l a FrTOP SECR13Cf -I National Security Agency Fort George G Meade Maryland SEPTEMBER 1973 ' f I 'r I ' ' THIS p CUMENT CONTAINS CODEWORD MATERIAL TOP SECRIJT Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on 10-06-2020 pursuant to E O 13526 MOR 107694 This is V agon See d There is fantasy irony and the bite of reality in the name It speaks of the East And like the East it suggests much says little O ago n Se e d is both Mothe1 China and her neighbors V agon Seed is monumental and ninuscule It is the past and future It begs for elaboration but gives none In it are echoed softly slurred Mandarin brittle Vietnamese determined Korean In it is the spectre looming over the Thai Lao and Khmer It is frightening and friendly It is uncertain Above all V agon Seed is promise It is fertile with ideas unbounded to be cultivated with creativity and imagination It is challenge It is alive It will be more than it is V agon Se e d is youfs May it grow with you The Editors SBORH UMBRA w ••• I •• I • ' WI A- • lATII I I OIOANIIA1 ION MAOI US • L ··• - - - - - •• - a --- · _ _ __ ___ _ _ --------· f ' DAH - - J - - - J PL 'fOP StJCR 'f UMBRA i I IBAOOM SE Z S Publisher DONALD IE a llf CBIB r B4 Managinc Editor Jllnnie M BDcutbe l 'ditor Robert Kenny s Benjamin llewrit e 911tor Jane J •c1al Interest Bcl1tot Feature 8H tor Robert F lreinhecler Biucation Blitor Rq 1' Lynoh Mirian I Reed Bition I R1ta L Caahw U Be't'erly Louella K lrtter I PD$ OOIPS Bll Carolyn Y Bro1111 B42 Pe111 Bamh1 q B2 George S Patt non Blu 11117 Ann Lael B l Jack mcer B6J r Bl2 Jean Gilligan B62 Bilmnd J Ou est B33 Louis Ambrosia B6 Wil l 1 am Bbl Jwa W awddt B6S Philip J Oallaper nq 'P0P BBORBf UMBftxA 86-36 50 USC 3605 I ----- - - - - - - -- - - - - ·t j · ' 'U A - - Sf N HO I U V j -- - --- - ··- T0P SBCR 'f mlBRl Vol 2 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 SEPTEMBER 1973 Nr III TIILE If CBITEITI · Buddha Speaks 1 SAWTOOTH Answers the Q Question ••••••••• ••••••• Jane E Dunn What Have They Done to Our Linguists •• • •••••••• Jeryl The Open Door Surveying I 8 o Gegan 14 Teacher Very Funny •••• ••••••••• Rich Atkinson 19 ryptosystems •• Sam Coury 24 History of a Dragon ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Don DeLong 29 Seedlings 33 Ask the Dragon Lady 36 Contributors 41 'PQP SBOIH3'f UMBttA STU BUCK eee ving the Me ito iou4 Civilian Se vice Awa d 6 om Gen Sam Phillip 6o me Vi4ecto4 NSA 'f0P BBORtR UMBlla'z ·EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 'f8P 8' BCRB'f UMBRA COMPUTER-AIDED BOOKBREAKING NOT 11 BOOKBREAKING BY COMPUTER By Stuart H Buck l - - - - ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - -EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 'FOP 880Rlff U IBRA 2 'EQP CKET U IBRA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 SO use 3605 • 3 'EOP i CUT IJMIIRh EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 4 'fOP SBOR J'f UMB A - ----- ------------ --------- a _ - - -- ---· ······ ---- - - - - - - - - - EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 5 -- 'fOP SHCRE'f UMBRA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 STUART BUCK'S academic deg4eeh 1te6tec t majo1t inteJtehth both on and 066 the job he holdh an AB in Romance Language 6 61tom Ha1tva1td and an MA ln Hi 6to1ty 61tom Columbia A 6 a hl 6to1ty bu66 he ha 6 made ex ten 6lve 6tudie 6 on the Ame1tlcan Civil Walt although hl 6 lnte1te 6t 6 Jtange 6aJt beyond that one pe tlod MR BUCK ente1ted the S1G1NT 6ieLd white wlth the A1tmy ln 1943 and he became a civllian analy 6t the 6oLlowlng yea It he ha 6 been wlth the Agency eve It hince C1typ t0Llngulh tlc 6 wa 6 hl 6 6leLd 61tom the beglnnlng with concentJtatlon on bookb1teakln9 ReadeJt 6 06 the NSA Technlcat JouJtnaL wltL Jtecognlze hlm 61tom hl 6 Achola1tlu a1ttlcle 6 on language 6 and cJtuptollnaul 6tlc4 and o htJt 6 bnow hlm 6 the authoh 06 hanabook 6 dlctlona1tie 6 and Jteadu 6 ln Mongolian and Tlbe tan He l 6 deeply lnvoLved ln developing technical ald 6 to bookb1teaklng and Jtejolceh in the challenge 06 wo1tking wlth machlne-01tiented 61tiend 6 to unlte the dlve1tgent 6ieLd 6 06 natuJtaL Language and compute It p1tog1tammlng 601t code 1teconht1tuc tlon M1t Buck made Pl hl 6 ba 6e when lt wa 6 6l1t 6t e 6tabll 6hed a 6 NSA 064 du1tlng the Ko1tean Wa1t • ••• 6 r i'OP 8130H'f UMBlb This puzzle a Mao quotation in STC encrypted by means of a 10 x 10 playfair was submitted by SSG Anthony Zambito B213 It will probably be a snap for someone with a Chinese language background but a non-Chinese cryppie could recover the pseudoplain if he were familiar with the properties of STC 09269 70418 99795 69489 09262 93983 03172 21126 11727 56794 89160 44436 32817 35250 89798 40184 02521 56216 24328 14381 11261 17275 67948 91604 44363 28122 36034 21126 13873 08414 09255 94813 61562 32601 87112 61172 75679 39073 52508 95472 01032 85111 26422 40324 02529 72593 72155 10019 87188 90679 84018 49489 15621 62454 72010 32851 11261 62448 58155 10019 87188 90683 03318 19390 29113 35181 69777 17154 38749 48913 26077 12057 81695 45527 80972 59372 94895 45527 80162 44858 94894 68713 93153 95455 27809 72593 72948 91539 54552 78016 24485 89489 22360 01541 43532 13084 64506 31718 70735 25089 02522 78016 24112 67984 61849 39073 52508 90252 27801 62401 20112 61604 54704 65695 14948 92210 76513 27677 61735 25089 20722 78016 24207 21126 87188 90677 42318 10157 66294 27494 89327 67761 73525 08902 52278 01624 11264 67017 79015 76629 42749 48989 40010 32210 76515 01127 24298 80426 11261 17248 14015 76629 42749 39010 Answer in next issue 7 'PQP SEOM'f UMBRA I EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 SAWTOO'l H ANSWERS THE a QUESTION by Jane Dunn B4 8 • - - - -- · · - -- · - _ ___ - -- -· - - - - ---- - - ·- - ·· 'f0P 8SORl3'f UMH J 9 0P BBOH'f UMHKA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 I 'f8P SISOR 'P UMBRA 'fQP 813CRB'f UMBRA • _ •·_ -- - • W ' 1 ' •111 G - · - - - - - - - --·-- -- - ·- ·- EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 use 3605 • J J i EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 'P0P BtiORB Ut lBRA - We wi ll Make a new Ga1tde n Mo 11 e 6plend-ld Than th- 6 one You w lll 6 e e lt You w lll unde Jt 6tand --Chekov · 12 _ _ _ _ A•- - •·· TOP 880RB'f UMBRI CRYPTO·SCRAMBLE By Richard A tki1mm Unscramble each of the five numbered crypto-scrambln placing one let18r in each space to form fh e words or names each of which fits the definition to its riFt- 1 2 _o __o __o___ _ A set of decipherments T R AC E I S G R E E N o__o __ _ METS TEP COMSEC worry V I T A L S EABE E R 3 -- o___o___ _ Converted by addition of a constant 4 WHO SA 0 __ o__ _ RYE program performs statistics on data stream and its delta stream 5 P U RET E S T S RYE programs of pure tests ___Q ____Q me a1 'in how C St you we re oin Now arrange the circled letters to form the cryptoanswer suggllUld by the cartoon at the right Cate9or i CQ LL 9 NO -- Print CRYPTOANSWER here Answer on page 4¢ 13 'fOP BBORE'f UMBRA I '9P SBORM' UMBltA WHAT HAVE THEY DONE TO OUR LINGUISTS By Jeryl O Gegan B65 The other day I received a Notification of Personnel Action slip telling me that my job title and cosc had been changed from Special Research Analyst to Language Analyst Panic -- There must be some mistake -- was followea by despair Who would do such a thing to me How will I ever face my friends and co-workers This can't really be happening to me After recovering a few of my senses I began calling all over the Agency to find out why I was being persecuted I called my personnel representative the Career Guidance Division and one of the B Group Technical Directorates Most of the time I couldn't get through to my party either the lines were tied up by other erstwhile SRA's who also had just been retitled or possibly no one wanted to talk to a mere language analyst REFLECTION That night alone and crying in my beer I began to reflect on what had happened to the image and status of linguists in this Agency When I started in the cryptologic business nearly ten years ago my first assignment was as a linguist AP those were the good old days A linguist was omebody then A linguist could walk around the halls of NSA or a field station and try to appear indifferent to all the admiring glances he received He was the man on the spot with all the responsibility all the answers Whenever VIP's visited to be briefed on the tactical situation the political situation or on any other situation that needed looking into the linguist was t He was the leader of all who needed leading the brightest star in all the firmanent But alas the golden age has passed The white knight image has been shattered A new animal has appeared on the scene He will lead the blind cure all ills and answer any questions He is The SRA Since the Vietnam war has been blamed for everything from inflation at home to the shortage of raspberries in Portugal we can conveniently blame the war for the tarnishing of the image of the linguist During the golden age you couldn't find any SRAs reports and analysis were handled by linguists when they weren't busy translating In those days the volume 14 TOP SECRET UMBRA - 7 - -- TOP S BORB'f UMBRA of translatable items was much less than it is today Translations didn't need explanations observations elucidations or provocations It was all there in black and white only a dummy couldn't understand what it meant REJECTION Then the war began and message volumes mushroomed until linguists were confronted with huge backlogs Additionally all messages had to be carefully and fully translated -- even the most mundane could contain a wealth of information about enemy plans Each message had to be viewed as just a tiny piece of the war Suddenly nothing was black or white anymore Someone had to take all the information these messages contained or possibly contained and put it into a form which the by now very confused customer could understand and then act upon The linguists busy working on their backlogs had no time So a new creature the SRA emerged to unravel the customers' confusion and save the entire war effort The SRA assumed all the glamour roles He issued the CRITICs the Spot Reports and the TACREPs He was responsible for issuing the SONGBIRD TACREP which would result in a downed pilot being plucked to safety right from under the enemy's nose He drew flags all over the maps He knew where all the friendly and enemy positions were He was both a military tactician and strategist He knew the enemy commanders by name age and place of birth If anyone had any questions or needed a briefing his supreme excellence the SRA was the giver of all truth The linguists meanwhile were still working on their backlogs The only time anyone talked to a linguist was when the veracity of a translation was questioned In that rare moment of actual human contact the linguist didn't know how to act He hemmed and hawed and sometimes reverted to his acquired language for safety and comfort Alas The day of the linguist had passed He had only one unromantic mission -- to get that backlog depleted RENAISSANCE One day during the height of the war a linguist crawled out from under the table where he had fallen while checking the 17th dictionary for the meaning of an obscure term and discovered that another world one that he vaguely remembered really existed He saw people writing reports in English of all things He saw people giving briefings flanked by gailydecorated wall maps He felt a twinge for the past and right 15 ' T6P SECltB'f UMBRA ' then and there decided that this was for him One by one other linguists defected until the Agency had acquired a bevy of SRA's with extensive language capabilities The 11 11ew implt ove d SRA 11 was born He could write brief analyze explain and talk about the idiosyncrasies of the language He could sooth the restless inquisitive mind of the tactical customer telling him not to worry that in this or that instance the enemy didn't really mean what he said Armed with all this versatility the new i mp 11 ove d SRA 11 looked for new worlds to conquer He scooped up jobs handled by traffic analysts and cryptanalysts He started hanging around with programmers He took MP-160 and began discussing inputs and outputs This gave birth to the va t t ly lmp1toved SRA 11 whose thirst still unquenched slipped into management and staff positions where he could exert influence over all the other production skills His pride and mobility were unstifled and he had no desire whatsoever to return to the caves and consult a foreign language dictionary NOW WHAT Although the above story is obviously in jest I'm sure many linguists are going to recognize the paths thei r own careers have followed Why should someone spend a lot of time and effort on the thankless task of producing a translation when the only reward is the question Why couldn't we get this out a little sooner The feeling among many linguists is that they have absolutely no mobility in the Agency An individual feels that there is no way he can progress if he remains a linguist He must graduate into management or expand to other fields generally SRA or Traffic Analysis For proof how many division chiefs with a language analyst COSC do you know Would he be in the same grade level if he had remained a linguist The NSA Language Career Panel comprised of highly dedicated professionals has worked diligently to improve and insure the quality of linguists at NSA With the continuous changes and improvements being made in the