' 1 INDE O X - 28 - 1 j U S NAVAL TECHNICAL MISSION TO JAPAN CJ - DECLASSIFIED Authority NNt 'B t3 0 5 --- -- - Copiu to - I Ar° OP 6o • OP 34H OR -4 Buord Tech 3 cpys OP 34H Cine Pac Intell Otticer 2 cpys Col Z CW • • Eng • • Ord Bu Ships 330c for 620 TIIB r r--- --· __ ' Bu Med Clv1 ti -yJ 1v · British Join Sta1't Mission 2 CP Cap Capt Shields Warren KC USNR J CJJXBI m 0- ea o f ' - - s l G P lt-Jh D J I I I ' JO • 1 0 l r 7#h 1 I i ' C DP l s o i' 2 J 1 P 1II I I 8 t ' n - - -ol _ l- lg -- Co p 7 CJr I eAJ -t-L ' I 0 p 3 2 _ £- µo G 4 - I I e c _ 1 7 • t •f -lo ' r r ti II 1 c P OP 3 I 1 I 4' 'l 03 C f n1 H1 l rv c e Rhou Mil 1 ' J 1--1 I - r II lll llC J f' i J DECLASSIFIED Authority NNI a r3 X l i itJitllS_SlfJED X-28-1 ATOMIC BOMBS HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI ARTICLE 1 MEDICAL EFFECTS INTELLIGENCE TARGETS JAPAN DNI OF 4 SEPT 1945 FASCICLE X-1 TARGET X-28 ARTICLE 1 DECEMBER 1945 U S NAVAL TECHNICAL MISSION TO JAPAN SECRET X-28-1 SUMMARY MISCELLANEOUS TARGETS ATOMIC BOMB HilWSHIMA AND NAGASAKI - ARTICLE 1 MEDICAL EFFECTS This report covers the medical effects ot the atomic bombs dropped on HIROSHll A 6 August 1945 and on NAGASAKI 9 August 1945 It also analyzes the physical damage as related to death and injury or personnel the organization or relief activities by the Japanese and their methods or treatment which were inadequate to a startling degree The question or residual radioactivity ia thoroughly considered on the basis ot our own and Japanese observations and it is oonoluded that onJ y negligible danger to personnel existed after the explosion The great majority ot casualties resulted from burn blast or secondary injury from debris while many survivors within a radius or four kilometers suffered trom radiation etrects ot varying intensity Some or these latter oases are still dying some may reproduce abnormal offspring and others may be permanently sterile NTJ•L·X-28-1 1 DECLASSIFIED Authority Ntvf ST3 Oof5 SECRET X-28-1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Figure Figure 1 2 Map ot HIROSHIMA City••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 18 Area of Devastation in Business Section or HIROSHIMA•••• Page 19 TyJ ical Scene Looking North Toward Hypocenter - Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure View Near Hypocenter - HIROSHIMA•·•••••••••••••••••••••• Heallng Second Degree Flash Burns Due to Atomic Bomb •••• Charred Striped Kimono••••••·••••••·•··••·•··•·••••·•••• Shadowing Effect or Wire on Telephone Pole•••••••••••• Shadow of Bridge Poat and Railing on Asphalt Roadway • Shadow of Lear on Charred Telephone Pole••••••·••··••· Shadow ot Man and Cart on Asphalt Roadway·•••••••••••• View of Bombed Area at NAGASAKI••••••••••••••••••••••••• Severe Epilation of Man's Scalp•••••••··•··••·•··•••·••• Partial Epilation of ' oman•s Scalp••••••••••••••••••···· Partial Epilation of Child's Scalp·•••··•·•·•·•••••••••• View of SHINKOZEN Hospital Room••••••••••••••••••••••••• J 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 15 HIROSHIMA•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 20 Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 21 22 23 24 21 25 25 30 38 38 4 0 50 Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph J Proportion or Casualties - HIROSHIMA•••••••••••••·•••••••• Page 16 Proportion of Damage in 4 030 Survivors - HIROSHIMA•••••••• Page 26 Population Density in 2 Km Radius in HIROSHIMA and Graph 4 Graph 5 Proportion or Casualties - NAGASAKI ••••••••••••••••••••••• Pr6tect1on Given by Concrete Buildings in NAGASAKI 2182 Survivors ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Effects in Open - NAGASAKI - 2182 Survivors••••••••••••••• Menstrual Changes Following Atomic Bomb - NAGASAKI•••••••• Effect on Child-Birth - NAGASAKI 9 Aug to 15 Nov 1945 ••••••·••·••••·•••••••••••••••• Mode of Destruction of Wooden Houses - NAGASAKI••••••••••• Graph 6 Graph 7 Graph 8 Graph 9 NAGASAKI••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 28 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 39 Page 4 1 Page 49 DECLASSIFIED Authority N N t '89-3 3 Oo'CS • DECLASSIFIED Authority X-28-1 SE CRET REFERENCES Japanese Personnel Who Assisted With the Researoh ABE K - Ministry or Education ARAKATSU B - Kyoto Imperial University ARAKAWA H - Kyushu Imperial University ARAKI T - Kyoto Prefeotural Medical School ASADA T - Osaka Imperial University CHIN EIHO - Kyushu Imperial University FUKUDA M - Kyushu Imperial University FUNAOKA s - Kyoto Imperial University HINO s - Tokyo Imperial University HIRAO K - Kyushu Imperial University IMAMURA s - Kyoto Imperial University ITO J - Osaka Imperial University JINNAK s - Kyushu Imperial University KAIDA K - Kyushu Imperial University KASHIWADO T - Tokyo Imperial University KIKUCHI - Osaka Imperial University KmOSHITA - Imperial Institute or Science KISHD40TO K - Tokyo Imperial University KOGA s - Kyushu Imperial University KONOO - Kyoto Imperial University KOYANO K - Nagasaki Medical College MASUYA T - Kyushu Imperial University MENJO M - Tokyo Imperial University MISAO T - Kyushu Imperial University MIYAKE M - Tokyo Imperial University NAGAOKA s - Tokyo Imperial University NARABAY ASHI T - Yamaguchi Preteotural Medical School NISHIOKA T - Editor Nagasaki Shimbun NISHINA Y - Imperial Institute or Science OKAMOTO K - Kyoto Imperial University ONO K - Kyushu Imperial University SAKAI B - Kure Naval Hospital SAWADA T - Kyushu Imperial University SENO s - Kyushu Imperial University SHmOHARA - Kyushu Imperial Univerdity TSUWKI M - Tokyo Imperial University URABE M - Tokyo Imperial University YAMAMURA H - Tokyo Imperial University YAMORI T - Yamaguchi Pretectural Medical School YASUYAMA K - Rear Admiral Japanese Naval Medical Corps YOSHIKAWA H - Tokyo Imperial University 4 SECRET X-28-1 INTRODUCTION The atomic bombs deton ted at era 1n destruction Since muoh or what th8 ir errects has been wholly or partly clude some physical data in this report cal aspects · HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI herald a new has been written in the press about erroneous we have telt obliged to inas a basis tor understanding the medi- We did not see our first patient surrering rrom etfeots or the bomb until 20 September 1945 and could not make physical studies until several days later Therefore we are dependent on the Japanese tor all data bearing on the early efteots Some oases were seen at NAGASAKI by Comdr Ti mmes or the USS WIClllTA and by ottioers ot the USS HAVEN in mid-September and about the same time a brier medioal survey was made by the 14an hattan Project Group We are entirely dependent on Japanese figures tor number and type or casualties population shifts eto Since many or these figures have seemed inaccurate we have attempted to oheok them by oontrasting with one another eyewitness acoounts opinions of officials oensus figures rationing figures police figures on movements or people from one area to another factory payrolls and other basic data Wing Comdr Bronowski RAF associated with USSBS called our attention to the rioe-rationing figures at NAGASAKI and gave us the result of his analysis or them These compared closely with our estimates Praotioally every Imperial Japanese University and some preteotural colleges sent groups to study the bombed oities we have interviewed nearly all the members and studied and correlated their data Almost the entire group rrom the Imperial University or Kyoto were killed and their data destroyed by a landslide during a typhoon about 25 September 1945 In considering the Japanese data due al lowanoe must be tllB de tor the backward character of Japanese medioine and the natural desire or the Japanese to color the truth for propaganda purposes Moreover errors due to language dif fioulty to desire or the person questioned to please the examiner and to ignorance are bound to oreep in Japanese instruments used for measurements of' radio-activity have been checked against ours and with certain oorreotions the measurements made with them can be accepted • Since Japanese dootors have long been interested in study or the blood cells much of their information on blood changes is aoourate and may be depended on to a considerable degree It was our good fortune to contaot early the Joint US Army-Imperial Japanese Government Commision studying the bomb effects and we have cooperated with them throughout Our indebtedness is here acknowledged Neither we oor they could have accomplished so much alone Si nee the NAGASAKI bomb was more powerful than the one at HIROSHD4A and of' the type more likel to be used in the future we ohoae to concentrate our studies chiefly on it The J panese Government plaoed at our joint disposal several wards in t he Omura Naval Hospital for study of boQb patients and we also made use of the emergency hospital in the Shinkozen School at NAGASAKI our hospital oorpsmen were of great servi ce in obtaining information on t he patients through cl i nical laboratory studies T5 1 DECLASSIFIED 5 Authority Nt t 'o-t-3 C ' U l LAlS SUU JJ Authority NNb '39-3 Oo i SECRET X-28-1 THE REPORT Part I GENERAL ASPECTS In any consideration or data obtained from lay sources several factor favoring error must be kept in mind The first of these is the ditficu Y due to language and the problem of conveying shades or meaning For example one patient on a sampan stated on initial examination that his clothing spontaneously burst into flames as a result of the action or the bomb but on caret'ul questioning and thorough checking of his statement the following story was obtained The blast of the bomb blew him overboard he swam ashore round that the wharf was on fire but climbed up and dashed across it climbed through a burning pig-pen reached the street and stood in line for first aid When he took orr his clothes to receive first aid he noticed that the seat or his trousers showed two small burned holes The second difficulty is the desire of the Japanese to be polite and obliging Rather than be impolite their tendency is to say yes in answer to any question they do not fully understand The third problem is that many of the patients have no memory of immediate events as a result of concussion or psychic trauma When questioned regarding the bomb they will say cloud rolled over their minds and they remember nothing for a matter or hours or days The fourth source or difficulty has been the tendency to dramatize and give symbolic coloring to many or the happenings Thus a number of the pati nts mentioned the disemboweling of bodies which is impossible as a blast effect but might occur as a result of flying debris The probability is that it has symbolic significance in relation to hara-kiri In spite or these difficulties we have had almost uniform cooperation from officials and civilians in attempting to gain the information we desired A HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA was a city or some J00 000 to 350 000 inhabitants situated on a low flat plain partly delta of the OTAGAWA partly made land At a radius of about two kilomaters from the hypocenter of the explosion the hills t a broken semicircular wall to the east north and west A parade ground pied about one-third or the central circle of one kilometer radius See 0 Enclosure A The bulk or the construction in the city was or one or two-story wooden houses with heavy tile roofs The tile about 2cm thick is f 1r r several centimeters or clay Scattered buildings were or modern fire-proof construction In general the streets were narrow and the houses closely packed On 6 A UgUSt 1945 at 0814 Just a 1'ter the all clear air raid si5nal h d been given the rirst atomic bomb WI _S dropped bY parachute and exploded at ah i ht est ted to be 570 15 meters 'l'he bn ocenter the projection or h • g ter on the earth was at first thought to be about at the main south e oen t o th• entrance parade ground but wa• later ahown t o be about 150 meters south and west 7 J DECLASSIFIED Authority N N f B -3 Q 5 X-28-1 SECRET itiaJ The explosion was of incredible intensity and of' extremely short induration perhaps one micro-second with a fire-ball lasting up to one second Nearly the whole electro-magnetic spectrum was apparently emitted as well as a neutron cloud Gamma radiation was produced by neutron bombardm nt of' atmospheric nitrogen The day was clear hot and dry with a light easterly wind but soon af'ter the explosion showers occurred in the western portions of' the ity The account of Father Siemes is so accurate and graphic that it is given verbatim and will be the cnly lay account presented tor this city Eyewitness Account of' Father Sia mes Verbatim Up to August 6th occasional bombs which did no great damage had f'aJ len on HIROSHIMA Many ci t ies r oundabout one after the other were destroyed but HIROSHIMA i t self' remained protected There were al most daily observation planes over the