••• Sf '' 'l'QP • ·- UMll f Langua gu c hange c on 6 tan tty The 6 k Lll 6 11 e qui1ted in language jobi take a tide time to develop white tho6e 1tequi11 ed in the othe 1t di4c iptine 6 a1te teac habte in a 6ho11 t 11 a nge 06 time Language a na ly4t 6 a1te not given enough inc entive to make language wo1tk a li6etime pult 6uit I'm not 6u 1te whe1te the 6topping point i 6 In the middle 1tange 6 IGG-7 to GG-131 the1te ii a 1tea 6onabte ca1tee1t But beyond that lt' 6 que 6 tionabte i6 enough incentive e xi 6U to keep people in the 6ietd And then we'1te 4Ungy with oult t1ta i ning The 1te i 6 no ove 1ta lt long lta nge t1ta i ning p1tog1tam in te1tm4 06 the need 6 06 the Agency and the ne e d 6 and c apabititle 6 06 the pe 1t 6on •••• A 6 tong a 6 p tomotion above a c e ttain level i 6 on the ba 4-i 4 o 0 ma nage me nt the te wilt atway 6 be a 6ho ttage o te c hnic ia n 6 Thi4 i4 t tue 60 t othe 1t di 6c iptine4 too Not ta king anything away 61tom ma na ge men t but the Jt e alte othvr 4k-itl ti that a te ju 6 t 4 6 c lt-i tic al to ou11 m-i 4 6ion - •••• It is wisdom to know others It is enlightenment to know one's self ---Lao Tzu ss 'f9P seJRR UMIJRxA THEW I S D O M O F THE C H I N E S E S A G E 2 3 11 It 25 1 20 3 18 16 19 9 21t 12 5 2 13 15 17 6 21 u 7 22 l 10 8 1 T 0 ME N DB UTT F A I 2 C I 3 NE D 0 C 4 T RI N E I V I N E E XX ME E RN ME 5 WAS 6 C RE D X 0 F KIN H E L D T 0 p E RA E N C E w 7 X I T H A GS X T H H A T TH T I 0 N F E RE I N 8 D CO ME E UN F I E GENE 0 RP U B N AT E I 9 DOWN F T AMON RALWE L I C I M NM AN X u s s 0 H E RE w L X E Q I T N CE R I B y T H E y X C LE G HT E 0 S N 0 D p E 0 PL ANG O V U S N E A R I G H T N C I u s s s AN D C N T X C 0 0 N s C I 10 ROM RE G WHOM LFARE p RO 11 M 0 12 N 13 I TY X X 0 VE DE WASA BE R Ty BE I 14 ROY A L YT H E BOVE A 0 F COM THAT M 15 GOVE R RE Q 16 NM E N 17 WAS AN X S H 0 18 I NS T I L D T H A w 19 TUT I O T p R 0 C L I 20 T E AS H O U L T I Q u T AL S 0 R u N O F G O E D URE X T HE I F T H E ME N T X MP L I C D BER E P u VE E 0 p L AN D L I A T I 0 N N G L L E LS ME RC E ORA L L X X H I X X HEH AW I S 0 VO I C E LDT H NEW I T A s u TB E N H C RE A F T VO LE TI ON X D F 0 R Solution to March transposition Puzzle Answers to Crypto-Scramble Cryptoanswer Delta r c Monograph Average I e Sigmage Tables ANAGRAM 56 'P9P SiCRT UMBRA CONTRIBUTORS WALTER V JOE ABBOTT JR 8605 11 eceived hi4 B A in Engli4h lite11 atu11 e 011 om HaAva 11 d College in 1960 and ente11 ed the All my Secu11 ity Agency 4ho11 tly the11 ea 0 t11 e Among hi 6 A11 my expe11 ie nce 4 we 11 e a ye all in Monte 11 ey 4tudy-ing Ch-ine4e Manda n and a two-yea IL tou11 in the Ph-i Upp-ine4 M the Ole in the P11 oce 44ing and Repo11 t lng 4hop 6oA the now de 0unct USM-9 He joined NSA in 1966 and had a toull in Hawaii du ng which time he wa4 the NSA Paci6-ic AepAe 4e ntat-ive to the CINCPAC IGC woAking 911 oup A ce11 ti6ied Special Re4e a11 ch Analyit he l 6 cuA11 ently the Chie 6 06 the lnte ttigence Sta 00 6011 atl Communi 6t GAound Fo11 ce activity in Southea4t A 6la PEGGY BARNHILL joined NSA in 1966 a 0te 11 911 aduating 011 om Ma11 ywood College with a de gAee in Social Studie4 White a pa11 ticipant in the Special Re 6e aAch Inte11 n pAog11 am 6he wo11 ed in vaAiou 6 a11 eai thAoughout the Agency Upon completion 06 that pA0911 am 4he wai a4 6igned to 842 whe 11 e 4he ha4 be en deeply involved in development 06 the 606twa11 e 0011 p11 oce 6 6in9 AG-22 data She