123783 12 April 19hS A self api ointed committee eonsistin of R R a'i lson E Segre J Hiraohfelder Ro Watts and t H Hempelmann met on two occasions to consider bhe hazards Telated to the tests at Trinity At the second meetings o JJa Dbrldge J r lliams and llr 11 oon were also present Thtis far the l'fhi Ch have been considered are lirl ted to the immediate _dangers to personnel on the site surrounding areas from blast fragn'lelnt$ 1 radiation 111dioact ive heat and visible light The dangers to individuals t Jntering contaminated al eas after the shot and the medical legal complications of the shot have not been considered thoroughly a s yeto Neither has the case considered where the energy of the explosion exceeds all expectations results lli an activation of the nuclei of tbe ta mi er material The dange trom ozone and No haw not been calculatedo All calculations have been made in such a· way to deterniine the worst possibie conditions• 'hazards i n The imnediate purpose of considering hazards at this time is to enable us to dravt up a plan of monitoring the experiir -ent so that construction of health JDPnitoring instruments can begin This plan is presented in Section II by · R tts Although this organization will undoubtedly be changed considerably the type or monito ing instruments is probably not subject to changeo ca1culations for the immediate hazards follow · 1 Blast ·It has been calculated by Hirschfelder that for a 10 000 ton plosion the b B st wave at the shelters 10 eOoo m will be o 2 p s i $-v-en in t b e case of a 100 pOOO ton explosion the pressure at the shelters will not exceect S p s 1 According t o Penny and l arley the parsonnel in the sheltet' S n11not be endangered even by the latter blast waveo i t_ - · 2 Fragment a It has been calculated by Zirr merman reference mem randu1n to Bainbddge 11 · 2 October 1944 that the danger 'rom fragments wou1d be maximum in the cs se of a relatively small explosion of SO to SOO tons In this case • £r agment with a range of 10 000 yard s wu1d have to have n iuit ial weight ot · f'rom 2 0 to oo 1bs A fragment of such size 'iOuld O 'l'lly result in the ease ot a•pon-SJillnie trlea l ezj losian using Jumbo Even here the mx ilJlllll would probably M less than 101 000 ya 3 Heat accompanying blast wave According to Rirschf'el der the rlse by theblast ve Will probably not exceed --glP degrees· at t emperat eprodiicii Q io ooo yards · h Light At 10 000 yards the ball of fir from a 101 000 ton explosion will have the luminosity or about 30 suns for l ss than 1 milllsec the avt rage l't lminosii y fort l second will be one sun At a distance of the ·n rest t 9-m approximt eb' 20 miles the luminosity r lll be comp1etely without danger t o people who -rna y be looking in the direction of the ball of' fire · - VERIFIED UNCLASSIFIED _ ·- - · ··- · ··- ··· ··· µ1 Jo ·-- · · · · · - 1 7 1 '· f P l f 1 CLASSIFICATION CANCEUI 0 f£R DOC REVIEW JAN l91l -2 'l'eiaekopf•s marl mm estina te or gamma radiation -s--r- lr lt '- R at 10 000 meters · At the latter distance d be less ·than one ne1J tron · per square cm The worst possible hazard fro diQ-il · one n which the explosion is or sufficieµt energ in the f'orm ot a cloud or tine dust In t his ea sea ld b6 a degree anglo or spread or the cloud t he 1¢tie l ontained '-n 3000 ft cubic six miles from the ero point is unilormly distributed throughout this volWile each Dlicrograms of active material Aaswdng that o e microgram·• or 49 and that the respiratory rate is 20 litres minute the ·· · da nger UB ·at the shelter to breathe for more than 6 Jid nUtefS se would necessarily mean that the danger would be temporal7' would drift b the shelterso If the du lt clouds ho ul dri tt 20 miles away _ its volume would be 3x10'13 litres -which 1t0uld' gra Jn$ of active materia1 per litre the cloud 11ouldthen the for more tt- an 500 mioutesp This too would represent ition unles s som e i'orm or precipitat ion might result in the ire cloud on the town tive ltiterials 0 · s from fission products 1 0uid probably be considerably • · particles since they would be formed only by a mre si n which would result in the cloud of ·v• du st being ca med by a ball of fire and better dilution in air Assuming f'ission fragments were formed in a c1oud similar to marl mwn r g diatioo intensity in the cloud at l OaOOO oximately xiou min he _ nitoriog the experim ent for t he hazards described follO' IS 3 - f ough the medical legal aspects of 'the problem have DOt 1 is planned to get permanent records of· the measure nts · '· vrell as in the toml for future referenceo · - 'f u 7 · · ' • w - CLASSIFICATION CANCEillD PER DOC REVlEW JAN 1973 SPECIAL RE-REVIEW - FINAL DETERtHNAT 9 Jif'J UNCLAS$lFIED DATE Plan of Operation for Health Group · 1 2 Instruments necessary · A At Shelters B At towns C ' In lllObile uni ts and Description of Instruments a4 o c d e Proportional Alpha qounters Recording gan ma meters · · Roentgenometers Surv y meters Air Filters 3 Number of Instruments needed - 4 UI Wer S Organization 6 Comrr unications 7 Transportation S Personnel