city but none of' t hem dropped a bomb The citizens wondered why they al one had remained undisturbed tor so long a time There were f'antastic rumors t hat t he enemy had someth ing special in mind tor this city but no one dreamed that the end would come in such a fashion as on the morning of' August 6 t h August 6th began in a bright clear summer morning About seven o'clock there was an air raid alarm which we had heard al most every day- and a f'6W planes appeared over the city No one paid any attention and at about eight o'clock t he aJ 1-olear was sounded I am sitting in fD¥ room at the Novitiate of' the Society of' Jesus in NAGATSUKA during the past haJ f' year the philosophical and theological section of' our Mission had been evacuated to this place f'rom TOKYO The Novitiate is situated approximately two kilometers f'rom HIROSHIMA haJ f'-way up the sides of' a broad valley which stretches from the town at sea level into the mountainous hinterland and through which courses a river From fD¥ window I have a wonderf'ul view down the valley to the city Suddenly - the time is approximately 8 14 - the whole val lay is t illed by a garish light which resembles the magnesium light used in photography and I am conscious of' a wave of' heat I jump to the window to find out the cause of' this remarkable phenomenon but I see nothing more than that bril liant yellow light As I make tor the door it doesn't occur to me that the light might have something to do with enemy planes On the way f'rom the window I hear a moderately loud explosion which seems to come f rom a distance and at the same time the windows are broken in with a loud crash There has b een an interval of' perhaps 10 seconds since the flash of' light I am sprayed by f'ragments of' glass The entire window f'rame has been forced into t he room I r ealize now that a bomb has burst and I am under the impress ion that it exploded directly over our house or in the immediate vicinity I am bleeding from cute about the hands and head I attempt to get out of' the door It has been forced outwards by the air pressure and has become jammed I force an opening in the door by meane of' repeated blows with my hands and feet and come to a broad hallway from which open the various rooms Everything is in a state of' contusion All windows are broken and all the doors are forced inwards The book-shelves in the hallway have tumbled down I do not note a s econd explosion and the fliers seem to have gone on Most of' my colleagues have been injured by f'ragments ot glass A tew are bleeding but none has been seriously injured All of us have been rortunate since it is now apparent tha t the wa11 ot my room opposite the window has been lacerated by long fragments of' glass We proceed to the tront o the house to see where the bomb has landed There is no evidence however of' a bomb crater but the southeast s ect ion ot the house is very severely damaged Not a door nor a window r emains The blast ot air had penetrated the entire house from the southeast but the hou s e still s tands It is constructed in the Japanese style with a 8 SECRET X-28-1 wooden framework but has been greatly strengthened by the labor or our Brother G opp r 1s frequently done in Japanese homes Only along the front of the 0 pe w ch adjoins the house have three supp rts given way it has been ma e 1 n manner ot Japanese temple entirely out or wood Down in the valley perhaps one kilometer toward the city rrom us several peasant homes are on tire and the woods on the opposite side of th valley are aflame A few of us go over to help control the flame While we are attempting to put things in order a storm comes up and it begins to rain over the city clouds or smoke are rising and I hear a few slight explosions I come to the conclusion that an incendiary bomb with an especially strong explosive action has gone off down in the valley A few of us saw three planes at great altitude over the city at the time of the explosion I myself saw no aircraft whatsoever t Perhaps a half-hour after the explosion a procession or people begins to stream up the valley from the city The crowd thickens continuously A few come up the road to our house Their steps are dragging Many are bleeding or have suffered burns We give them first aid and bring them into the chapel which we have in the meantime cleaned and cleared of wreckage and put them to rest on the straw mats which constitute the floor of Japanese houses A few display horrible wounds or the extremities and back The small quantity of rat which we possessed during this time of war was soon used up in the care ot the burns Father Rektor who before taking holy orders had studied medicine ministers to the injured but our bandages and drugs are soon gone We must be content with cleansing the wounds More and more of the injured come to us The least injured drag the more seriously wounded There are wounded soldiers and mothers carrying burned children in their arms From the houses of the farmers in the valley comes word Our houses are full of wounded and dying Can you help at least by taking the worst cases The wounded come from the sections at the edge of the city They saw the bright light their houses collapsed and buried the inmates in their rooms Those that were in the open suffered instantaneous burns particularly on the lightly clothed or unclothed parts or the body Numerous fires sprang up which soon consumed the entire district We now conclude that the epicenter of the explosion was at the edge of the city near the JOKOGAWA Station three kilometers away trom us We are concerned about Father Kopp who that same morning went to hold Mass at the Sisters or the Poor who have a home for children at the edge of the city He had not returned as yet Toward noon our large chapel and library are filled with the seriously injured The procession or refugees fro m the city continues Finally about one o'clock Father Kopp returns together with the Sisters Their house and the entire district where they live has burned to the ground Father Kopp is bleeding about the head and neck and he has a large burn on the right palm He was standing in front or the nunnery ready to go home All of a sudden he became aware or the light felt the wave of heat and a large blister formed on his hand The windows were torn out by the blast He thought that the bomb had fallen in his immediate vicinity The nunnery also a wooden structure made by our Brother Gropper still remained but soon it is noted that the house is as good as lost because or fire which had begun at many points in the neighborhood sweeps closer and closer and water is not available There is still time to rescue certain things from the house and to bury them in an open spot Then the house is swept by flame and they fight their way back to us along the shore of the river and through the burning streets soon comes news that the entire city has been destroyed by the exlosion and that it is on fire What became or Father Superior and the three trothers who were at the center of the city at the Central Mission and Parish House we had up to this time not given them a thought because we did not believe that the effects of the bomb encompassed the entire city Also we did t t to go into town except under pressure of dire necessity because we ughwa that the population was greatly perturbed and that lt might take reo A roreigners who they might consider spiteful onlookers of their venge on misfortune or even spies DECLASSIFIED 9 Authority NNt '89-3 5° - - - - - - - ----n o11 ··- -- --· -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Authority Nt f s- r3 0§ SECRET X-28-1 tor water and we come to the aid ot a tew Cries tor help are heard from a distance but we cannot approach the ruins tro m which they co me A troop ot soldiers'oomes along the road and their otficer notices that we speak a gtrange language He at once draws his sword screamingly demands who we are an threatens to out us down Father Laures Jr seizes his arm and explains that we are Ger man We tlnally quiet him down He thought that we might well be Americans who had parachuted down Rumors or parachutists were being bandied about the city The Father Superior who was clothed only in a shirt and trousers complains or reeling freezing cold despite the warm summer night and the heat or the bu ning city The one m an among us who possesses a coat gives it to him and in addition I give him my own shirt To me it seems more comfortable to be without a shirt in the heat In the meantime it has become midnight Since there are not enough or us to man both litters with tour strong bearers we determine to remove Father Schitter tirst to the outskirts or the city From there another group or bearers is to take over to NAGATSUKA the others are to turn back in order to rescue the Father Superior I am one or the bearers A theology student goes in tront to warn us or the nwnerous wires beams and fragments or ruins which block the way and which are impossible to see in the dark Despite all precautions our progress is stumbling and our teet get tangled in the wire Father Kruer talls and carries the litter with him Father Schiffer becomes halt unconscious from the tall and vomits We pass an injured man who sits all alone amoM the hot ruins and wham I had seen previously on the way down On the MISASA Bridp e we meet Father Tappe and Father Lubmer who have come to meet us from NAGATSUKA They had dug a family out of the runs of their collapsed house some fifty meters oft the road The father or the family was already dead They had dragged out two little girls and placed them by the side of the road Their mother was still trapped under some beams They had planned to complete the rescue and then to press on to meet us At the outskirts or the city we put down the litter and leave two men to wait until those who are to come from NAGATSUKA appear The rest of us turn back to fetch the Father Superior Most ot the ruins have now burned down The darkness kindly hides the many forms that lie on the ground Only occasionally in our quick progress do we hear calls for help One of us remarks that the remarkable burned smell reminds him or incinerated corpses The upright squatting form which we had passed by previously is still there Transportation on the litter which has been constructed out or boards must be very painful to the Father Superior whose entire back is full of fragments of glass In a narrow passage at the edge or town a oar forces us to the edge or the road The litter bearers on the left side fall into a two meter deep ditch which they could not see in the darkness Father Superior hides his pain with a dry Joke but the litter which is now no longer in one piece cannot be carried further We decide to wait until Brother KINJO can bring a hand oart from NAGATSUKA He soon comes back with one that he has requisitioned from a collasped house We place Father Superior on the cart and wheel him the rest of the way avoiding as much as possible the deeper pits in the road About half past four in the morning we finally arrive at the Novitiate Our rescue expedition had taken almos 12 hours Normally one could go back and forth to the city in two hours Our two wounded were now for the first time properly dressed I get two hours sleep on the floor some one else has taken my own bed Then I read a Mass in gratiarum actionem it is the 7th of August the anniversary ot the foundation of our Society Then we bestir ourselves'to brinp Father Kleinsorge and other acquaintances out of the city We take off again with the hand cart The bright day now reveals the frightful picture which last night's darkness had partly concealed Where The city stood everything as far as the eye could reach is a waste of ashes and ruin Only several skeletons of buildings completely burned out in the interior remain The banks of the river are covered with dead and wounded and the rising waters have here and there covered some of the corpses O 'th broad street in the HAKUSHIMA district naked burned cadavers are part1cufarle nwnerous Among them are the wounded who still live A few have crawled un-1 12 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNt 89-3 Oo i SECRET X-28-1 der the burnt-out auto d t then colla se s an rams Frighttully injured rorms beckon to us and tall down t • old woman and a girl whom she is pulling along with her ital at wh our eet We place th8Jll on our cart and wheel them to the hosIie on the de irance a dressing station has been set up Here the wounded dressed W oor row on row Only the largest wounds are caretully t • e convey another soldier and an old woman to this place but we cann es ove everybody who lies exposed in the sun It would be endless and it is qt J nable whether those whom we can drag to the dressing station oan come ou t re because even here nothing really etteotive can be done Later we a an that the