i 6 pAo6e 6 6ionalized n both Special Re 6e a11 ch and vata Sy 6te m 6 caAeeA 6ie ld 6 OR MARTHA A ' ARTII BRANSTAD Pf entu e d NSA a 6 ct C11 yp to-Ma th intelln in 1911 She hM had touM in R C and B lt WM while toulling 812 that 6he -i 6olated 6e ve Aal bug 6 in the 370 STETHOSCOPE a 6e 11 ie 6 06 CIA diagno 6tic p11 0911 a m 6 Thi4 di 6cove11 y te d to he A plle 6ent unde11 ta king-- tha t 06 11 evamping c tnd debugging the whole RAPIVS lgene 11 al utility p409Aam package VA B an 6tad'4 backg11 ound inctude 6 a PhD awa4de d by lowa State UniveMity whe11 e 4he b11 ie 8ty 4e 11 ve d M A 6 6i4tant P11 o e 4 04 06 ComputeA Science Even now he tie 6 to the academ c wo11 ld a11 e not completely 4eve e d 1 604 ante A houM 6he te ache at the UniveMity College on the Unive 6ity o 6 Ma11 ytand ROVNEY FORBES majo e d in Engli4h at NotAe Dame and Ohio State whe 11 e he 11 ece -i ved hi 6 M A in 1951 A6te A a 4t e tch in the A4my he kicked a Aound 911 aduate 4choot at Ohio State 6oA a while 4 tudying and teaching be604e joining NSA in 1957 He ha4 4pent almo4t hi4 whole Agency ca Aee11 in 8 GAoup having • 1 TOP SECRET· UMBRA --- ·-------- -------- TOP SECRET UMBRA - l EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1 wo1tke d on __ P te m 11« ·th CH1 CO MI • I and Ve v w '-1 1 1 1 1 11W 111 4 5 l II 81 tt he hcu 6 pen t mo It e f m e on the CHl COM whe 1te he i 6 now 4 e 1tv-ln g a no the IL tou1t a y e e pubt-l6he d a tong TSR J843 #1-111 on the 4ame 4u bje c t 44 hi4 Dragon Seeds a1tt lc te • WZLL1AM V GERHARV h44 be en w lth NSA 4ince 1952 except 601t a tlA o-ye aJt pe od 61tom 1962 to 1964 when he wo ie d 601t the Science In601tmat lon 066ice 06 the National Sue nee Foundat lon At NSA he h44 divided hi4 time be twe n G and B G1tou p4--in G 44 a U ngu ut c 1typtana ly4t and 1Le po1tte 1t and ln 8 44 a me mbe lL 06 the 86 Ope Jta t lon4 StaH 1964-65 and the 86 Te chn i cal Suppo1tt Viv i 4 lon T A C k and machine 4uppoltt 61tom 1965 to 1967 Since then hi h44 headed a 4malt NSA SCA team cha1tte 1ted by OlRNSA to •document the U S c1typtotogic involvement in Southea4t 46 l B ltt Jte ce i ve d h l4 e du cauon at lndiana Unive Jt4ity which gllante d him B A and M A de g1te e 4 BEE KENNARO P2221 g1tadu ate d 61tom the Un1ve M lty 06 Tex44 with a B A • ln H-l6 to1ty and Engti4h Fo1t 4e e n ye a Jt 6 4he 4e 1tve d 44 an lnte tt i ge nce analy4t with G2 u s Fo1tce 4 in AU4tltia F1tom 1961 to 1911 4he wo1tke d with th 82223 collocated in601tmat lon 4UppoJtt g1tou p 44 the 4e ri c 01t anaty4t on the Vietnam IU U ta 11 y pll obte m Cr VtJte n tly 4 e i4 a 1t e ti1t e d Wall coJtJtU ponde nt and autho1r -i n-1t uid nce • MARY ANN LASLO 8432 W44 91t aduate d 6 om Ro6a1t y Hi lt Colle ge 8u66ato New Yo1t k in 1965 e ce ving a B A de g1t e e ln Ma the ma t lu She came to NSA in•1966 and e nte 1r e d the CIA 1nte Jtn P1tog1t am which plt ovide d qppo1ttun1 t le 4 to wo1tk in ASS 845 G41 and G4Z She 1t eee ived he Jr ce 1tti6icat lon 44 a mathe maucian in 1910 and a 4 a c1typtanaly6t ln 1973 a nd 4 he h44 co mpte te d 4 e ve Jt11l •1t e qu l1t eme n t6 le a ding to ce 1t t l icat lon 44 a c1t ypto-ma t te mat lc la n Since 1969 Mlt 4 Lazto ha 4 be en a46igne d·to 8432 wke 1te 4he doe 6 -lndep •dr ea ch on the P o ptu RepubUc 06 Ch na - 'T lll-- and 6unc U on4 cu a con4ultant in ma the ma an a C4 at Oivi4ion level IIR 11 r 18 'CJ18Pi8IJOIHR ·lJMB -·t - · 59 n - Fl - --tA - - _t - c - - ii 111 -