neededo · 1 Instruments of Instruments available - necessary It bas been shown from Section I th a the the test shot are serious 1n the following order radi tion ha - a • Airborne Alpha Contamination b Airborne fission products --- - The shelters A B and Prill contain l one proportional alpha counter f'or measuring borne contamination one Recording gamn a meter '1 O e Roentgeno J eter 'I 0 J · CLASSIH One Q M survey ' Jeter • 01 L y '-' PER DOC Sufficient gas n asks for all personnel • 1 1 one alpha air filter -- --- · - - - -· ---· -·-2··· _ o ne Recording gafilr 3 n etcr • -2- c ·Each mobiie unit will contain 1 one alpha proportional counter 2 oneRoentgenometer 3 one G-M Survey Meter II· Description of Inst ments a · PropbrtioMl alpha counter for measuring airborne contamination No instrunent has been developed as yet which Will g tve an insta ntaneous reading o£ the alpha act vity of the airo We are at present attempting to develop an instrument which will be able to warn personnel of lev ls or activity Which would be dangerous to breathe over a period or 100 mirnitesc Such an instrument must h t small and rugge enough to be portable j_t lfll st be non--clcrophonic and able to detect about 100 c p m per litre of air ' lt J$ planned to a thin windowed thane chamber to a void trdcropho rde$ and t o build 8 four stage battery operated amplifier with headphones 'fl e file ments will draw 200 m a the total load l'f' ilT be 0 8 n a i nse 1 Recording· Gamma Meter · This instrument has been developed four have been con- strueted and in operation 1 2 J They have the following essential parts · one ff_ v Batteey Supply for the O M o tube one thin wall metal G- tube one 3 stage battery operated integrating circuit one Esterline-Angus O l ma recorder Battery life is Four ranges of sensitivity are availablei 4 days 4 150 to 300 counts min 150 to $00 counts min 150 to 2000 counts min • 12oa to 10 000 counts min This meter is also sensitive to beta radiation fission products We believe t'here are a suf 'icient number of EsterliT e-Angus meters on the project so that we can borrow enough to cover needs our c type RoentgenoI ieters · - We are contemplating using the trip1e range Victoreen meters since e have these meters from Chicago Su y rr eters There should be no trouble obtaining these Vietoreen Company has been making them f'or over t years ord ai-ed 6 ot · d q-M ·Surv z l eters These are t he ·portable Geiger-Mueller tube O' it fits ma de At pre ent there are 30 on the project They have tli'O ranges 0 02 R 8 no s and 0 001 R 8 hours Combined with the Victoreen in- 7 ·• stttur ents a rang of radiation intensity from 0 001 R B hours to 70 e 6 ursJ-­ - Jrtay then be covered This should be quite nde quat f'or any en ergen y that '1IJl3 T by ial llc ra f't era arise ClASSIFICATIOH CJlliCru ED nrn 1v f onm v r Ill lQJ' t ·• ' e j ' Air Filters· · Satisfactory air filters £or mf3Ssurlng small amoants or ac ivity have l ee n developed at Chica go Ths a Jparatus consists of' individual holders ·'for lat gc sbeet s t special filter paper through which air is sucked at the ra te of' So L l 'liQntes the exact arount o air is measured by means of' a now meto • The active dust collected by the filter paper Can be determined by cans of a ecmnting circuit This technique bas been shown to be extremely B nsiM y-e 'lhere is a delay introduced by the accumulation of activity from th no radon Coflitact or the air Jihich must be allO red to decay before final measurements are III ma de r umher of ·Instruments Needed At tb l pr i ent time the_ estinB te f number of instruments is a Alpha proportional counters Mobile units Shelters Miscellaneous Recordi bg Ga ram Ueiters • ---- Shelters Towns lJiiscellaneous ' Total 3 lO -7 --- 2--0 - e Roentgenometers e £ Landsverk Pocket El ec troscopes ' 75 V'ictoreen Pocket Chambers 75 • Film·badges· 50 g rv s 2o Total b 12 including tanks 1· h Gas Masks 1 Respirators 30 SO t ----- 150 4 3 - - Nl Uiber oC Instruments Available At the present time these instruments are available G-M Meters Roentg enometers Oas Masks The following bas been ordEired from Chicago Air filters 12 Roentgenometers 6 - -- - - - - - 2 hf Survey Ueters -L- v Organi atio The following organizati on is suggested · ·- r--··-BAsE-· -· ' i I This appears to be the most 1 ogical proceedu to have a base one hutment far enough away so that it co the blast The Qbject of this base is to have a place to inst rumants to measure the filter paper to have a place to supo1y of all instruments and to have a place ·ror scI re or our people to work in ca se an emergency should arise VIo Cojjmunication The mobi1e units will li handy talkies or walkie talkies a co ica tiozi nexibility VII Transportation - le believe it necessary to have assigned to the Health Group VIII Personnel needed For driving the mobile units and spotting of' the physics personnel will be vailableo e need one person to mke prerlous ·tmms e p estimate 10 people for the mobile units 1 person for base 3 people for towns ahd mi see 7 'e estimate h people will be needed t o tak