wounded lay tor days in the burnt-out hallways ot the hosp and there they died We must proceed to our goal in the park and are forced to leave the wounded to their fate We make our way to the place where our Church stood to dig up those tew belongings that we had buried yesterday We find them intact Everything else has been completely burned In the ashes we find a few molten remnants ot the huly vessels At the park we load the housekeeper and a mother with har two children on the cart Father Kleinsorge feels strong enough with the aid or Brother NOBURARA to make his way home on toot The way back takes us once again past the dead and wounded in HAKUSHIMA Again no rescue parties are in evidence At the MISASA Bridge there still lies the family which Fathers Tappe and Luhmer had yesterday rescued from the ruins A piece ot tin had been placed over them to shield them f'rom the sun We cannot take them along tor our oart is full We give them and those nearby water to drink and decide to rescue them later At three o'clock in the afternoon we are back in NAGATSUKA Arter we have had a f'ew swallows and a little rood Fath rs Stolte Luhmer Erling hagen and myself take ott once again to bring in the family Father Kleinsorge requests that we also rescue two children who had lost their mother and who had lain near him in the park On the way we were greeted by strangers who had noted that we were on a mission or mercy and who praised our efforts We now met groups of individuals who were carrying the wounded about on litters As we arrived at the MISASA Bridge the family th t had been there was gone They might well have been borne away 1n he meantime There was a group of soldiers at work taking away those that had been sacrificed yesterday More than JO hours had gone by until the first official rescue party had appeared on the scene We find both children and take them out or the park a six-year old girl who was uninjured and a twelve-year old girl who had been burned about the head hands and legs and who had lain tor thirty hours without care in the park The lett side other taoe and the left eye were completely covered with blood and pus so that we thought that she had lost the eye When the wound was later washed we noted that the eye was intact and that the lids had just become stuck together OA the way home we took another group of three retugees with us They first wanted to know however or what nationality we were They too teared that we might be Americans'who had parachuted in When we arrived in NAGATSUKA lt had just become dark we took under our care 50 retugees who had lost their all The majority or them were wounded and not a few had dangerous burns Father Rektor treated the wounds as well as he could with the few medicaments that we could with effort gather up He had to confine himself' in general to cleansing the d r purulent material Even those with the smaller burns are very weak °suff'ered rrom diarrhea In the tarm houses in the vicinity almost 1h there were also wounded Father Rektor made daily rounds and acted everyw ereacit of a painstaking physician and was a great Samaritan our in th8 capin the eyes of the people a greater boost for Christianity than all work w s t during the preceding long years Three of the severely burned in our et or id within the next rew days Suddenly the pulse and respiration our house e certainly a sign ot our good care that so few died In the ceased Ifdistations and hospitals a good third or halt or those that had official aht died They lay about there almost without care and a very been broug n succ bed Everything was lacking doctors assistants high percendtage In an aid station at a school at a nearby village a dressings rugs etc 1el 13 SECRET X-28-1 group ot soldiers tor several days did nothing except to bring in and cremate the dead behind the school During the next tew days tuneral processions passed our house trom morning to night bringing the deceased to a small valley nearby There in 3ix places 9 the dead were burnod People brought their own wood and themselves did the cremation Father Luhmer and Father Lauree found a dead man in a nearby house who had already become bloated and who emitted a trighttul odor They brought him to this valley and incinerated him themselves Even late at night the little valley was lit up by the funeral pyres We made systematic ettorts to trace our acquaintances and the tamilies ot the refugees whom we had sheltered • Frequently after the passage of several weeks some one was round in a distant village or hospital but ot many there was no news and these were apparently dead We were lucky to discover the mother ot the two children whom we had round in the park and who had been given up tor dead Arter three weeks she saw her children once again In the great joy ot the reunion were mingled the tea r s tor those whom we shall not see again The magnitude or the disaster that befell HIROSHIMA on August 6th was only slowly pieced together in my mind I lived through the catastrophe and saw it only in flashes which only gradually were merged to give me a total picture What actually happened simultaneously in the city as a whole is as follows As a result or the explosion or the bomb at 8 15 almost the entire city was destroyed at a single blow Only small outlying districts in the southern and eastern parts ot the town escaped complete destruction The bomb exploded over the center or the city As a result or the blast the small Japanese houses in a diameter or five kilometers which comprised 99 per cent or the city collapsed or were blown up Those who were in the houses ware buried in the ruins Those who were in the open sustained burns resulting from contact with the substance or rays emitted by the bomb Where the substance struck in quantity fires sprang up These spread rapidly The heat which rose from the center created a whirlwind which was effective in spreading fire throughout the whole city Those who had been caught beneath the ruins and who could not be treed rapidly and those who had been cut off by the flames became casualties As much as six kilometers from the center or the explosion all houses were damaged and many collapsed and caught fire Even fifteen kilometers away windows were broken It was rumored that the enemy fliers had first spread an explosive and incendiary material over th0 city and then had created the explosion and ignition A few maintained that they saw the planes drop a parachute which had carried something that exploded at a height of 1 000 meters 1 'he newspapers called the bomb an atomic bomb'' and noted that the force or the blast had resulted from the explosion or uranium atoms and that gamma rays had been sent out as a result ·of t his but no one knew anything tor certain concerning the nature or the bomb 1 How many people were a sacrifice to this bomb Those who had lived through the catastrophe placed the number or the dead at at least 100 000 HIROSHIMA had a population or 400 000 Official statistics place the number who had died at 70 000 up to September 1st not counting the missing ••••• and 130 000 wounded among them 43 500 severely wounded Estimates made by ourselves on the basis ot groups known to us show that the number ot 100 000 dead is not too high Near us there are two bar aoks in each or which forty Korean workers lived On the day or the explosion they were laboring on the streets or HIROSHIMA Four returned alive to one barracks and sixteen to the other Six hundred students or the Protestant Girls' School worked in a factory from which only thirty to forty returned Most or the peasant families in the neighborhood lost one or more of their members who had worked at factories in the city Our next door neighbor TAMURA lost two children and himself suffered a large wound since as it happened he had been in the city on that day The family of our reader suffered two dead father and son thue a family or five members suffered at least two l osses counting only the dead 14 DECLASSIFIED Authority N N 'B J-3 Oo i SECRET X-28-1 rd sex rely wounded There died the Mayor the President of the central apan strict the Commander of the city Korean prince who had been st ationed in HIROSHIMA in the capacity or'an officer and many other high-ranking officers Of the professors of the University thirty-two were killed or severely injured Especially hard hit were the soidiers The Pioneer Regiment was almost entirely wiped out The barracks were near the center of the explosion Thousands of wounded who died later could doubtless have been rescued had they received proper treatment and care but rescue work in a catastrophe of this magnitude had not been envisioned since the whole city had been knocked out at a blow everything which had been prepared for emergency work was lost end no preparation had been made for rescue work in the outlying districts Many of the wounded also died because they had been weakened by unde nourishment end consequently lacked in strength to recover Those who had their normal strength and who received good care slowly healed the burns which had been occasioned by the bomb There were also cases however whose prognosis seemed good but who died suddenly There were also some who had only small external wounds who died within a week or later after an inflammation of the pharynx and oral cavity had taken place We thought at first that this was the result of inhalation of the substance of the bomb Later a commissioo established the thesis that gamma rays had been given out at the time of the explosion following which the internal organs had been injured in a manner resembling that consequent upon Roentgen irradiation This produces a diminution in the numbers or the white corpuscles Only several case s ore known to me personally where individuals who did not have external burns later died Father Kleinsorge and Father Gieslik who were near t he center of the explosion but who did not suffer burns became quite weak some fourteen days after the explosion Up to this time small incised wounds had healed normally but thereafter the wounds which were still unhealed became worse and are to date in Sep tember still incompletely healed The attending physician demonstrated a leucopenia There thus seems to be some truth in the statement that the radiation had some effect on the blood I am of the opinion however that their generally undernourished and weakened condition was partly responsible for these findings It was also noised about that the ruins of the city emitted deadly rays and that many workers who went there to eid in the clearing died and that the central district would be uninhabitable for some time to come I have my doubts as to whether such talk is true and myself and others who worked in the ruined area for some hours shortly after the explosion suffered no such ill effects None of us in those days heard a single outburst against the Americans on the part or the Japanese nor was there any evidence of a vengeful s i lt The Japanese suffered this terrible blow as a part or the fortunes or p • something to be borne without complnint During this war I have d· latively little hatred toward the Allies on the part or the people themselves although the press has taken occasion to stir up such feelings th ictories at the beginning or the war the enemy was rather looked After e but when the Allied offensive gathered momentum and especially down up n dvent of the majestic B-29's the technical skill or America became after t af wonder and admiration The following anecdote indicates the an object h Japanese A raw days after the atomic bombing the secretary or spirit O came to us asserting that the Japanese were ready to destroy the Univers 1 Y means of an equally effective bomb It ls dubious that he San Fran i r d what he told us He merely wanted to impress upon us foreignhimself eth e ese were capable of similar discoveries In his nationalers that e ap ked himself into elieving this The Japanese also intimatistlc pride e e or the new bomb was a Japanese discovery It was only ed that the pr ncl is they said which prevented its construction In the lack of raw me er ans'were said to have carried the discovery to a further meantime the Ge m t to initiate such bombing The Americans were reputed to stage and were a ou et from the Germane and they had then brought the bomb have learned the seer to a stage 0 1 industrial completion 15 SECR ET X -2 8 -1 GRAPH I DISTRIBUTION OF CASUALTIES HIROSHIMA DEAD INJURED 1 5% 1 5% UNHARMt D DECLASSIFIED 3 Authority N N 'a t 16 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNf ca9-3 OorJ SECRET X -2 8 -1 We have discussed among ourselves the ethics ot the use ot the bomb Some consider it in the same category as poison gas and were against its use on a civil population Others were ot the view that in total war as carried on 1n Japan there was no ditterence between civilians