Professionalization Qualification Examinations grading methods and professionalization criteria the Panel's mission toward high quality linguists is being realized But very little is being done to improve the image of linguists They are looked upon primarily as units of energy which are expected to produce X number of translations a day If and when the translation backlog is depleted they can work on some innocuous language working aid The Cryptolinguistic 16 'WP iJGCRT UMIIRh 'fOP SBCftB'f UMBRI't Association gives these downtrodden people something to join somewhere they can find a little sympathy and exchange experiences but this organization is not causing any great change in the image or status of linguists either The R D types are heralded for devising wonderful machines to collect vast quantities of raw data over incredible distances Traffic analysts score major breakthroughs in locating and identifying terminals developing comprehensive norms and solving the mysteries of unit subordination etc Cryptanalysts and their data systems compatriots use computer technology to shatter the toughest of ciphers and codes But where would we be with all this data were there no linguists to translate Simply put it would be a raw and cursory data explosion neither justifying the cost nor the limited amount of external intelligence information derived On the other hand one tiny taken-for-granted unrewarded immobile linguist can make it all worthwhile He has done it and because he has this Agency is recognized among many customers as somewhat of a miracle worker In my opinion there are several reasons why the linguist has been downgraded Most of the individuals in the other production professions seem to feel that the linguist's job is not technical enough Tough TA and CA problems may take months or years of trial and error studies until the big break comes but even the toughest translation can be finished off in a relatively short period of time Reporting requirements demand it Real-time and near real-time reports must be written up and sent out immediately but the SRA can also write long-term reports which when completed are masterpieces of intelligence information -- not a stone left unturned every end tied up The SRA can express his knowledge in deciding how a report will go out what vehicle what precedence who should get it He is generally familiar with the other intelligence agencies and the people who work on his problem there The SRA goes to meetings and NIEs to talk to these pP ople and to customers his is a glamour job So then these other professionals look upon the linguist as someone who after a year to two or seven or eight for Chinese of language training can sit down and translate anything It's as simple as that The linguist's job just doesn't eem technical enough for him to be held in high esteem As if that weren't enough too many of our linguists enjoy the life of a scholarly recluse He hides behind his mound of dictionaries and is oblivious of anything else that is going on around him He holds the other professions in contempt refusing to see how they could possibly be contributing anything of value 17 i'8P SBCRtJf UMBlti 880Mf UMBRA Too often when something does occur that could expand his level of understanding and application in the other cryptologic fields he will crawl into the woodwork with the excuse that it's not language-related and therefore no concern of his He'll even hint that he's being misused and that his job doesn't include non-linguistic work Maybe it doesn't but all this complaining we hear about lack of mobility and opportunity ought to be looked at in another light -- who is really at fault The concept of a superlinguist has been promoted by some This theory holds that instead of a linguist moving into management or staff work after gaining non-linguistic experience in other cryptologic specialties he should proceed to gain versatility in as many languages as he can The more languages he knows the higher he goes until his job as a GG-15 is to check translations done by many junior linguists This to me is the height of nonsense Why have a GG-15 do a job that a GG-9 11 could probably do just as well This concept promotes shirking of responsibility and encourages retreating behind an even higher mound of dictionaries while the rest of the world goes by Could this be how the rejection phase started in the first place A concept such as this will do even more to isolate and immobilize an individual Everyone is going to have to do a little to help improve the image of linguists at NSA Remember Where would this Agency be without them Perhaps management will have to initiate a course of action but the big change is going to have to be in the individual linguist himself Linguists should stop hanging around the wailing wall stop looking for sympathy from their fellow linguists and stop blaming everyone but themselves for their 'maligned condi ion' The linguist if he is to regain his status among other cryptologic professionals is going to have to take it upon himself to accept more responsibility expand his technical understanding and learn a little bit more of what this Agency is all about To do otherwise will be to conclude that the image of the linguistic profession at NSA has nowhere to go but down The image is that of the individual 18 'JQP ORBf UMBlt2 ________ ' '-------- ___ c ' EO 3 3b 3 EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ---- _ THE· 'OPEk i OI • #I ·---• 4 eefl to be c ompanioM st tong tht wa •· The lanteJtn which we ca 1 y l 4 not oi11· We • • · The 4p l Jtit which w e 4haJte i c o gioru fhought The know te d9 e whl-ch we 9 a i 14 a lltum « na ting toJtc h And att who 4 e e k ma J • pe 1t ce l ve • and • e tJtn • -The Conc e pt•o VJtagen Ste d4 • • • TEACHER VERY FUNNY • • •• •-•• • • Sy Ri Atkinson El • April and 'May of this th Advisory Det chment in to a six-week course in qryptanalysis or c ass _ _ _ _ _ NCO's I could prol ably write a small'book a qu my two months in I but this article is limired to my experiences which relate to the course and fl¼' relati-onships with the students I Id been inlr--- week so when the first day of the course dawned I slept later tQ °a I had since arriving a most S oo a m To be honest -I 'never did adjust to the J ltime differential arrived at the center where t e course was to be conducted' a bOut an hour early and reviewed the hot tips I had received 'f tom various people 1 my English-spaa 1ng students were not too En lish-s ea n seems fair I only knew two • ra EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 2 - ---- - -- isappear for a few days at a time an or no particular reason this could be a nightma J 3 I fuchool day is 9-11 30 and 