Uf CLASSIFIED PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • 5'7f0 GFFi -¢ fl GJfLY ij1 WS A LA-626 J c 0 OS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY OF THE UNIV - ITV OF CALIFORNIA o LOS ALAMOS NEW MEXICO _ February 20 1947 lfJ Q-1 2 ITJCL R EXP ·1 16 JULY 1945 Health Physics Repo 1· · Radioactive Contamination Thro · t N Mexico Following the Nucl J xplosion ------------- -dll - - --· · ' ·' PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED Lil Monitor• A I o ri lI Dib Jor -- t b• Prec1p1t •t ed GaDI AotiYit 7 A ot1Tit1e1 Before an l lf'ter 16 Jul7 1945 III V G oinetf t l treat a in the Di1t r1but1on eint t_ lt ed Dose of Aet i e Material• · v Prooedlll O t Jt tu-lll ni Soro Do go IUit o r Go- IUidbtion VI i xaaplea at VIl Method• tor VIII Parttoal S1sea and Air P erns•nt rationa Il Diatributioa or FiH1onl '1uot• Ower the Caw at r Jlide 1 Beta Do1age in - · Jow1 Mctn t orirc Calcu ·nv LrL Dosea · _ apperaiix I from Wlteriala ' C09r1led b ' R1oharif Wat f J It 1oeraey ar t rip aade ' b7 Colon i S Warren Captain H O Whipple J and Dr Append17 III d Helllth InatrUJ1ontat1 a1f rooo Croter Aot i'fit o Oeoa7 1 ppea Ux II T11 u• ot Radioacti'r• Material OD l2 Augu11···i·1945 11 Ueceftlber 194S bJ Monitoring trip no rtb a•t of Trinit7 • and • - ' f J see ' -- ' U CLASSIFIED '···CtJnt•J 4mticm Tb 'ougbaut iterloo i 11 1 foll 1 The ta olHJ' hplodon fart · Plijis1oa i ' - a ' ·' f - - · LA - - b - PRIVACY AGT MATFRIAI REMOVED The tallowing peraom aollected the data on E U• 1nt ens tt1 throuphout tbe It at •• ot Jdco and Colorlldo1 I PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED 3 fl Ir'«' f f f' ' • fl • • iit lnc act1•1t 1•• 'before amt att _ t be maolear explotlion 16 l s t ' J - ' j 1 4 11 ar• described briat'lJ the 1pperu decq of tiu1on product• •'• ¥2' aothit ••• F if 1111i h deoq went The - JtMCI acron t ernin 1• dleo•Hd RNJ t ba arater the d90 7 1 appj f •11 •• t -2 with wide •ariat lona while at dist ano•• mat er t baa ll 2 luq ' j geo•etri 1 f eot• ot cribed •• t •l J - l 1 ' the d1•tr1but1on ot aot iT• •t erial 1a _ The 111N1 n•nt• in the Y ioi nit 7 ot Bingbaa abowed t ti t the l ''' j ga- do•• to Pf rtonnel i'e due t 01 l a dOHge deli•er t while t he aetiY• cloud penicle• nn t ii and b doa-«• deliTered att v be pert tel t J 1 ' Md settled to the ground tor calculat 1na t be total aethocl i•- doaac• ie oat lined i napl•• at ton monitoring tor · 8 Binirha• and hot oan ro11 •outh at -i Jbtqap dera '- - - rtdiation an g1Yen tor lbJt e l Table ot p - lleaa r' doaee tor t owu th rou 1'out New rloo ccmpll S i denait7 ot r•ma active aateral on at iMt •• ct the ' ao11pvt ed troa the tti 1fl Ol lncbar• ·-···' rall' l a•J'OeDtRen intens1tie• arid tab 1 lated 4 The region of higbeat radio-aat i•• oonoentration li• •hown to in a l luth l2 ail•• lol' g • 1 •ile wide at aniog on roed 80 and extend inc northward · aaroaa ha•• bMn Whit a St on the· Meaa There I ·· • • a d•finit• •kip dietanoe ot 15 Idle• bet •ftn ot all a JO and the th eet1v1t7 available was precipit nted in the two k after the exploaion r lioactiv1t y Thie aot1vit7 wae 90% in Hew ·ue precipitated in • •• • ' ' ' th exico About 7% of all hot swath over Chup der11 r u sstrirn 1r t J ' 'Pl' i i'n A ' it J ' '· II • l • • a ta nq 4 1 lge• _to ' ••• ' I ' ii • ' 2 _ -l • •it '•••· e'tl' ii r c c j ' t 'it top ldera 9 • Ill •-tJ • • • •• •• • ••l r•i• ot and aleo oa the ba•i• ct tM obellical 1011 usaplN 'l'he •• • •• • • • ' ' • '• • • l l • ' ' ' c c l ' t 'l I ' c l ' ' ••• • • l a r or Preparat ion• shot a tbe As e reeult of diso'U8e1ona among all concerned it waa decidlld that there Mftre two 11ain poeaibilitiea ae to where the cloud could go af r the •hot in the northeast or in the aout hNBt direction Thfr1 w•r•a i l t s de•ed neces la17 to choose