and soldiers and that the bomb itselt was an ettective torce tending to end the bloodshed warniI18 Japan to surrender and thus to avoid total destruction It seems logical to me that he who supports total war in principle cannot complain ot a war against civilians The crux or the matter is whethe1· total war in its present torm is justifiable even when it serves a just purpose Does it not have material and spiritual evil as its consequences which tar exceed whatever the good that might result When will our moralist give us a clear answer to this question To return to more scientitic aspects The bomb detonated at a 7_ S height ot about 550 to 600 meters One apparently accurate measurement is 570±15 meters Neutrons and rays ot practically the entire electromagnetic spectrum were probably liberated Ettects on personnel were produced by heat rays ultraviolet rays gamma rays and it is believed neutrons It is suggested by outlines ot shadows that in the instant before complete isintegraf tion the exploding bomb expanded to a tire-ball about 100 meters in diamete1 1 The population of HIROSHIMA at the time ot the bomb has been variably estimated to be between 300 000 and 350 000 We have chosen 320 000 as a tair figure Enclosure B obtained from USSBS gives the disposition and number ot military personnel in the city as well as the casualties they suffered Military casualties were much less than civilian due to better protection and bett r discipline We estimate a total of 80 000 were killed Japanese figures range trom 60 000 to 120 000 Approximately 80 000 were seriously wounded or burned Graph l shows the proportion of casualties Some estimates of casualties believed exaggerated reach 275 000 The vast majority ot deaths occurred from tire injury by flying or talling debris or violent displacement by blast Some reports exist of early death presumably due to gamma rays or neutrons since such persons died without evidence ot external injury and showed symptoms compatible with radiation sickness Such cases will be considered in a later section or the report Detailed figures as to types ot injury of survivors will be obtainable later when statistical analysis has been made or the data on approximately 7000 survivors questioned by the U S Army group of the Joint Atomic Bomb Investigation Commission A sample or 4030 cases was studied to show types of injury The results are shown in Graph 2 These 4030 survivors picked at random showed 23% healthy 29 suffering from flesh burn 33% suffering from injury by blast and 15% with radiation sickness The extents of the areas ot devastation by fire and blast are shown Fi re 1 This map prepared by Professor KONDO of Kyoto Imperial Universi n eals that the blast collapsed buildings over an area of 20 square kilore and tire swept 12 square kilometers Eighty thousand houses were de r d Most earthquake-proof structures stood but most were burned out yt 17 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNf 'o t-3 Oa15 SECRET X-28-1 - r AREA OF DffW TIO IN BlSH'F SS SITT'IO 19 I SECRET X - 28-1 0 torcode bett e e r m rtsmanorde trolley poles close to the hypooenter 0 distant which received more lateral Firu re 4 VIEti VEAR HYP XENTER smoke stacks stood throughout the area The Japanese houses which had been one or two-story structures ot wood with tile roots were red ced to ashes and broken tile Foundations and remnants or metal objects such as bioyoles sewing machines or pipes showed amid the general waste Even at the ti me ot our visit in October human bones were easily round amid the debris At the periphery the wooden structures were crushed pushed over or distorted but were not burned DECLASSIFIED 21 Authority NNI '8 t-3 2 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNt 'o-l-3 Oor SECRET X-28-1 It is probable that most tires in the bombed area originated from stoves elect r i c short-circuits and the like though this is a matter ot conjecture Some lame burns resulted during the contlagration The height and location ot the detonating bomb was determined with a high degree or accuracy by the study ot shadow silhouettes it produced on various objects by its heat Japanese investigators had located it approximately within a f ew days after the explosion Sharp lines or shadow left where one granite block protected portions of another where cross-arms or spikes left their shadowing effect on sti ll erect poles where bridge railings cast shadows and other types ot shadows accurat ely indicate the center Examples are shown in Figures 7 and 8 Lines of blast force indicated by wrecked buildings uprooted trees poles broken or leaning point radially to the center Ftfu·r e 7 11 SHAlJO'flIM EFFECT OF WIRE ON TELEPHOKE POLE Note sharp line of shieldlTlfl by nail near bottom Figure 8 SHAIXJW'' OF BRIDGE POST AND RAILIMJ ON ASPHALT ROAl WAY 24 SECRET X-28-1 where the Figure 10 pulling they were The instantaneous character ot the explosion is shown by Figure 9 leat sheltered the pole from charring before the blast displaced it shows whire a man was walking as well a a man and the cart he was They were pictured in shadow n the asphalt by the heat rays before swept away Aeure 9 nSJ ADO'fl OF LEAF ON CHARRED TELEGRAPH POLE Firure 10 Sl ADO'fl OF NAN 'IIALKI lJ orerround and ust beyond that of cart and man t ulltTlf it DECLASSIFIED 25 Authority NN' Bq-3 Oo15 L l DECLASSIFIED Au rity NNI s- t-3 a _ X - 28 - 1 SE CRET GRAPH 2 EFFECT UPON SURVIVORS 4030 HIROSHIMA Sample of 26 SECRET X-28-1 lowed with en one considera that the blast dislodging the leaf probably tol- · f t tha seoond after the explosion the short time in which the exposed O sur ace e pole was carbonized can be appreciated The force ot the blast has been estimated at about lkg cm2 at the hypocenter and about O J5kg cm2 at 500 meters from the hypocenter I The total energy released by the explosion was estimated at 1022 ergs b y K SASSO Y • SUGE estimated the heat received on earth at 1ol2 calories Probably few slow neutrons reached the earth as most ot them would be absorbed by the nitrogen ot the air giving oft gamma rays in the process of absorption Judging from the casualties the total gamma neutron and other biologically effective radiation was 500 r or more at'lkm from the hypocenter J In many or the concrete buildings near the center many escaped initial injury from blast or tire but practically all died as a result ot radiation sickness This is at first difficult to understand until one remembers that radiation entering through a window or other opening will strike floor and wells and induce much secondary radiation In the Bankers' Club Building studied very carefully by the Army Medical Group Lt Col Liebow AUS found that all survivors of the initial neat and trauma or the explosion died later or radiation reaction due in large part to scattered rays ot secondary type Ultraviolet radiation was present but could not be regarded as ot significance 1n the production or casualties Many people mentioned conjunctivitis as a prominent sy ptom but this could have been due to dust fumes and other factors as well as ultraviolet light The flash burns were in large part caused by intra-red radiation from the explosion rather than from heated air Practically all survivors describe the light and sensation of heat as simultaneous and the physical evidence further bears out this interpretation In a random sampling of 4030 survivors ot HIROSHIMA 23 percent were round healthy 29 percent suffered from flash burn 33 percent from physical injury and 15 percent from radiation This is illustrated in Graph 2 This proportion or healthy persons 23 percent suggests that perhaps the proportion given ror total population or HIROSHIMA who were unharmed 50 percent may be too high There is or course some overlapping ot types or inJury but this cannot be determined exactly until the final calculations are made Evidence ot secondary radiation burn Two employees or Domei-tsushi Hiroshima accorcllng to Dr ASADA suffered severe burns or the bands from aluminum oooking pots while receiving flash burns ot less severity to other exposed areas The employees were close t0 id 1n a concrete building near the hypocenter Prof TSUZUKI oites a w n ow an em loyee or the Mitsubishi Works whose skin was burned the ex p eriienotheeo egion ta metallic silver or aluminum oigarette case in severe1 y n his pooket di tive aluminum of a very low order ot intensity twice backRa oac meters from the hypocenter by ARAKATSU on August 15 It ground was found 50O hours and henoe might well have been sufficiently had a halt-litetorth15time or the explosion to have produced severe radiation highly aotive a e burns or nearby human tissues DECLASSIFIED 27 Authority NNt $3 Oo'CJ I a v Authority Nt f o-73 Oo i X-2 8 -1 SECRET GRAPH 3 POPULATION DENSITY IN 2 KM RADIUS HIROSHIMA • -DENSE NAGASKI 28 SPARSE I DE LASSIFIED Authority N t f SECRET B -3 O · i5 X-28-1 B NAGASAig NAGASAKI spreads ab t i by the surrounding hills ou ts harbor its growth checked and tunneled the head ot the harbor The bulk or the city spreads out north and east ot It was over this north r1 1th a sprawling arm spread along a northerly valley slopes ot the hills are vy armtot the city that the atomic bomb exploded The ery seep and only lightly inhabited la at l0 53nA M u t1 4 5 two B29's were reported over the SHIMBARA Penini meast at 9000 meters and· A Md the lead plane came over NAGASAKI trom the oppe three objects each on a parachute Division dr ovp donte bot these objects with the aid ot G-2 Fitth Marine o e 1 argely a barometric devioe and at 11 he second B29 came in at the same altitude and on the same cours 1 2 llei ht or· opped one atomic bomb which detonated 40 seconds -later at a- f J Th g 490 - 15 meters The weather had been clear and dry tor some days ere was a moderate overcast above the city broken in the northerly porti n There was a light westerly wind ' • ts ---- The hypocenter of the bomb was near 170 MATSUYALIA Cho Enclosure C is a map of the city with hypocenter ot th explosion shown a radial scale or distances from the hypocenter and the coordinates used to locate the position of survivors The scale or this map is not exact as most maps made by the Japanese falsify the scale at various points Enclosure D however prepared for NavTechJap by the Mapping Relier Mapping and Reproduction Centers of the Second Marine Division is accurately scaled in the heavily damaged area This is the only accurate map or the damage center known to exist In examining either ot these maps it ed area within the effective range of the bomb regular steep and almost uninhabited hills areas or HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI with reference will be noted that the populatis a narrow strip between irGraph 3 contrasts the populated to the bomb centers The large proportion of the effective force of the NAGASAKI bomb wasted on rice-fields bamboo groves woods and open land is well brought out This accounts for the tact that although the NAGASAKI bomb was more powerful than that dropped at HIROSHIMA the casualties we1·a tar fewer and the physical damage less several eyewitness stories or the NAGASAKI bomb explosion follow Dr KOYANO I was in the polyclinic room of the hospital surrounded by concrete walls I was fully clothed with a white laboratory coat and a white shirt Just after eleven o'clock I saw a whitish yellow brilliant light and heard a du 11 roar simultaneously Immediately I felt as thou h enveloped in hot gas and choked tor breath Then I lost consoio ess briefly When I recovered there was fire and confusion Lt s IKURA· I was four kilometers from the center at the base ot the medlcai harbo guard A bright instantaneous flash followed by a th derous roar and a great rush of wind surrounded me AB the ceillow and glass splintered from the window I felt a wave of heat I ing re th roof and looked out taking a movie camera with me and exposwent to fl to a slowly rising column of smoke and dust to the north ing the d it rose soon fire broke out in scattered spots that sprea as • K ANAZAWA· I was working with my brother in an open space about H • the prison anu we were just getting hungry Two two kilometers f o y and suddenly there was a blinding flash We heard planes had passe hot wind rushed past and when I got up m y back had bang and fell as a 29 -• S 1 DECLASSIFIED Authority NN 'Cr-t3 Otq5 SECRET X-28-1 many small outs through my olothes My neok and hands begrui to burn All was dark with smoke dust· and flying buildings Atterwards the house in which I lived was burned down r The descriptions in general agree with those given by survivors at HIROSHIMA The NAGASAKI bomb gives evidence of being the more powerful of the two but its radiation effect was essentially similar to that dropped on HIRO- SHIMA Fieure 11 BOKBED AREA AT NICASAKI Lcokine north f rom Shinkozen hospital Dr NISHINA and his