1-3 30 if I 1m very lucky double nightmare 19 'P9P 880Rm1 UMBRl I I t TOP BBCR Bf UMHRA · ' ' EO 3 3b 3 EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 la 4 never askl question he can't answ b• because he willose face so it is best -not to az -k any questions if they do show up t an't find out how they are oing 5 teachers are treat d like gods I h4v •always admired hone s motion • • Armed with the q l ful hints I marched t battle e against 1students and al o -'l' ' ' ' '-- 4 _ac •tinq as interpreter After rather stiff an orma in roductions I decided to start the class by telling it some of the things - they would be able to accomplish after the course I also hoped this would relax the students a bit It appe1 lred to work very well students began to laugh and chatter among themselves I knew I was off to a good start Then th •Major wiped his eyes and said Every student think teacher very funny My spirits sank to a new low The remainder • of the morning went quickly and my confidence was coming b k because I felt we were making some progress But I still•needed an icebreaker to open up a good relationship with the siudents I When I returned from lunch I discovered hot tip #2 had already reared its ugly head One G udent was missing and when I inquired as to his whereabouts I was told He go to post office It far away we staliot Well we not only started the afternoon session wi hout him we finished it without him If attendance continued on this optional 11 basis the course would be worthless considered the episode as a possible challenge and mounte •a counterattack I told the class I was very impressed with their afternoon work They were obviously pleased with £he compliment Then I added that they understood so well that they could help the missing student catch up before ' class began the next day • 11 1 • As I walked to clas the next morning I didn't know what to expect My hopes rose when I saw that all five students were present 1 chatted with the student who had missed the afternoon session and he assured me that the other four students had taught him all the material he had missed There were no more xqrsterious disappearances during the course N1xt day I f9i nd my icebreaker I had learned from one of the __ _ _ _ dvisors that the students wanted to know how old I was When it was time for our morning break I put on my most serious face and asked Who wants to know how old I am The room went silent and six bodies froze Fearing I'd been a bit overdramatic I smiled and said ''I'm 33 2¢ OP SEO UMBRl --- -- --·• EO 3 3b 3 EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 q 9p SHORtJ'f UftlBRA • _ _ _ _ _ • • •• • • • • I __ _ _ lburst into laughter and almost te •off the r chairs I asked for a translation of the chatte i •• • The Major regained his composure and said The l·t l1i k teacher yery funny Indeed it was the icebreakpr ahd ·at least once a week for the rest of the course tbey o ld point to n y graying hair almost unknownj I a nd sk again Th answer 33 remained amusing for six weeks• discovered• a way After a few days I around the• losing face problem I would ask a· student a simple question When he answered I immediately asked ach of the other fo r students whether the answer was correc Needless to say th other four always agreed that•1t w - If the answer was cQrrect all five students were pleased if not the first stbdent didn't lose face be_o use eJerybody missed it Great idea but I'm glad I didn't have JO students By the fourth or fifth week I was abl •to calr on students and discuss thelr answers without checkiJtg with the other students Anoth r ploy qsed to gain their confidence and -overcome face 'Problem was to have the class teaC h me a I_ _jword eaeh day I think it was the highlight of their ay €0 ear tone-deaf me attempting their tonal lan uage Since I didn 1 t•appear to lose face with my performaAces perhaps the •felt they couldn't lose face in front of me he lo irlg __ B_e_f_o e anyone gets the impression I was able to convert students into typical Americans let me str ss two - -a t t a-n t oints First these men weren ' t t ical and -' 'w' ' e ' r ' e-a ' w ' a-r e-o '' m 'y - e ' r 1 'c 'a n ' ' 1 o ' s y n c ' r ' a s ' 1 'e s- - --r o s e recounted were my only two victories I on all other clashes of customs For example wild horses couldn't drag a student out of the classroom before the teacher On breaks I often wanted to write something on the blackboard before my next lecture They wouldn't go on break until I left the classroom My only recourse was to go out and sneak back in a few minutes later During the morning and afternoon breaks they wanted to buy me Cokes One day I decided to break them of this rather expensive habit During exercises I sneaked out and bought myself a Coke I came back to class with the full bottle in my hand and suggested a break Thirty seconds later I had a bottle of Coke in my other hand and the student who bropght it to me marveled at the tremendous thirst I had I capitulated They had to erase the blackboard they had to carry my notes back to my office1 and no amount of protest altered a thing There was give and take on both sides and we each learned something about the other 21 EO 3 3b 3 EO 3 3b 6 TQP CKET UJ IHRli •••• • t ·· PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 ••i'i By the second week of the course the tudents Jeali ed they could learn the subject matter and hdt tipJ3 bit ttre dust All students were in class by 8 '1· each 4ay 1 nd sbuiied until I appeared at 9 00 They retur ted from l•unch ·abou • 12 15 and studied or did exercises • tlntil I appealed an tiour later By now lessons had becom a• real ple su e for mer· eager students full of questiou$• and williJ 9 tQ· learn - 4 teacher's dream Deadlines webt out the ndOW' - if exceeded fine if not I f ·• _ Occasionally we wen't• to lunch as tr• grou These meals consisted of many different courses Qf qhi ren and seafood washed down with l oeral amounts ofl• _ the local whisky or beer good but•potent Each curse G1omes with as · i l sauce or two sing these sauces food extremely• hot Mexican food ___ l I _ _ - _ ' I 1 During the fourth week rI decid d to take the class to lunch and asked a1 _advisoi for the name of a local restaurant He recommended one where th · food was good but he wanted me to know it was a r e s t a u r a n t not designed for tourists Just wlia I wanted - not obstentatious and cheap The day before we were to go I had the Major announce the invitation The class was agreeable but not overly eager We went the next day After a somber beginning we all had a great time and rolled back to class a couple of hours later When one oft students took me aside to thank me I found out why the class hadn't