a weather condition •hioh '·'''' ' t f the cl#'J 1 r•r the t C 1t1 would not blow ot Carrizo ao which lies al1ght l J north of due ot three e aat 01 tJ1z'el'o Aocordint ly the to•n uaonitoring plana conidated i -r i iain caaeui' - ' '' '·' _ east direotion north cd The Nort I bl91 in which the clO'OO llOVee in the north- inL P 20° seotO ' whoe• aouth llide 1a not lea• than 6° Can-h T JQ l blor in which tho olO d '····' ·- ± llOYH in bo south- ' east direction inside a 20° ' or whQN north aide 1• net leis than 6° aouth ot Carri•oso a The Igjet 'tit il' t CIH in whiob tM cloud 110Vea in • t n •D1 direction ou ide ot the •eot ··w a e sid•a re 26° north and aouth ot Carrisoao ot th4t•• three oaseathe ocour on 16 Juq On t he lSth held at Santa Fe ot Jtll 7 a final meeting ot f'tpdiation monitor• was tor final inatruot ona or aasik J ith Lt D Dale1'• m '' ' ' G-2 m•u• •M tor uaS Cuent ot radiation dateotion Mtf t u TM tinal l 1 · · 1 nat ruo tiona concarnld chiafl 7 tba matt era of reoord1nt···aba n a t1ona am getting- oor municat 1ona w1 th beadquar tera in Albuquerque Fried ill wh JJ lt Col t ' wa • atat1oDtd or with th• baH caap at Trinit7 when Col Stafford Wanen ••• at ationed Since the aoniton were spreed OYV a large •r• it Uaential for thM t · t er g ceJrtral ooiunmicatioD in • • · · Y ' - · · - _ ' '• U A • • • ft _ • 6• PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED Pre rationa '' or the Shot f f • ' • • cc6ait nv · ' ' h CU S lHEU II I -- ' tf 4 • • I f t I • f ' • I I I I t I r r f f I • I e I • f f • order to f ind wt whicb of the three 11 1n aa•H had occurred Jr Eaoh 110nitor ••• a••i necl a set 1 th• following inetrumentsi A met baa filled proportional counter tar dntecting 1jJ partiole iiatiOA ·sn the prH- of bet a om g radiation 1 r 1 · 2 ft7 W ' · tbrff H 0 1 to aet l fta'• O OC 004 Thia OOYOr rt •urYll7 aeter J ViotorMDp model 247 three range portoble gaua •H the molt uaetul instrument ror 1eld work tho following 1ntena1t y r DgHI O Cl to 0 1 R hr and l to 10 R hr Tho HaU1orattor Goicn-M1llor Tube llodol 5 rortablo tJ rlnd ·-- plu bet e rad1atiom The two rangea C re to 0 001 R 8 am o oooe to 0 02 R 8 hr In addition to n the JDonitore •er• supplied large mouthed ''· bottl M in wbiah to put -rt samplee from places where radiation waa ' · ·· ·· ' det etecl · l• 'li 'i t Tile dbpoe1t on ot i with Mr with • ' t J oji on crew•• H 1 •t Rogal• - ------- I r - r - at O•rd Gate 2 1a lle or Pal ller 1 a bbwao ru · o T C' 1 •1 b Mr • u r ·Ol ell jii rt ·suaner -L •f 'fcoorro with Ur ' ••' tJ _ tollo •1 • IC - - to accc pt n MaJ 'i al t in event 'J aDC tliat be u of paOpl• - · tounl q and Tb9 obief •Old tor a nd two erna were atationed Ioet -·i'uard 1 Gate 2 biTouae area in o rder to get lntoraation tro• Col Warren at BaH Ca1ap a• · aoon a• po4111ble TM• intonation oonoerned the height ot i-e ·a • • • • • • Teloo1t7 and direot ion ot R'tl M ati ·- Gat • 2 beaauae ot the P ••no• • • • • T iJI ••••••••• l ' ' or the cloud 1ta ' were conoontreted at Guard l t wQ lnbabited localltieas the 1'1te houee •••••• - • • C 1 It • • l ' • l ' PRNACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED 7 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED ' • • • c ' • Preparationa tor the Shot Coirt i · c t • •• r • • · • · · •• e · · · 1 1 f 1 del Muerto P1te bouae 111 tittffn and Tolca7 ie twent1 ailM troa ••ro T which lie northeHt ot aero and within the JC1 nada ot a northtte•t blow theee plaoea rr lluud rad aU a11rht 11 1-rei xma Major Pal Hr um«i with hh l J ll-2 hllYinc on it the umH at inllab l taata iD tha loaalit 1i' tb1D a rad ua ot 40 aile• of aero l LJ · Iqd iatr ha'fe been subJeote4 to G•t 2 ti aoaiton oould alao go t-xd 'G rr Bingbu Cla1m0h aa Carrisoso t h• b ot 1BI c•l I and tbe town ln case 11 ••• 'ID r Wilt Wz ht Sbo 