associates estimate a blast 2 at 200 meters from the hypocenter falling to 1 5kg at 300P sure 11 kg cm 500 meters and O JOkg at one kilometer The total energy wase t'•-•t55kdg at twioe that at HIROSHIMA I Wa e as I gt d area 2The area of total d struction by blast was 4 7 1cm2 the b wasd2fhkmbi It will be noted that the secondary fire U ea e tendedu f1 beyon e ast area which is the reverse of the case at HIROSHIMA I f 30 SECRET X-28-1 GRAPH 4 EFFECTS UPON TOTAL POPULATION NAGASKI UNINJURED 60% DECLASSIFIED 31 Authority Ntvt o-t-3 OoCJ DECLASSU'IED Authority NJ 'B t-3 Oo'C i SECRET X - 28-1 GRAPH 5 EFFECT UPON PERSONS SHELTERED BY CONCRETE BUILINGS Sample on 2182 survivors NAGASAKI -BURN c J OTHER INJURY HEALTHY 32 X -2 8 -1 SECRET GRAPH 6 EFFECT UPON PERSONS IN OPEN Sample of 2182 survivors NAGASAKI 1RIBURN CJ OTHER INJURY NORMAL DECLASSIFIED 33 Authority N N 'o-T3 q S Authority NN o-t-3 g r J SECRET X-28-1 casualty figures have been difficult to determine No sound figures of population exist Lt Col LeRoy Wing Comdr Bronowski RA 1 associated with the u s Strategic Bombing Survey and Comdr Warren MC USNR attempted to assemble these figures which are believed to be the most accurate available POPULATION OF NAGASAKI Secret Census 19 Feb 1944 Rice Rationing May 1945 with added military and factory personnel Census l Nov 1945 Ric Rationing Computed for 1 Nov 1945 Men Women Total 137 01 5 lJJ 098 69 789 72 959 270 133 207 806 260 000 142 748 143 617 • See Enclosure E Police permits to leave the city had been granted to 29 313 persons The prefeotural r eport of 1 Sept 1945 gives 23 359 killed 40 992 injured and 1927 missing On the basis of these reports and figures and on our own estimation of casualties we believe the best approximate figures are killed 45 000 injured 45 000 See Graph 4 When it is remembered that only about one-third of the area of the city was in the effective zone or the blast the lethal power of the bomb can be well appreciated In our casualt y survey of Nagasaki survivors 2182 random cases were selected from the 5000 total These included all oases in the Shinkozen and Omura hospitals They were grouped in zones of equal distance from the hypocenter ranging from one to four or more kilometers and were also classified according to whether they were within concrete wood or steel buildings or in the open The figures for those in concrete buildings and those in the open are shown in Graphs 5 and 6 Graph 5 does not mean that 58 percent of those who were in the concrete buildings within a kilometer of the hypocenter survived Seventy five percent of those in the concrete hospital buildings were killed But of those who did survive it means 58 percent suffered no harm as against 18 percent of those who had been in the open and survived Graph 6 Probably these 18 percent unharmed were sheltered from the center ot explosion by buildings or tile roots though technically in the open There were three risks to those in concrete buildings magnitude these were 1 Fire mo t Japanese buildings have wooden trim 2 Secondary scattered radiation J Trauma from glass and other flying debris In order of By the time the three kilometer zone was reached distance alone was a protecting factor since gamma radiation and intra-red rays both follow the inverse square law Thus even in the open 54 percent of the survivors suffered no harm and 91 percent of those in concrete buildings were uninjured 34 X-28-1 SECRET In a further a tempt to evaluate casualty statistics furnished by the Japanese authorities payroll figures of employees injured and killed were obtained for principal factories These are summarized among other items in Enclosure F Approximately 12 percent of these employees were killed but no figures are given for the number who were working underground or were in shelters at the time of the explosion Chang es in the school population give a further check on casualties but are not of much help since the childr n worked during the week and were not in the school buildings at the time of the raid Enclosure G is a map showing the Nagasaki School Districts and Enclosure H the pre-raid and post-raid attendance figures and estimates of deaths and injury As will be seen these figures do not check satisfactorily and the prefectural estimate is probably highly inaccurate If the school children 17 percent of the population suffered in p oportion to the general population there would have been 7650 killed and an equal number injured However since many worked in distant fields this estimate may be too high c Effects of the Radiations on the Human Body The most distinctive features of the atomic bomb explosions are the changes produced in the human body The radiation reactions are similar at HIROSHIMA and at NAGASAKI and hence will be described jointly The reactions are what could be expected from a single dose of radiation to the entire body varying with distance and protection of personnel from lethal to minimal Since the wave-length of the radiation is unknown no set dosage can be estimated Let us assume that the average wave-length pproached that produced by 150 000 to 200 000 volt X-rays In this case about 500 r total body radiation would be lethal within 48 or 72 hours 350 r would cause delayed skin reaction with or without hair loss combined with blood and bone marrow changQs and as little as 50 r would probably have no effect Gastro-intestinal symptoms might be prominent The early newspaper accounts mentioned apparently uninjured persons dying a day or two after the explosions This is confirmed by medical observers and undoubtedly represents those who received a lethal dose of radiation The mechanism of death in such oases is not clearly defined Injury to the more susceptible blood bone marrow and l ymph node cells with atte dant poisoning of the body by the products of protein breakdown within the killed and injured cells is probably an important f actor Dist urbance of endocrine glands particularly the adrenal cortex may also be important Persons dying in this stage may have felt only weakness and nausea Hjgh fever was a frequent occurrence Apparently no autopsies were done at this stage Those patients who received a lesser amount of radiation but still of lethal amount and many of those receiving smaller and sub-lethal amounts noticed symptoms of radiation sickness similar to but more severe than those of patients who react to therapeutic X-ray treatment by weakness nausea vomiting loss or appetite and sometimes diarrhea Such reactions may be immediate or delayed tor several days or rarely even two to three weeks Diarrhea may be mild or severe watery or bloody Diarrhea due to radiation sickness is difficult to distinguish from bacillary dysentery or typhoid fever but the course of the disease usually clarifies the diagnosis Let K MURATA describe his symptoms We three were very fortunate did ot r ceive a single scratch though we were sitting in the open when e• omb w nt flash and then bang But many living in NAGASAKI are dying I was caught in the second stage of this bomb disease There were no doctors no medicines and the house was torn up l ike outdoors I had to lie on the mat without ny quilt on the third day of it I was unable to move and just barely lived like a worm Nearly everybody around us had the same disease 35 DECLASSIFIED Authority NN t ' t3 Oo15 X - 28 - 1 SECRET Col Decoursey and Comdr Warren MC USNR performed 14 autopsies on patients dead rrom radiation reaction atomic and together with Lt Col Leibow with the cooperation of Dr TSUZUKI and Japanese pathologists hav e obtained samples of tissues from practically all or the far too raw 200 autopsies done on these cases In some of these they found hemorrhages involving peribronohial and parenchymal pulmonary tissue the older ones orten showing a necrotic center that at times expanded to actual abscesses certain cases showed submucous or intramuscular hemorrhage into the wall or the colon rectum and sigmoid with thickening or the wall and in case of survival for'a time organization and thickening A tull discussion of these and other manifestations will have to be deterred until after thorough microscopic studies have been made Arter the hemorrhagic manifestations passed their peak anemia became obvious This anemia actually had its onset at the time of the bombing but since the circulating red cell is resistant to radiation injury it is only a new red cells are needed and the old cannot be replaced that it becomes apparent From the first the output of new red blood cells does not equal the loss of old and so anemia develops more or less rapidly as the bone marrow has less or greater regenerative power In leukopenic or hemorrhagic cases the associated symptoms mask the anemia unless specifically looked for after these symptoms have cleared the anemia is more apparent In some of the sternal bone marrow punctures performed an active marrow chiefly made up of very young forms was found These they considered as probably failures in maturation as well as in production or cells later A detailed anaiysis of the sternal marrow studies wil be presented Col LeRoy devoted special attention to this phase of the work In some oases autopsied all elements of blood formation were markedly deficient - a type of reaction noted before as a result of heavy X-ray radiation or benzol poisoning among other causes This condition of aplastio anemia or panmyelophthisis may sometimes be helped by blood transfusions No effective blood transtusion was done by the Japanese either at HIROSHIMA or NAGASAKI Changes lo the Skin and Hair l The most common ohange noted was hair loss usually restricted to the soalp and often partial rather than complete Eyebrows and eyelashes we e seldom affected Radiation oases frequently could be pioke out on the streets by watching for this hair loss Some of the milder cases showed slight regeneration in November and it is likely that further regeneration will occur DECLASSIFIED 37 Authority N N -d t3 CX S° SECRET X-28-1 Fifure 1a SEVERE EPILATION OF KAN'S SCALP PcirtsaL protection at occiput due to shit Ldinf by rest of head Fieure 1 PWIAL EPILATION OF 'IONAN'S SCALP 'rote unch J11ged eyeb r01'I J 38 SECRET X - 28-1 GRAPH 7 EFFECT UPON MENSTRUATION NAGASKI J HEALTHY 38¾ AMENORRHEA 50% 39 DECLA sSIFIED Authority tA-3 Cb SECR ET X-28-1 Fi urt 14 P4RTIAL EPilATIOV OF CHILD'S S ALP FLJs ourn otLL ttJLta over l ef t shouL 2r and arm Skin changes characteristic or response to radiation injury were not 2n ticed Some may have occurred but were masked by burns Delayed reactions may not appear until some time in the future Microscopic study of specimens of skin mas settle t his point ff ct on Endocrine Glands Adrenals Cortical adrenal atrophy was often noted at autopsy but no typical Addisonian syndrome was encountered 1 2 No other significant changes other than in the gonads were noted Effect on Gonads 1 Testes Sperm counts were done in about 40 cases by Japanese doctors and some reported to be low while an occasional one showed no sperm we have had no experience in this field Several autopsies on males revealed the testes to be atrophied and no sperm were found on impression SJllears Potency was apparently not affected except as influenced by general debility 2 ovaries Dr KAIDA of Kyushu University Lt Comdr Charles L Stevenson MC USNR and our group studied a group of 373 sexually mature NAGASAKI school girls 43 nurses from the Nagasaki Medical School and 61 women and girls from NAGASAKI hospitalized at OMURA Graph 7 gives the result of this study On those who were within three kilometers of the hypocenter 38 peroent showed no change in menstruation 12 percent showed some definite change as scanty flow or irregular flow and 50 per cent had not menstruated since the bomb Only time will tell how much of this change may be due to psychic trauma and how much due to mal nutrition or exposure 40 DECLASSIFIED Nb '89-3 Oo J Authority N X-28-1 SECRET GRAPH 8 EFFECTS ON CHILDBIRTH 9 AUGUST TO 15 NOVEMBER 1945 NAGASAKI MISSCARRIAGE CJ PREMATURE NORMAL 41 DECLASSIFIED Authority N lf' 'tf t3 Oq15 SECRET X-28-1 Ettect on Child-Birth Graph 8 deJ11onstrates in startling fashion the disastrous etteot ot the atomic bomb on pregnancy These figures are not complete as it was not possible to contact all obstetricians and midwives However it is believed that they are representative No vital statistics worth Y ot the name are kept so no check can be made by this means Since 9 August 1945 182 cas s had sufficiently accurate records tor study Within two kilo meters or the bypooenter there were no normal births WithiA one kilometer or the hypocenter all mothers died Between one and two kilometers or the hypocenter halt the mothers died Outside these zones between two and three kilometers a few normal births occurred and beyond three kilometers the results paralleled the