been too excited about going They didn't think f would go in to the place when I saw it This explained w y we had eaten at a rather fancy restaurant on the previo s outing r One day of the la t week the Major suggested we quit an hour early and all go over to his house for a drink After a polite period of medLlation I agreed I rode over with the Major the students walked This was my one and only chance to get inside a middle-class house It was a one-floor I structure set on stilts with high ceilings and corner- to I don't worry o cover any situation Roughly translat 9s to 22 TQP CR sf UMBRA EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 'PQP 8BCRt3tf UMB A corner windows perfect for tqa•hot damp climate The students arrived ten minutrs•later each carryinq a full_plate of food the plates were set in the middle of the table and everyone ate directly from them Roast peanuts fresh sliced mangoes and sweet sauce roast chicken chicken in hot sauce fried rice and a local dish consisting of chopped by-products and pepper was the hottest food I had ever eaten One bite and my whole head began to sweat profusely as I gasped for air This act turned out to be as funny as my age They all showed me it wasn't hot by eating a heaping forkful Not one to give in easily I had another heaping forkful Unfortunately the results were the same as the first time If I had to choose one incident as the highlight of the trip it would be this hour and a half informal gathering one of those rare times when our many differences were all set aside Inl There were other moments two farewell dinners with my first cold dish of chopped onion and chicken feet only the pads 100-year eggs shark fin soup raw octopus squid and eel and numerous other delicacies I can't even remember and an emotional farewell scene with my students and interpreter All in all they were the hardest working most dedicated students I've ever had the pleasure of teaching My trip was a rich experience with six new friends I'll remember for the rest of my life No th lng would be done a t all i 6 a man wa lted t ltl he could do lt 60 welt that no one cou td 6-lnd 6aul t w l th l t --Anonymous 23 1 - - - --------- ------- 'fOP 8BORlff UMBRA SURVEYING I YPTOSYSTEMS by Sam Coury B65 24 'fOP BflCHi UM8Rh EO 3 3b 3 PL 86- 36 50 USC 3605 ------- - - - - - - - -·- - 25 CfOP SFJORFJ'f U IBRA 'WP SECRET UMHRl EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 • 26 ·------ -- ---- EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 27 -- ------- --- ---·- EO 3 3b 3 CfOP SBORSCf UM8Rl1 TAu ty a c a 11 t -lli molt e than the 1ium o lt1i PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 palt tl 8e t te11 to 11 umble like 1t oc kli Than to t lnkle l llle jade --Lao Tzu 28 p SBORH'f OMBltA - ---- --------------- · oL 4s -I rt 1 f lfCC HISTORY OF A DRAGON by Don DeLong B43 According to a popular legend rooted in Greek mythology the fire-breathing green dragon was a familiar figure and a formidable foe During the recent fierce armed conflict in Southeast Asia SEA a more domesticated purple dragon played an entirely different role in helping to overcome the forces of evil Before recording the birth of the Purple Dragon a slight pause for a definition of Operations Security OPSEC OPSEC is formally defined as Those actions that are necessary and appropriate to deny the enemy information concerning planned ongoing and completed operations This includes planning training and other across-the-staff procedures necessary to protect the security of operations as well as conducting OPSEC surveys to validate or improve the effectiveness of OPSEC measures In simpler terms it is maintaining the element of surprise while at the same time denying information about operations to the enemy OPSEC as we know it today originated in the latter part of 1966 At that time President Johnson expressed concern over the losses sustained by U S air operations in Southeast Asia and the lack of overall effectiveness The Director NSA DIRNSA briefed the President's Foreign Advisory Board on SIGINT indications that the Viet Cong North Vietnamese and Chinese Communists frequently had advance knowledge of u s operations in SEA In the light of this SIGINT evidence Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS in the fall of 1966 tasked Commander-in-Chief Pacific CINCPAC to investigate the security posture of U S air operations in Southeast Asia Survey teams were first organized by CINCPAC in October 1966 Each team contained representatives from operations communications COMSEC intelligence and other sections as needed The entire OPSEC program in CINCPAC is known as Purple Dragon Initial areas of concern for Purple Dragon teams who uncovered many U S Allied vulnerabilities included but were not limited to stereotyped operating procedures e cessive plaintext voice communications static callsigns and frequencies physical and personnel security 29 OP S OR B'f UMBR A 'f0P SBOR Bi UMBRl1 Among the first operational areas surveyed by Purpie Dragon teams in 1966 and 1967 were B-52 ARC LIGHT strikes ROLLING THUNDER tactical airstrikes over North Vietnam and photo drones In later years OPSEC surveys were expanded to include carrier operations gunship missions in the STEEL TIGER and BARREL ROLL areas GIANT SCALE reconnaissance missions Airborne Direction Finding ARDF Forward Air Controllers FACs GIANT NAIL reconnaissance missions military operations in Korea and numerous other areas In compliance with JCS memorandum SM 469-71 CINCPAC prepares a semiannual OPSEC report covering all surveys for the preceding six months Portions of the report contain codeword material The requirement that CINCPAC provide a semiannual OPSEC briefing to JCS and to key personnel at NSA has been discontinued The latest Purpie Dragon OPSEC report in December 1972 contained findings on surveys that examined the amphibious exercise GOLDEN DRAGON u s Air Force gunships ARC LIGHT missions into North Vietnam Naval gunfire support and u s Special Forces in Thailand Let us take a closer look at one of these surveys Gunship operations using AC-119 aircraft based at Danang Vietnam and Nakhom Phanom Thailand were surveyed in March of 1972 with augmentation of the survey team from 7th Air Force personnel and concurrent monitoring performed by Pacific Security Region personnel Revealed were many areas vulnerable to exploitation by the enemy which yielded valid prior knowledge or forewarning Among the observations made by the survey was the report by gunship crews that the enemy gunners hold their fire until gunship escorts report minimum fuel codeword BINGO or expenditure of all ordnance codeword WINCHESTER This confirms that the enemy intercepts and exploits air-to-air