control group These miscarriages and premature births were almost all due to hemorrhage into the placenta because or delayed clotting power or the mother's blood Effect on the Eyes Retinitis occurred in a number or patients Flame hemorrhages near the macula were most frequent A few preretina hemorrhages appeared The hemorrhages resorbed it they were small leaving non-pigmented foci in their wake Rarely was vision seriously impaired Lens changes wore not noted radiation Keratitis did not appear as a sequel to the Etreot on wound healing and growth Tl'aumatic injuries and fractures apparently healed about as would be expected under usual conditions In children no evidence of delayed bone growth due to epiphyseal or other radiation injury was seen Malnutrition and poor hygiene both very prevalent in those injured by the bombs would account for any changes in growth rate that may appear Careful follow-up ot NAGASAKI and HIROSHIMA patients Will be needed for some time to check on this point The period ot observation available is too short for a final statement Due to wartime privations the average Japanese child is one centimeter shorter and one kilogram lighter than before the war Changes in Blood Chemistry l Blood Proteins The Japanese population exists on a relatively low margin of protein intake over protein requirement Consequently quite early aiter serious injury with poor or no care one may see a ch-op in protein to a level of 2 or below with the development of nutritional edema This nutritional edema clears up usually within a week after the patients are placed on an adequate diet In the Omura Hospital where the diet was adequate nutritional edema and low blood protein levels were extremely rare In the Shinkozen Hospital where care and food for the patients was extremely poor low protein and nutritional edema occurred in a fair number ot cases Most of these recovered within a few days when transferred to the Omura Hospital A group of oases were studied from 14 to 78 days after the bombing at the Imperial University of Kyushu and it is believed that the determinations are well and carefully done 42 DECLASSIFIED Authority N N a t3 Do'CJ - SECRET X - 28 - 1 These cases all showed jury Twenty-three of varying degrees or flash burn and or radiation inThe albumen-globulin ra cases showed levels below 6 5 grams per 100 cc cases were severely anemi was surprisingly low in all cases Eighteen Low blood protein level is not a direct effect of the bomb 2 Non-protein Nitro nations were made s g • Owing to laboratory limitations no determino abnormality • ca ered observations from Japanese sources showed 3• Blood Sugar No abnormalities were noted nte it ec ent S Japanese investigators believe the vitamin vitamin deticienc' eispecl t 1 Y vit9Jllin C No evidence exists that any Y s re a ed to atomic bomb injury 5 Electrolyte Changes No facilities were available tor such studies Part II RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVITY The atomic bombs exploded at NAGASAKI on 9 August 1945 and at HIROSHD4A on 6 August 1945 gave rise to a residual radioactivity in these areas The residual activity occurred rrom one or both or two causes 1 the deposition of radioactive products of explosion or unreacted explosive on the ground or 2 the production of radio-isotopes in the ground materials by the extremely intense neutron and gamma ray production incident to the explosion The purpose of this investigation was the determination or the intensity and distribution of the residua1 activity and its relation to possibly harmful physiological effects Method Measurements of the residua1 activity were made by means or the Naval Research Laboratory Radioactivity Dosage Meter employing a selfquenching copper cathode Geiger-Muller counter tube The counter was calibrated in terms or micro-roentgens per hour r hr against 24 35mg of radium enclosed in a platinum shell of 0 5mm wall thickness The sensitivity of the counter varied from day to day so that frequent recalibration was necessary In general however the sensitivity remained constbnt during one sequence of measurements It was assumed that 1mg of radium through 0 5mm Pt produc s 8 4r hr at a distance of lo m Thus the ellet used in calibration of the counter was assumed to produce r hr at 1cm he radiation intensity at various distances was cal204 culated by the formula 1 101-l- I• at where I is the r hr at distance x cm Io - 204 6 r hr -4 r hr- assuming a wave 1 ength of o • 26A _ 2 4 X 10 ---------------------------------------------•--------------------------- t ucted by Lt jg JI Eicher H S USHR • The counter was °ion ot Dr H Friedman and his start at the llllder the supehr a oratory Anacoetia Naval Researc 1 43 DEC lFlED Authority Ntv f fil3 Oo J SEC RET 8-1 During use i n the tield the counter was set at a distance ot one meter above the ground by means ot a support Wherever possible the locat i on of each point or measurement wa s accurately fixed on aerial photo mosai ob ot the area being surveyed Adequat e photo coverage was available t or most or the NAGASill measurements The survey comprised about 1 000 individual easurements 900 in the NAGASAKI area and 100 in the HIROSHIMA area In a ddition a number or earth samples were collected tor further study i n tho United Stat es In addition to the physical measurements a brief evaluation ot physiol ogical effects or the r esi dual r adi a tion was made by obtaining case histories and blood studies on some 60 persons residing in the NAGASAKI area of act ivi ty but who were not exposed to t he bomb explosion Results The area s of residual act1T1t1 at both NAOASAICI and HIROSHD4A were found to be of t wo types 1 a well-dotined roughly r adially symmetrical area about the nypooenter of the explosion 8 Jld 2 a diffuse and generally l arger area displaced sOllle diatance from the hJ'pooenter In t he fol l owing the tena center will denote the exact site or the bomb explosion in the air above the ound and the term hypooenter will denote the point on the oarth'a surraoe 4irectl1 beneath the center or the explosion The geographical ar e ot residual activit1 about the hypocenters will be known as the NAGAS AJCI center ar ea and HIROSHIMA center area respecti vely The eographical area or activity displaced from the hypocenter at NAGASAKI exhibited t he highest radiation values near the Nishiyama Reservoir 2 7 kilo neters east of the hypocenter and will be re terred to aa the NISHIYAMA area The corresponding area at HIROSHIMA occurred at t he Tillage ot TAKASU 3 2 kilometers west or the hypocenter and will be termed the 'l'AKASU area The geographical distr ibution or the residual radioactivity at NAGASAKI and HIROSHIMA is shown in a series o t tour maps Enclosure J' shows the distribution of a ctivi t y in t he NAGASAKI center area Enclosure K shows the distribution in the NAGASAKI center and NISHIYAMA areas Enclosure L shows t he extent or t he a ctivity in the NAGASAKI area and Enclosure K shows the extent or the act ivity in the HIROSHIMA area In addition Table l gives a comparison or the size ot the NAGASAKI and HIROSHillA central areas D1aouss1on It is evident trom the map in Enclosure J that the residual activity about the hypocenter is roughly radially symmetrical The departure tram true symmetry can be explained in large part by the broken nature or the terrain in this area It is believed that the elongated nature or the 50f ' r hr contour is in some measure due to the tact that a hill on which the prison was located is in the area Likewise the smaller isolated 50 u r hr contour occurred on the side ot a hill to the southeast ot the hypocenter There seems to be little doubt that this residual activity was induced troa the bombardment ot ground material by the neutron and gamma ray shower incident to the explosion The apparent halt-lite or the activity here is presumably the resultant of an undetermined number o t radioactive isotopes and the complete decay curve is by no means available On the basis or J'apanese measurements made soon after the explosion the apparent halt-lite was approxiJll ately 10 to 14 days Sixty to 70 days following the 9%J losion the halt-lite increased to approximately 90 days in the NAGASAKI center area This latter value is at present a field approximation and mist be taken with great reservation 44 J --- ----- -- - ----DECLASSIFIED Authority N N fil3 q 5 SECRET X - 28-1 The comparative sizes or the central radioactive areas at NAGASAKI and HIROSHIMA are shown in Table 1 It may be seen trom this table that at NAGASAKI the absolute area within each contour is smaller than at HIROSHIMA and from the ratio or the corresponding areas at each site it ls evident that this dltference is essentially a constant one - the NAGASAXI areas being about 65 percent or those at HIROSHIMA interesting ditrerence between the two explosions lies in the tact that although the NAGASAKI bomb exploded nearer to the ground roughly 490 meters as compared with the Japanese estimate ot 590 meters at HIROSHIMA the residual intensity is lower at the center 1n NAGASAKI than at HIROSHIMA An explanation tor this may be that the two bombs were ot different types An TABI 1 I COMPARISON OF AREAS OJ' RADIOACTIVITY AT NAGASAKI AND HIROSHIMA Baaed on Radioaotivit7 Maps Int e nait 7 Cont our »aior ladlua llet era 50 r u 100 o r li r o r u 2q r b r 10 r b r 5 r az • B J2 S 90 140 26S 2 S0 so 100 7 5 • SAGASUI 42 510 oo Xloor Re41ua lletara 1' H 1 8 2 8 25 Ileen Radiua llet ara B N 60 80 2 0 1 475 82 5 6 106 194 294 41 A pprox ArN IDI 2 B 1' 012 75 o a 11 110 248 69 49i 85 57 5 270 • 5 4 1 04 B 018 0 8 1 428 749 2 310 uo of ArNa 1' a 667 ·z21 • 11 01 713 4 51 a l Nfltl o r 11r ArN • 1 00 2 g2 22 • 50 ' 86 9 ·' ll 1 00 2 11 10 i 23 41 6 12a B • BIJIOSBIIIA From the foregoing data it may be oonoluded that personnel us enier an area under conditions prevailing at HIROSHIVA and the oente and peripheral areas at NAGASAKI aside trom NISHIYAMA without danger 1 mnediately atter such an atomic bomb has exploded and r8Jll8in there 1ndetin1tely without harm rrom radiation However a deposit ot 1'1asion products such as exists at NISHIYAMA 11J1 J Y be potentially dangerous up to 60 days or more atter the explosion provided continuous exposure ot personnel occurs The danger trom residual radation may become real by e%plod1ng the bomb at a lower level increasing the amount ot material or enhancing the actiTity ot reaction • • • • • Part III OTHBR WJCTS 01 '1'R1 ATOIIIC BOIIB Several points related to the main thesis will be considered below Since most ot these will undoubtedly be taken up by the u s Strategio Bcab1Dg Survey they will be giTen only cursory consideration here Rtteot on Plant Lite Vegetation was scorched and man trees uprooted within a radius ot three to tour kilometers both at HIROSHIMA and HAOASAD llany tree• and shrubs withstood the blast however and were only stripped ot tol1age and lightly scorched Most ot the latter had leated out again by midOctober and showed no special abnorll8 lities Root vegetables as oarrota and radish put out new leaves ' 46 SECRET X-28-1 Seeds or rice and squash and will be studied for a xposed to the bomb at NAGASAKI were obtained shu Imperial University wir rm ldities The botanical department at Kyunormalities s u Y the local flora for development or abEt'teot ot Terrain on Effectiveness or Atomic Bombs HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI ff broad flat plain ot HIROS ord excellent contrast in terrain The the narrow steep-sided Vall bcupped by hills is in sharp contrast to glanoe the population di ey ombed at NAGASAKI Graph 3 shows at a from the hypooenters ot ri ut on in relation to a two kilometer radius why casualties were e oms in the two cities It also explains 80 area or the blast encom'lmJ pach ldess at NAGASAKI since much of the ettective sse only fields and woods When all the bomb is detonated a t a hi e ght so great that its rays can reach the i so ts oh l½ the e is no protective eftect noted It however tection will be tt sdsudct as to be out or reach or the direct rays proore o a considerable degree In relation to residual radioactivity terrain is also important Hills near the center are ot course nearer the explosion than are valleys and hence show a greater residual activity High land to leeward ot the explosion may show regions ot high residual activity al so At NAGASAKI as shown on Enclosure L residual radioactiTe material may be windborne tor some distance These points are well demonstrated by the radi active contour map of NAGASAKI Enclosure K Eftect on Subterranean Structures No evidence ot a crater exists at either HIROSHIMA or NAGASAKI It is estimated by Prof K SASSO vulcanologis at the Imperial University or Tokyo that not more than 10 percent or the energy liberated by the bomb was absorbed by the earth Survivors sometimes mentioned infrequent shaking of the earth At more distant points observers noted some shaking but less than that or a moderate earthquake The seismologic observatory of the Imperial University of Kyoto had recordi ags available at the time or each atomic bomb explosion but no evidence ot earth disturbance was noted Electric car tracks and railroad tracks were not displaced by the explosion water mains were not broken J However effective water pressure was lost with the destruction of house connect ons ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------1--i onogen parallel to isobar or isotherm ssiblT a better term 8 ' • DECLASSIFIED 47 Authority N I 'tfT3 q 1 - SECRET X-28-1 Ettect on Water The center of the bomb at HIROSHIMA was four kilometers from the harbor the center at NAGASAKI was three kilometers distant At neither place was a tidal·wave produced The temperature ot the water was not observed to change Fish and shell fish were not killed Small oraft up to 100 tons in the rivers and canals within three kilometers of the center were sunk Vessels in the harbor or at docks were reported not to be damaged seriously although same plates and beams were sprung Effective Types ot Shelters The simplest type ot shelter was erreotive in protecting personnel from radiation heat and blast damage Many small shelters that were made only of 50 centimeters to a meter ot earth heaped over bamboo poles did not collapse People in such shelters at the time of the explosion even close to the center were not injured it the shelter opening was away from the bomb At the time the bomb exploded in each city many people thought all danger had passed and had largely left the shelters Shelters of even elaborate types or hillside caves are inadequate if the mouths are open directly to the center of explosion Baffling ls essential There were several oases of persons being severely burned within an unbaftled portion of a shelter while those les than two feet away but behind the baffle were unharmed Ae will be noted from the body of the report persons in concrete buildings were partially protected if not near windows or other openings but many near the hypocenter received serious or fatal radiation injury as a result of secondary scatter of radiation within the room Organization of Relief No effective relief organization existed at either HIROSHIMA or NAGASAKI nor did effective organized help materialize from the central government or other agency This lack was due to the national disorganization and impending defeat to the Japanese callousness toward casualties and to the magnitude of the damage inf'licted No torm of blood bank or reserve of blood or plasma existed A striking evidence of the total disorganization was that no effective effort as made other than by the American forces to clear streets level ruins or even seal off broken water pipes Gradually shacks have been haphazardly built in the ruins by survivors or squatters 1 HIROSHIMA According to Father Siemes more than JO hours elapsed before the first official rescue party was on the scene at HIROSHIMA Emergency care was given patients who could reach hospitals or shelter by themselves or with the aid of friends the first evening but no organized relief was in evidence Little could be done for those who reached hospitals or aid stations except to provide some with shelter water a little food and emergency care Many trapped in the ruins died by fire or shock unnecessarily No attempt was made to give blood or plasma transfusions nor were blood or blood substitutes available Burns were treated with zinc ointment or 48 X -2 8 -1 SECRE T GRAPH 9 EFFECT UPON WOODEN HOUSES NAGASKI 28% HALF DfSTRO ED BY BLAST _ _ BLAST lL y_1 i FI RE DECLAsSIFIED Authority NNt 49 fil3 q • DECLASSIFIED Authority Nl'Jt 83-3 Oo15 SECRET X-28 - 1 oily dressings so rar as material was available This absence of adequate relier contributed to the heaTy casualties This was recognized in the army report or 14 August 1945 and corrective organization suggested 2 NAGASAKI No effective relief organization existed Patients were evacuated by train to the nearest hospitals outside the city as ISAHAYA OMURA and SASEBO and some by ship to various ports as UBE in southern HONSHU Various rescue parties adually entered the ruins and an emergency hospital was set up at the Shinkozen School This hospital when entered in September was filthy open to the weather with the pat ants lying on mats on the floor virtually without care Food and nursing care was provided by the patient's family One bad to pick one's way between puddles and piles or vomltus and feces The Japanese habit or ubiquitous urination was freely indulged in By October the hospital was greatly improved Firurt 15 YIE'I OF SBINl OWI HOSPITAL ROOII IN OCTOBE i Hott patient unnat i 11f 50 X-28 - 1 SECRET SECRE 4 A number ot persons died ot radiation effects secondary to the explosion with or without other injury Many persons within two kilometers ot the hypocenter would have died ot radiation injury had not death from other causes intervened Japanese relief organization was non-existent tor all practical pur- 5 poses 1171 6 Had adequate rescue crews and medical facilities been available the deaths could probably have been reduced by one-halt 7 Reinforced concrete buildings in general stood the blast adquately They protected those individuals within them who were not exposed through windows and other openings although near the hypocenter secondary radiation t'rom floors and walls killed or injured many 8 baffled Even simple earth air-raid shelters provided adequate protection if 9 Atomic bombs of the types exploded at HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI and at a height of 500 meters or over create no subterranean disturbance Atomic bombs of the present type exploded about 500 meters high in air and at a distance ot three or more kilometers from shipping did not seriously damage vessels ot over 100 tons displacement 11 The ettect of exploding atom lo bombs in water is totally unknown 10 1261 lZ6j l liM 1261 Residual radioactivity is not a danger with the atomic bombs as used at NAGASAKI and HIROSHIMA 12 lJ In order to group atom le bomb radiation casualties with radiation reaction as a whole and to define the characteristio source of the radiation received it is suggested that they be classified as Radiation reaction atomic • • • l 61 1 16 • IZ6 Part VI RECOMMENDATIONS 1261 1 This report should be publicized widely as soon as national policy with regard to the atom le bomb permits in order to counteract much of the misint'ormation that bas reached the public 115 2 Study or atomic bomb cases should be continued perhaps at yearly intervals tor at least ten years Cooperation with Japanese scientists in this is essential 1251 J Accurate vital statistics particularly with regard to births and deaths should be kept on all persons known to have been within five kilometers of the bomb explosions 125 4 Special study should be made of the population of the NISHIYAMA region of NAGASAKI where residual radioactivity has been relatively high 5 Joint conferences with the Manhattan Project Group the Arm Medical Group and this team are desirable to correlate int'ormation guide research and to issue a complete and authoritative medical report so that all doctors will know how to treat atomic bomb victims and so that effective relief organizations may be set up to be used in case ot need DECLASSIFIED Authority N N f 'B t-3 0 i 52 DECLASSIFIED Authority N Nf 89-3 q 1 SECRET X-28-1 ENCLOSURE A 0 I e-- -- t I 000 1000 COffTOIJII IHT RYAL 20 11 1 11$ __-1---l- ·- 731000 1 139 740 741 742 743 53 _ _1__ 744 _ 1 _ _ L--_ 745 746 __ __ 747 _ _ 41 I DECLASSIYUW Authority Iv -v I fil3 Oo'5 X - 28 -1 ENCLOSURE B ARMY DAMAGES AT HilWSHn1A Source s RAF Team USSBS Personnel casual ties 1n the various uni ts ot the CHUGOKU Army District ar shown 1n the tollo tables e as SUMMARY OF PERSONNEL Uninjured Classification Killed 81 80 3 1 9 151 315 1 718 131 2 15 Officers Sub NC Ott Soldiers Ci vil Service Total CASUALTIES 585 Wounded liissing 330 375 1 963 305 3 973 307 342 1 719 409 2 777 Tote J 869 1 112 5 731 938 8 650 INVESTIGATION OP' PERSONNEL 12 AUG 1945 CHUGOKU ARMY DISTRICT H I I I I I I I ----- - Army Dist 1st HQ Officers Dead Injured Missing Uninjured Total NCOs Dead Injured Missing Unin jured Total Soldiers Dead Injured Missing Uninjured Total C1Til Service Dead I ' I I Int Re1 l Unit 28 45 12 35 120 17 48 9 29 187 25 81 22 130 127 66 18 1-6 170 15 96 67 94 272 Artillery Engineer Repl Unit Repl Unit 8 12 77 15 112 118 Grand Total 956 l 22 9 2 12 23 7 10 52 7 27 34 28 96 169 226 93 119 607 18 23 5 48 345 15 71 40 135 64 100 5 20 23 25 73 91 618 654 297 1 660 13 189 390 407 999 14 317 3 500 8 4 7 185 153 47 392 9 87 Injured Missing Uninjured Total 3 13 Signal Transport Repl Unit Repl Unit 2 4 32 7 1 6 1 15 1 7 1 261 974 93 6 96 394 2 192 54 513 762 I I I I I - SECRET X-28-1 ENCLOSlJRE BJ conttnued INVESTIGATION OF PERSONNEL· 12 AUG 1945 Continued ' Ottloers Dead Injured Missing Uninjured Total NCOs Dead Injured W ssing Uninjured Total Soldiers Dead Injured Missing Uninjured Total Civil Service Dead Injured Missing Uninjured Total Grand Total Hosp Hosp Hiroshima Hiroshi ma Hiroshima Dist HQ 105 Spec ArmY Dist Grand 1st Army 2nd Army RO D1st HQ Garr Eng Trg Unit Total 81 l 4 3 3 330 140 6 16 3 6 307 170 10 5 9 151 l 12 10 7 5 869 211 14 20 31 35 5 6 34 15 60 l 12 2 22 21 8 53 7 8 3 18 17 30 9 77 l 20 160 80 260 2 O 149 25 286 641 7 10 4 22 39 137 9 187 147 2 3 23 6 3 32 80 375 342 15 1 112 12 189 50 14 265 331 1 963 1 719 1 718 5 731 93 305 409 131 938 2 53 145 9 207 432 10 15 l -- 28 134 - - 277 508 -- 8 650 DECLASSIFIED 55 Authority NNf fil3 C¼' DECLASSIFIED Authority AtN f 'a l-3 O l5 X- 2 - SECRET INCLOSUR8 B conttnued PERSONNEL AND LOCATION OF ARMY UNITS IN HIROSHlllA VICINITY Name Location Army Dist HQ 1-lfotomachi Motomachi Motomachi Motomachi l otomaohi lfotomachi Motomachi Motomaohi Motomachi Motomachi 14otomachi l INF Repl Unit Artillery Repl Unit Engineer Repl Unit Signal Repl Unit Transport Repl Unit Hiroshima lat Army Hosp Hiroshima 2nd J xmy Hosp Hiroshima Reg HQ 205 Spec Oar ENG Unit Military Dist Train'g Unit 124 Indep't Mixed Unit Artillery Engineering Signal 224 Division Headquarters Engineer Signal Transport Shipping HQ Shipping HQ Hirosh Br Artillery HQ Unit or Shipping HQ Artillery Train'g Unit or Shipping HQ Signal Repl Unit or Shipping HQ Army Shipping Train'g Field Shipping Main Depot 208 Land Service Co 14 Med Seo Hospital Ship 53 Med Seo Hospital Ship Shi Pping Med Unit HQ 11 20 Sea Outfit Vol Unit Hiroshima Army Arms Supply Depot Motomaahi Motomachi Motomachi l fotomachi Motomachi Motomachi Motomaohi Niho Hiroshima Niho Hiroshima Kasumimaahi Hiroshima c ty Uji Jla Mihara Uji na Sakamura Hiroshima Army Clothing Branch Depot Hiroshima Army Food Supply Branch Depot Osaka Army Miao Supply Branch Depot Hiroshima Branch Osaka Army Vet Material Branch Depot Hiroshima Branch Hiroshima Station HQ Hiroshima District RR HQ Chugoku MP HQ Kure District MP Unit 56 Yokogawa Ninoshima Ninoshima Ninoshima Kaitaichi Kasumimaohi Hiroshima C1ty Kasumimachi Ujina Peraollllel 956 2 192 1 261 974 513 762 641 432 134 277 508 78 74 46 341 113 12 16 4 783 67 677 555 5 600 2 945 969 560 100 101 234 3 090 1 081 82 165 Yano 21 J'una koshi Town Hiroshima Station Ujina 14otomaohi 6 10 Kure 25 219 149 I SECRET X-28-1 ENCLOSURE E POPULATION OP' NAGASAKI CITY Nov l 1945 Census Age Men Women l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1153 1740 1674 1584 1813 1553 1480 1104 1787 1584 1660 1735 1491 1375 1352 1330 1385 1461 1453 1556 1682 1781 1587 1807 1654 1608 1670 1508 1492 1496 1427 1426 1278 1109 1076 1013 1036 908 943 919 972 955 960 938 894 989 761 856 892 887 880 822 846 812 811 743 780 1258 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 1452 1375 1516 1470 1580 1792 1774 1881 2091 1939 1876 1680 1717 1551 1059 819 754 712 771 985 855 913 829 926 834 806 841 850 832 801 878 905 830 921 867 45 46 47 48 49 50 851 877 788 869 771 738 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 JO 44 882 Total Age 2257 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 3527 3258 3244 3548 3044 2855 2610 2782 2760 2977 2923 3136 3474 3555 3468 3898 3593 3484 3350 3225 3043 2555 2246 2180 1990 71 72 73 74 75 76 1880 77 20bl 1868 1949 1737 1869 1753 1778 1796 1810 1770 1695 1867 1666 1686 1813 1754 1762 1673 1723 1600 1680 1514 1518 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Total 61 Men 723 • 738 i21 84 552 582 551 553 457 421 403 404 363 JOJ 346 266 278 239 208 190 165 161 132 105 111 58 81 67 48 38 30 27 26 9 5 7 4 5 5 7 l l l 69789 Women Total 760 664 636 640 572 554 546 561 507 455 426 404 403 380 420 368 345 296 340 314 1483 1402 1357 222 228 213 201 157 135 116 117 87 91 69 48 44 29 28 30 12 13 9 8 4 7 3 l l 1324 1124 1136 1097 1114 964 876 829 808 