communications to his advantage A number of major findings dealing with operational procedures communications patterns and Human Resource Intelligence HUMINT vulnerabilities were uncovered during the survey Specific highlights included 1 Use of distinctive static callsigns enables the enemy to identify mission-by-mission the gunship type 1working altitude general working area and capa6ilities Reporting of an escort aircraft delay alert or cancellation by mission number via in-the-clea communications can reveal an increased vulnerability of a 3fD p SECHE'P UMBRA - Ca ' - --- C la 'JQP SECBE'f UMBRA specific gunship mission particularly if there is no spare or substitute available 3 DELTA and BETA points used to identify specific geographic locations are employed widely in insecure communications to pass sensitive intelligence 4 Aircraft status boards display a complete and up-to-date status information relative to sensory equipment This data could be exploited through HUMINT since numerous foreign nationals were observed in the area 5 Nightly gunship schedules together with any variations therein can be readily recovered from the unclassified operating schedule and flying schedule forms 6 Static mission numbers which can be readily associated with specific visual reconnaissance sectors and times on-station are a source in unprotected communications that the enemy may exploit to get advance information on any changes in the nightly gunship schedule Meanwhile the OPSEC effort generated considerable interest at NSA The responsibility to provide SIGINT support to CINCPAC was vested in a B Joint Task Force which was established concurrently as an NSA counterpart to the CINCPAC Purple Dragon effort B45 was designated to chair the project and all SIGINT support to the OPSEC effort at CINCPAC was directed from that office In support of B responsibilities to provide SIGINT support to CINCPAC OPSEC all elements were requested to be especially watchful for any SIGINT information possibly indicating enemy foreknowledge or forewarning of U S or Allied operations contained in enemy communications between any of B targets It was stressed that the words foreknowledge or forewarning need not appear in the title to make the information a valid OPSEC item Two additional requirements were levied on B elements in support of the task force First all collateral and SIGINT that could possibly relate to OPSEC was to be provided to B45 on a regular basis Also all offices were to coordinate with B45 on all outgoing messages that pertained in any way to the general problem of enemy awareness or foreknowledge During its heyday in 1971 and through January 1972 the task force provided SIGINT support to the Purpte Dragon OPSEC effort in the form of a roonthly end product known as The Awareness Report Pacific Area Subjects of interest that contained posslbfe foreknowledge and that were outlined in this report included air activity ground forces naval activity movement 31 'fOP BtiORE UMBR of VIPS and enemy COMSEC efforts More specific examples within the air activity were B-52 strikes tactical air strikes from carriers SR-71 overflights U-2 reconnaissance missions and BUFFALO HUNTER photo drones The Enemy Awareness· Report Pacific Area was discontinued after the January l972 issue because a great deal of its usefulness was lost as many of the same items were reported through a more timely medium The only current report generated by the OPSEC portion of Bis a weekly electrical message forwarded only during those weeks when there is a positive foreknowledge message concerning B-52 strikes Although the war in Southeast Asia is supposedly coming to a close OPSEC continues to play a vital role in support of u s and Allied operations in that area and in other areas of the world To this end the office of the JCS in July 1972 began placing renewed emphasis on their OPSEC policy guidance to the military services and the commanders of unified and specified commands The Purple Dragon remai ns today as a protector of the OPSEC domain He stands ready to breath fire on those who would violate the rules of good OPSEC order CHINA DENOUNCES another perfldlou1 Taiwanese trick The NaUonallats it seems have dlltributed 100 000 copies of Jonathan Llv• lngston Seagull to their people As the Oommu• ntsts see It the high but aelliah Ideals advocated by the beat-lltllllng novel will distract Taiwan ft youth from lhc J1111l 11lnlggle fo1· uninca• lion with the mainland WALL ST JOURNAL 24 May 1973 32 TQP 8 BOM'f UMBRA - · a --- -- - - -- - ----- - - I '8P BBORB'1 UMBRA l I 1 ·' 1 Sl' EDLING 1IIH lJ ---A complete collection of papers covering past activities of the Pl Bookbreakers' Forum on Machine Aids has just been published by Pl This document Pl Informal No 6 S-209 237 contains minutes of all general meetings including two sessions for which minutes have not been issued previously as well as a quantity of historical and background information It should be of interest to anyone seriously involved in bookbreaking machine support to bookbreakers or the management of bookbreaking problems Anyone who would like a copy should contact M E D'Imperio or Jean Oliver Pl6 x3045 The following changes to programs listed in the Project TREES manual dated March 1971 were generated by B users ASH Page A-1 - The GR Group Size option data parameter should be used with paper tape input as well as card input on an initial ASH run with the CR option parameter ASH will insert the GR Group Size submitted into word 3 of the sector 1 message file identification block for use by other Project TREES programs where the group size is a factor • BEECH Page B-1 - BEECH will index up to 5000 records A version of BEECH cataloged on RYE as BEECHLG will index up to 10 000 records If a user wants to selectively send messages from his message file to BEECH or BEECHLG using program SPRUCE he may do so by using standard SPRUCE program and data parameters and substituting an XX for BI as the first BEECH or BEECHLG parameter e g XX90 vice BI90 if F90 is your message file ---RYE Project TREES is a set of 14 backbreaking and code message processing programs that provide a fairly timely and flexible working aid for bookpreakers TREES enables analysts to do the initial data processing and certain diagnostic tests on codes through remote RYE terminals provides a remote access repository for data which is alterable according to the users' requirements and allows rapid data retrieval or data 33 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 0P SiJORB'f UMBRA DOGWOOD Page D-2 - Another parameter to DOGWOOD NOINC is now available which will inhibit the automatic update of the frequency field of every code group appearing in a message submitted for a DOGWOOD decode • ---Die vou know th t t he Guangming Vaily PR newspaper has been carrying a special featu called Language Reform Semimonthly The articles d al with the movement for simplify ng Chinese chara ters and the attempt on tlre part qf the PRC to reduc e the to al number of characters now betng used As of 10 May this feature n full paq spread has appeared n the lOth and 25th of each ufonth FIR Page F-1 - A user may Input any size short identification not necessarily a multiple of 5 and FIR will delete all messages with headers at match the header stream s submitted for the specified number of characters • • ---Th •cLA Program Committee has developed what it considers To get a copy of the Project TREES manual or to to be an exceptionally inforsecure RYE FASTRAUD storage mat ' l'e interesting • and for a Project TREES applistimulating lecture eries for cation contact your division's thf 1973-74 year Following machine applications reprei the tentative scijedule sentative e g B42 G46 _ etc B65 has had extensive i6 Oct 73 t'SA Audit orium user experience with Project _ rHE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE TREES over the last several - EFFORT AND THE LINGUIST r- a e -a a r lljs_o n-a ywa r 1 · Louis 1'1 Tord l la j _________________ 1 Or D DIR NSA anguage codes and can be contacted 7210s for user2 Nov 73 USA Auciit' rium oriented assistance in estabTHE LINGUIST AT GCH lishing a Project TREES application e-tx •L-------lr 4 Dec 73 NSA Auditorium THE CHANGING FACE OF CHINA REFLECTIONS ON TWO RECENT VISITS TO PEKING Mr Charles W Freeman Jr Director People's Republic of China and Mongolian Affairs U S Department of State _tp -'J ·- 34 -- -L Cc TOP SBORIW UMBRA 15 Jan 74 NSA Auditorium 22 Jan 74 FANX Auditorium PROJECT LAYAWAY THE NEWEST CONCEPT IN TRANSCRIPTION Mr Charles Holt D Chief A64 12 Feb 74 NSA Auditorium THE FAITHFUL ECHO THE ROLE OF THE LINGUIST IN U S DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS Mrs Sophia Porson Senior Diplomatic Interpreter u s Department of State ---New or renewing members of CLA may pay their 1974 dues $3 00 to any one of the following persons Gallagher Mr Philip J B652 Room A2548 FANX II ext 7206s Kreinheder Mr Robert F B65 Room A2548 FANX II ext 7210s 12 Mar 74 NSA Auditorium Mallick Mr John J B372 Room 3C099-2 OPS-1 FGGM ext 4175s 19 Mar 74 FANX Auditorium INDONESIA ITS PEOPLE AND LANGUAGES Mr Roberts Johnson G92 Wagner Miss Florence E B652 Room A2548 FANX II ext 7128s 9 Apr 74 NSA Auditorium THE UNIVERSAL LINK LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTS AT THE UNITED NATIONS Dr Margarita Bowen Georgetown University 14 May 74 NSA Auditorium 21 May 74 FANX Auditorium THE LETHAL TRIANGLE THE STUDENT THE SCHOOL AND THE SUPERVISOR Mr Alan French El Wong Mr Washington B442 Room 3W030 OPS-1 FGGM ext 4058s Wood Mr Geoffrey c B653 Room A2548 FANX II ext 7206s 11 June 74 THE ARAB WORLD TODAY Speaker to be announced h 'l'QP 8iJCRm' UMH A EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 · ' ASK THE DRAGON LAVV • THI C PAI AUi LOOI AM • • Dear Dragon Lady The only thing wrong with Ms l ennard's premise is that i does not reflect SIGINT of •when we were re ading theL J comms told us tons about CnR ' - ff - s e J - - i___ _ _ reports put out 1961-62 derived from ____________ system I the reports and trans a ions were in e VHI later VNG series Several messages from CRC were decrypted and published My impression is that the CRC remained a viable force through the mid-sixties but began to fade as the clandestine flavor of the war died It hasn't been heard of for years Finally Ms Kennard may well have stumbled on to the truth but I am inclined to doubt it without more proof Her article remains an excellent exptana ion of what might have happened But there have been several de facto reorganizations within the Communist hierarchy since the mid-sixties and I suspect that the CRC if it still exists is a paper organization Tom Glenn B61 Dear Dragon Lady Ms Kennard's article on the •c• parallelogram in the June issue of Dragon Seeds provides the opportunity to expound on the problems encountered in the use of collateral information in the war in South Vietnam As she states the war has produced and is still producing a volume of collateral that has probably never before been available to our analysts This very volume however often proves to r · It be a mixed blessing To paraphrase Newton for every piece of supporting collateral there is an equal and opposite piece detracting It has been postulated that given any conceivable premise no matter how obtuse collateral can be found which will provide substantiation Although this statement is obviously uttered with tongue in cheek it is nonetheless true that often it is the traffic analyst that must bail out the info analyst and not the converse as Ms Kennard has suggested In her study Ms Kennard cites an ARVN J2 study based on captured documents but fails to mention that the documents also positively indicated that the ubiquitous Agency C has both a sapper and signal command Messages from VC MR 3 specialized agencies such as sapper and signal were addressed to the Sapper Command of C or Signal Command of c 11 C also sent messages to VC MR 3 asking for information and demanding that it forward reports on enemy military activity including after action reports Is it not unusual that the CRC equated to C by Ms Kennard has no communications of its own yet has its own signal command Further the document which lists the No 2 man of the cau Ca CRC as the political officer of C is inconclusive in the equation of C to CRC It is known that high ranking party members not only of the central party headquarters in North Vietnam aka C but also of COSVN aka R in South Vietnam wear two hats and function on several committees Could not the political officer of C also concurrently be the No 3 man of the Cau Vu resulting in yet another equation Once again the study of collateral information has proven to be an esoteric discipline and has allowed different analysts to proceed along different paths each seeking that piece of information which will support a hypothesis formulated from analysis of previous data Thomas Lahr B62 Continuing the d l tieu 6 tiion on the plight 06 the Ageney' ti l lngu l tit the V agon Lady tiha e ti the 6e thought 6 6 om a 6en lo l lngu l tit 37 'fOP SHORiff UMBR • I ffW SSOBFJ'f UMBRA A PROGRAM FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE LANGUAGE CAREER FIELD 1 Set up a scale which distinguishes more clearly between the plodding factory-hand linguists and the expert innovative and intelligence-minded ones At present I suspect they are all lumped together in the mind of management and this accounts