766 68'3 766 634 623 535 548 504 387 389 345 306 268 19 3 197 184 135 129 99 75 70 38 33 37 16 18 14 15 5 7 3 l 2 2 l 2 1 l l 72959 l 142748 DEC IFIED Authority NN' fil3 C -X-28-1 SECRET ENCLOSUR E F SUJ 1MARY OF DAMAGE TO PERSONNEL INSTALLATIONS AT NAGASAKI ACCORDING TO JAPANESE DOCUMENTS Summary By H F Harnsberger Lt jg USNR F G llcKnlght Lt jg USNR O R heeler Lt jg USNR NavTechJap Team #11-100 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNf fil3 Oo15 63 DECLASSIFIED Authority N Nt fil3 Orf i SECRET X-28-1 ENCLOSURE F OUTLINE I PERSONNEL A Area Within a Radius of 500 Meters From the Explosion Center B Area Within a Radius of 1000 Meters From the Explosion Center c Area Within a Radius or 2000 Meters From the Explosion Center D Area Outside a Radius of 2000 Meters From the Explosion Center E Total Personnel Affected 1 2 F II Medical Observations rnsTALLATIONS A Area Within a Radius or 500 Meters From the Explosion Center B Area Within a Radius or 1000 Meters From the Explosion Center c Area Within a Radius or 2000 Meters From the Explosion Center D Area Outside a Radius of 2000 Meters From the Explosion Center E Total Damage Picture 1 2 I • Casualties and Missing Victims NUI 1ber or Buildings Area Affected PERSONNEL A Area Within a Radius of 500 1eters Fro t _e xplosion Center No survivors were found either inside or outside buildings B Area Within a Radius of 1000 lleters From the Explosion Center Almost all people and living creatures in general were killed instantly by the terrific concussion and intense heat However those people in caves escaped instant death Many instances or rupture or the intestines disembowelment and eyeballs blown from the sockets were seen among the dead c Area Within a Radius of 2000 neters From the Explosion Center Some people were killed instantly by the intense blast and heat The greatest part of the remainder were injured either seriously or slightly There were also many cases or burns within this area D Area Outside a Radius of 2000 Meters From the Explosion Ce People outdoors suffered flash burns on exposed portions while those inside were not affected This was the case with personnel on board ships in the harbor for instance In addition people were injured either seriously or lightly by shattered window panes and other debris scattered by the blast Beyond 5000 meters a few flash burns were reported and some slight injuries caused by terial blown about bJ the blast But in general no injuries were sustained in the area 5000 meters or more from the explosion center 64 -- DECLASSIFIED Authority NNf fil3 Oo J SECRET X-28-1 EtiCLOSl'Rf FJ conttnued E rotal Personnel Al'fect g l Casualties and Missin as of l September a Dead i quest completed • •• ••••• • • 19 743 b h 'issing • • • • • • • c 1 927 Seriously or slightly injured ••••• 40 993 These figures can be further broken aown into police station districts as follows c- Dead NAGASAKI Police Station - 17 181 126 129 255 5 034 1 007 6 041 34 34 1 775 1 775 -- Outside NAGASAKI City TOTAL Total 791 NAGASAKI Harbor Pollce Station - - 16 90 UMEGASAKI Police Station INASA Police Station Missing 23 359 - 1 927 25 286 The discrepancy in the total number dead is due to the fact that in addition to the 19 74 known dead autopsies completed the second ta le has an extended total estimated on the basis of survivors' reports The number of missing co es from reports brought in by relatives of those missing On the basis of the breakdown by police station districts it is esti a ated that half the total population in the central explosion zone was killed Although the report giving the casualty figures by police station districts has the extended total of 2 359 killed another report estinated that the number of killed was uot less ttat 25 000-26 000 As of l Jeptember the total number of patients treated in aid stations was 40 993 out of which number 20 203 had died and 1 653 had been uisoharged An interesting sideli ht is that out of a total of 15 751 employees of principal factories and installations out of which number lJ 704 were at work on 9 August 1 473 were killed 1 165 were killed 1 165 were seriously injured and rrom 6 900 to 8 400 were slightly injured 2 futims As of 26 August a total of 21 174 households with a total number of 89 780 people were affected in some physical way by the atomic bomb The 89 780 people were aisposed of as follows Evacuated outside N ASl KI refecture ••·····••·••••••••••••• 11 894 Evacuated outside Ni G 1-' SAKI City linside prefecture ••••••••• 20 99 Living with friends or relatives in city••••••···•···•····•• 28 980 Living in partly destroyed but repaired houses in city•••·•• 23 498 Living in temporary sheds or caves within city•·••·•··•·••••• 5 009 F l edical Observations fhosa case wowided immediately were largely burn cases or cases with external injuries OtheTs who became ill after a period ot 7-10 65 CLASSIFIED j Authonty 'I 111111 'o t3 Qb5 X - 28-1 ENCLOSURE P continued SECRET days were pres' lilled to have been affected by after effects or the atomic bo Ilb The causes of the type of illness ttre thou t to be 1 The direct operation of gamma rays and powerful neutron radiation 2 The secondary radiation from buildings etc which had been affected by neutron radiation J The operation of bodies of corpuscular radio-active materials Even lightly wounded oases were seriously affected and died rapidly and it was estimated that the death rate among seriously wounded oases would reach a Tate or two out of three With such a high fatality rate it worked out that persons with in a 200 meter radius from the explosion center for the most part died even though they had escaped death at the time of the explosion II mSTALLATIONS A Area Within Marked vertical blast was noted very near the center Electric 1 poles were left intact but the cross bars were blasted downward 2 All wooden buildings were smashed Reinforced concrete buildings were battered and burned out but remained standing in part Steel-frame buildings were badly mangled and crushed Heavy machinery was smashed J Concrete roads embankments and bridges were torn up blown in or displaced 4 Trees up to J ft in diameter were uprooted The ath or the blast was very apparent from the radial direction toward which trees and electric poles were toppled 5 Earth-covered and cave-type air-raid shelters were left largely intact 6 All vegetation was burned over by the flash but no damage was inflicted on portions underground 7 Boats 1n the rivers and canals up to 100 tons were either destroyed or sunk B Area Within a Radius of 1000 Meters From the Explosion Center l The path of the horizontal blast was apparent from the radial inclination of various structures from the explosion center 2 All wooden buildings 1n the area were smashed Reinforced concrete buildings were damaged in varying degrees Steel-frame buildings were mangled severely Sheet-iron roofs and walls were blasted in completely J Concrete roads and bridges exhibited only moderate damage 4 Trees and electric poles were toppled radially from the explosion center except in a few instances where the blast seemed to have been deflected by illllllovable structures 5 Cave-type air-raid shelters sustained no damage 66 SECRET X-28-1 lNCLOSUR8 f cont tnued 6 c Vegetation was largely burned over Area Within a Radius of 2000 Meters From the E losion Center 1 All wooden buildings oollapsed Reinforoed ooncrete buildings escaped damage except for bent window-frames broken panes etc Steel-frame buildings were heavily damaged whole structures being inclined by the blast D 2 Concrete roads and bridges exhibited only slight damage J Cave-type air-raid shelters were undamaged 4 Vegetation was partially burned over by the flash Area Outside a Radius of 2000 Meters From the Explosion Center Damage to ships in NAGASAKI Inner Harbor was moderate Panes were broken plates and beams were sprung Several lighters were sunk Wooden decks were damaged some catching fire from the flash Sections were thrown out of line 1 2 Damage to buildings and structures of all types decreased rapidly progressing out from the explosion center beyond the 2 000 meter curve Only moderate damage was noted in well-constructed buildings outside the J 000 meter curve J Forests up to 5 000 meters from the explosion center and which were open to the flash were burned out 4 The blast was felt over an area up to 25 miles f'ron the explosion center but damage to installations in the large peripheral area was generally minor E Total Damage Picture 1 Number a b o d 2 or Buildings Totally destroy-ed •••········•·······••······· 14 146 Burned out•••···•···•····•··················· 11 494 Halt-destroyed •••••••••••••••• ••• • • • 5 441 Partly damaged •••••••••••• all buildings in NAGASAKI Area Affected a b c Totally des troy-ed and burned central explosion zone •••• • ••••••••• 4 7 sq km Bui-ned out • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 s q km Halt-destroyed or partlf damaged•••••••• 104 sq km 67 DECLASSIFIED Authority NNf fil3 Oo J X-28-1 SECRET IACLOSURK IF continued BIBLIOGRAPHY l Secret Report #1-112 KYUSHU Naval Stores Inspectorate NAGASAKI Branch 28 September 1945 2 Reference Material on the Damage Caused by the Air-Raid ot 9 August on NAGASAKI Nagasaki Prefec ural Gov't l September 1945 J General Report on the Damage Done to the City or NAGASAKI by the Air-Raid of 9 August Nagasaki Prefectural Gov't 1 September 1945 4 General Report #390 Nagasaki Harbor Transport Co Ltd 6 SepteI 1bl lr 1945 5 Blueprint of NAGASAKI City dated September 1944 with police damage area data added in Se 'tenber 1945 DECLASSIFIED Authority N N 'i3 t-3 Oo'CJ 68 p X-2 8- 1 SECRET ENCLOSURE H TABLE I H ESTIMATES OP' SCHOOL ENROLLMENT NAGASAKI ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL Number of Registered St udents by School Dist r i cts School District Prim SHINKOZEN TOKIYA KOSHll1A KITAOURA ZANZA AKUNOURA ASAHI INASA SHIROYAl 1A YAMAZATO NI TA MINAMIOURA KATSUYAMA SAKO NAMINOHARA TOWlCHI TATEGAMI NISHIZAKA UMINAGASAKI lRABAYASHI KOGAKtJrui DOINOKUBE KAMIN O lHD 1A• KOSAKAK I• NISHIURAKAW I FIJClil OURA Totals High All 541 760 986 859 902 969 864 870 1324 1581 865 796 931 963 608 1194 749 843 1076 1583 410 904 303 549 1311 1368 617 300 858 972 850 64 763 782 400 35 284 833 775 950 863 559 1197 783 223 1103 1687 4-03 875 333 554 1015 250 592 20976 4014 24990 24746 18670 592 760 986 875 932 969 864 906 1324 1581 870 796 795 716 487 966 601 669 901 1464 323 763 256 464 1116 136 289 121 233 148 174 191 141 79 156 83 83 195 1368 617 Teachera Clerks July 1945 20 Sept 1945 All All 931 1005 608 1199 748 843 1092 1605 402 919 339 547 1311 1 68 617 June 1945 20 24 20 26 26 23 24 33 37 23 20 29 27 17 I 25 18 25 25 36 10 23 10 15 25 38 18 641 •These two distrio s appear on map aa KOSAKAXl I DECLASSIFIED 71 Authority N 'J fil3 QaS SECRET X-28-1 ENCLOSURE HJ conttnued TABLE II H CASUALTIES AMONG SCHOOL POPULATION Report Attributed to Nagasaki Prefectural Education Association 19 Ootober 1945 Deaths ot School School District SHI NKOZEN TOKIYA KOSHIMa KITAOURA ZENU sic A1 'UNOURA ASAHI IN ASA SHffiOYAMA YAMAZATO NITA M INAMIOURA I I I KATSUYAMA SAKA NAMINOHARA TOMAClil TATEG AMI NISHIZAKA KAMINAGASAKI IRABAYASHI KOGA KURA DOIN0KUBE KAMIN0SllDJA ' KOS AKAKI NISHIUR AKAMI FUCHI OURA Totals • I I I July Children 541 760 986 859 902 969 864 870 1324 1581 865 796 931 963 608 1194 749 843 1076 1583 410 904 303 549 1311 1368 617 13 7 0 8 500 4 6 105 1300 1400 6 24746 - Injured or Damaged at home 20 Sept 264 59 54 35 370 34 345 981 43 JOO 0 lJ 4 60 65 53 320 3 266 34 0 0 0 0 17 4 4 1 2 14 3 2 0 0 0 0 152 500 1 387 633 13 4053 4392 0 These two districts appear on map as KOSAKAKI • 72 JOO 858 972 850 64 763 782 400 35 284 833 775 95Q 863 559 1197 783 223 1103 1687 403 875 333 554 1015 250 592 18670 • X-2 8 -1 SECRET ENCLOSURE J RESIOUAL RAOOACTIVITY AT NAGASAKI ATOMIC- Qe SITE MAP PMPMED f1'f NAVTECKJAP TEMI II LEGEND --o-- 50 HR CONTOUR - 0 - - 40 HR CONTOUR - - l r- 30 r HR cc tmlUl CHNZEI I IDOL£ --x--G-- SCH lt X 20 tlfl canOUI 10 HR CONT0U 5 f'- IHR CCWTOUI JAPANESE CENTER 0 IHWOHNIA CENTER SIOHT CUITER RADIOACTMTY NEASUAEMEHTS MADE IN Tl£ P£AIOD IIJ OCT • 21 OCT l Ma 0 100 200 300 400 JOO DECLASSIFIED 74 Authority NN 33 3 Oor J C Kt I JJf ll'J J i I X -28 - 1 Authority NN ' '833 Oat ------------t----- IO tfl CONTOUR V 27 3 µr I-IR URAKAMI RIVER RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVITY IN URAKAMI AND NISHIYAMA AREA OF NAGASAKI MAP PREPARED BY NAVTECHJAP TEAM 11 I I 2000 ENCLOSURE K 75 X - 28 - 1 tfl VAl 1£S AR GIVEN BESIDE THE 5 µr tfl CONTOUR IS APPROKIMATED HIROSHIMA RESIDUAL RADOACTIVITY MAP LEGEND A B C X TT AMMINTI0N DUMP YDAOZUY0 BRIDGE CENTRAL BUSINESS AREA EXPLOSION CENTER GOKORU SHRINE Sl ir Ill 50 W HR CONTOUR 40 pr HR • 30 pr HR 20 'r HR 10 µr HR 5 µr HR DATA TAKEN 1-2 NOV '45 PREPARED BY NAVTECHJAP TEAM II METERS ENCLOSURE M