for the low estate of language as a calling 2 Make language professionalization tests rigorous enough to discriminate not only between well-qualified and poorly-qualified linguists but also between professional linguists and dilettantes from other fields who just think they'd like to pick up another certificate on the cheap 3 Recognize some of the newer fields of language work comprehensive language files computerized language aids computer analysis of plain language phenomena effective aptitude and achievement tests and even blue-sky projects like linguistic approaches to encoded voice and ways of solving the transcription problem 4 Publicize achievements in the language field -- both among managers and among other linguists S Promote linguists for linAuistic work that their days may be long in their own field an that the newer generation may be inspired to enter that field and to give it their best and their all Reeogn i ze - Pu b U e i ze - P11 omote •••• nJJ -- lJ' ' ' •• The 6oot 06 an elephant clo e the mou th 06 a chleken --Laotian proverb 38 '10P OBFJ'f UMBR z ---------- SOLUTION TO JUNE 1 73 TRANSPOSITION PROBLEM F OURSAG ESANOTH E I R S A Y I N G S 7 152316181 8 S 19 2 13 4 2 2 10 6 11 17 20 3 21f 12 11 9 2 l T H E SAG E s E C 0 R D ED s A I s H 0 UR M 0 F C H I N A AN D T H E I R y I 11 G s R E M A I N T 0 T H I G H T y F 0 R C E S I NT H E L I F E 0 F T H E W 0 R L D X X T H E G EH WI s DOM s R 0 s 0 F B R I L L I A NT I NTH E I R CL E A N CU T D I R E C T N E s s H AV E H A D I N F L u E N C E FA R B E y 0 N D T H E · C 0 N F I N E s 0 F C H I NA AN D TH E 0 R I EN T X X T HE y G L 0 w I NT II E L I T E R AT R E 0 F AL L L A N D s s M 0 D I F I E D X X A N D p E RH AP A T T I M E S X X I NF 0 RMA u R I E s p A A L I T T L E D I s s 0 N D I T I 0 N s s C 0 N D 0 F L I s s T 0 R T E D T HE C E N T E DAN DA p p L I E D T 0 C p ARAMO IM E 0 FMA N y A UT H 0 R K u u N T I N TH ET s wH 0 s E W 0 R s T I T UT E T H E B AC K G RO U N F E I N VA R I s X XwI T H T H E P A 0 u s CO U s s I N ' ' R I E N G 0 F T H E y E A RSTHOS E G E M S H AV E B E E N C A L L E D UPON T 0 s ERV E D I V E R G E N T p u 39 '1'0P 8 BCBl51 UMBR2'- '1191 8 BORIH' UMBRA R p 0 S E s I 0 LOG I E s N N u a X J N E R 0 s l u s I s 0 C J AL R E L I G I 0 U S F 0 RM s s s I n E AN D E VE N s X X T H E y F L A HATONE F ROM U NE X p E E M C T E D p L AC I N M AN y 0 F T H E s T A T E L y L EAT BOU N D T 0 M E s AD Y C 0 u s I D E R E D 0 L D E NA N D I NM H E R 0 R EM 0 D E R 0 F T I NW 0 R K S A L s 0 T T E R I N M 0 S T C A s E s T H EMF I R r-t L y B E H I ND p y R I G H T X X WE K N 0 G E SW 0 u n N 0 W L E D G EA N wI s D D X s A L RE T H E LA H AV I N G WT L D N 0 T M I ND E s BA s E T RS 0 F C 0 HA T T H E S A 0 L 0 N G A s K OM C 0 N T I N u E T O S P R E AD T 0 AL L H U M A N I T Y X Z Encipherment involved transcribing by key column in an alternate vertical route SOLUTION TO CRYPTO-SCRAMBLE 1 2 3 4 s Genera trices Tempest Relative Base Shadow Super stet CRYPTOSANSWER REPEAT RATE 'JQP CRET UMBRA « - ---- ---- -- -- - - - - -- - - 'f0P 8 BCfttJ'f U IBR A EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1 EO 3 3b 3 EO 3 3b 6 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 CONTRIBUTORS RICH ATKINSON E13 -t-6 a gJt adua te 06 tlte Un-i ve 11 ti t y 06 tololr a do who joi ned NSA YI 1963 a nd wa -6 immed i a tety a l 6-i ned t a Pl whe 11 e he ha h -6pen t mo 6t 06 lt-i h Agency R -i 6e lfa ha a •iicompl -i hhed a 3-yea 1 toult -i n Chelter1f1a m Engf al' 'cf hd the p1 C11 yp to-Ma th I nt lt n P11 og1tam I 110 t nec u 6a1t i £•y - H that o- tde-'l I and 6 ltec ogn iztd aJ i a p11 06eh-6-i ona R in the u·e £d t 06 Ma thema t-i c 6 C t ptanalyh-i -6 a nd fduc a t lott and T1ta -i n-i 11 R-lc h c an c uJt 11 e n i ly be 6ound at the t-lat-i cr10 t c yp tolo I c Sc hoot u-6 ing baie batt ba tt-i ng ave 11 agu to i-tlu btllate tlte t he 011 y 06 pll oba b ili t iu 60 1t budding c 1typ taji alyJ it-6 a Q wo nde ll -i ng fww we· got thi J i -6 etch I • • 1'48 COURY B65 ·be gan w IL OIL Ns i i n ye all -6 ah an a na IJ-6 t 06 -' r ' - 1 1 1 - ---- _T 'I c ll ypto-6y b te m-6 '6ub 6 e quen y c n • o 1 u ved a t ouJt 06 du ty -lp Cheltenham E - g t' and wh e 11 e lie wa -6 c ortc eJtned w-lth Inimed-lat 'ly o 6 tu wa 11 dJ i he joir1ed B Gkoup o rtd Wa X ta ake d with analyzing 6-i 11 at VC•and then • Sou the a at A 6-i an d-lplomat-i c c Jt yptoJ iyate m-6 S inc e 1966 he ha-6 been 1t upon6ibte p1t i ma1ti ly c Jtyptoa naly t lc e6Qo11 t6 «ga -ln-6 t c Jtypto 6 14 tem 6 • SAM J I I I t Jt _ VON VE LONG ha 6 6 pent the t u t t_r 10 ye a 11 -0 o 6 a 12- ye vr A lit Foll c e ca 11 ee 11 wo 1t k lng i n the OPSEC po11 t i on 06 845 He hold o a deg11 ee -i n Bu 6 lne 6-6 Adm i n t11 a t ion 61tom Southw ateJtn • State College in h i 6 na t i ve O ta•oma A 601tme11 Mo11 -6e -Ln te11 c ep t· ope11 ato1t Capt Delong l i -6 t 6 amoig h-i 6 m it-lta 11 y a o-6 i gn e nt 6 6uch widely 6c atte11 ed a 11 e a-6 a o AR a olm Ge11 many and Thai R a d Wh i le -ln Southea 6 t A o i a he pJUJv lded SIG1NT ouppoJtt ti ARC LIGHT m i -6 6 i on 6 and ma i nta i ne d•a aec ull e c ommun-i cat-lon o'6ac il ity i n -6uppo11 t 06 BUFFALO HUNTER photo d1tone mi o o lon-6 and GIANT NAIL U-21 Jtec onnai o oa nc e ovft1t6R -lght 6 CA PT JANE BETTV OUUM'h c onnec t loh w i th SIGZNT da tu ba c k WW11 and covell 6 ta ll ge t-6 6Jtom Japa nue M i l-l ta Jr to CHICOM w lth iitop-6 along the way foll wo 11 k on __ _ _ u1tope a n Sa tetl i te and V-i e tna me oe• Commun i h t c 11 yp 0 61J 6 em 6 e hold 6 a 8 E 611 om Vuque one Un l e1t-6 lty and wa-6 p1tepa11 ed to teac h F1tench i n Penniiytvania i gh ochool o be601te ohe wa 6 detou1ted to A 1t l i ngton Hall Betty a c eJt t i 6 i e d c Jtyptanaly-6t a tu toll 6011 the CA Inte11 n p1tog a m an E E O c oun 6ello1t and the b i o Jr a hie ed lto11 011 VRAGON SEEVS Ch-i e6 06 B45 the PRC V lv l oion 611 om May 1972 unt ll the 11 _e_o_11 _9_a_n_L_z_a_L_o_n_o_ _u_y 1973 Ce tty i h now a rne mbe 11 06 the 64 Tec hn i c at V-i 11 ectoJtate 6011 C1typta naly o i 6 41 0P BFJO 'f UMBRA 't0P BHCRBff UMBftA • Ill • • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 I• • JERYL O JERRY GEG1N •B'6 2 jo i ned NSA in 1966 ollow £ng •a At int in th A my·secuJt ity Agency He ha A wo ked a Ag l · -iA t • ie poJttvr a nd tJta 6 6 lc a nalyot -in °60th the • Aect iono In 1968 and a ga in in 197r Je Jt Jty oeJtved ao a lnguiAt on tempoJtaJty loan to a i ' '-r6ield oite FJt m 1969 to 1912 he WaA the B12 integJtated a A oJt La 06 at SM-7 UdoJtn Tha ilandl JeJtJty l6 Chle6 06 th 7 Cha iJtma n 06 the Lao PQE Committee and ce Jt ----- - -i1 the Language and Spe c ial Reoea Jtch CaJteeJt Pane lo I 42 'fOP 8t3€RE'f UMBRA ·- -- --- f - - i ' i t s Cla ssified l -