1§ · i Up to the t ot th9 ahot am tar one halt hour attw the intor-ation coneem1 1Jbe d reot 1on ot llC'Y•ent of tb9 cloud • • except that it 1nd ioat ed i ii 1oloud would -ne in a line nortbwN from · aU'O t hrOugh Guard Gate ' 2i b1e aHnt that aon1tora •iibt ha • to go to Grr Fite'• F•ra Tolra7 am San An o A 20 mph groum wia along thin r·l direction • • ezperleneed at 0 Ho ner I oloud would ooae tbmt 97 2 and led to the bellet tba the lbe top ct the amhrooa did not •OT• L In the tille fl rn l troa 6 to 7 All t h• wind in the northwest dinot1on d1reot1ona •• recei'Yed er the radio trotf '••• Caap rradualq changed trca northwut t o nortb••t And tb llWl L t northM•t poor radio r1na' 17 the aoet definite 1afor n a a5lable e caUon with se Cdp wa• that east at 15 aph altitude 5 1 000 feet and r •ing hOQI' t o ahitt toward tJ- out was going m-r h- Jo ' teet per go dt 11 Lt U ne alo reqaootecl that OY•r the ••17 3110 _ toward Bingbaa to look for radioaotbit7 from the cloud HDt in the satue direotion ter In the nantime tried to go down the reed past Guard To11er 2 in order to go to Fite'a Fara • •••••••• • t C 4 1 ' • refused perniaaion to ar11op i tt t ave •• ••• ec e I l • • • ••• road An unauooeu tul t PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED •• The MP ' '· dpwn · hat ''' and - •• R · PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED ent• I•ediatal ' liter tbe Sbh • a · • 1 • cer-t i · I ·· ' e I • _ ·- • I 11 ' If • I• • • • • • ' ' 'e ' · attempt • • made to contact· CaJJp anci 11 et vermi aaion tor 11 • ait ore to i I •DY• in 87- 71 30 A I 10 1Jl alone ba c fj was b7 that t t t 1 it waa certain · ac Tln northNat • 80 at Colonel Warre ba4 •ec'LU'eci pendaaion tor _ the 11onitor1 to the •Jor part ut the 111 ot'ed northeast along Z t - bl tho 4117 Captain Paul l q 8n ••nt to FUo 1a Farm 21 0 nd toarxl no radlaUon wi tnar 't ff the road t o•ud Canhqe • W and foarxl raad•l l• _ radiatioa at 1 7 lira • rt the # aht7t a t point• 19 f'll•• tro• svo Thia 1mioated t bat _the aoti'Y• du• talli121 troa near tho hig Utudea md b7 the nortbweat er wind been oau ght m aid blowh tho direotioa ot Sooorro nward 1 'lahd J - ha•1 he7 aet I a the part r od who also had tour id 1ama rad1at1oZl i in 1ncrea•1nc int -1 sM ot f order ot tractions ot an R per hour · ''• __ l tOHrd Bincha• ' aDll · dia s-t obed toward Ham1e11burg - Ding'-• '• part7 went light 8tat1oa i a at whiob iaco ived at 4 Dura artor taator 2 b 10 aimt es fro• 2 to 1 _ 15 R l r at a poi ' J U oio ot ot i a ro•h ns hl' neat nturned R br ttl ·-- the h- h181 t troa Station wh - JDet Carrisoao Fro• Binghaa or pe lleling that The hiiheet inten1it 1ea to mr e Returnifti frOll lfh1te towrard Binibam aurement• •ere reported Z v tjj to BS baa and went to lfhite 3toro 1 thi• route aero ho •hot that point bad drop « b7 a juat when th• urec1 ia- 1ntenait7 but cloMr to taking Road 161 to Search- retnrned to L-8 on had juat returMd from a trip nortbeaBt along 161 a zxi·reported readings up to 10 R hr Thia •e• at about ll l5 AM BinghaJI and X s The 1nt ensit1e s at flh itet Adobe bad aprerent ly ert cl n J t-heir steady decay vallJ ea ' a • • • • ' • t ' • •• · I t •6t I 14 t t t '- ' l It ii C Ill CC PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED t · • • • • • -- • 9 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED ' - Event a lmlodiat•l 1 tter t he bhot t J lt c ·htinu • I I · ' t • • • • t • r•• ''' •• •ent a Radio cc Uni0et1on wit h Uaae Ca11 p was un1ucoesaful 10 n stating that the gaua 1nt ena1t1 were about meHai • bl' Courier to 9q r I Rererenae1 auowabl• value - See Section VI Examples a Town I ·· • went ring 1 Town of lbite r l ta p1rt7 Wa • JOiMd b7 ' ' 8t t bi I time aDd the C08lF IJ1 ell1_ ng 16l trosi Station L-B to imeati1at e further the hi h intenaitia1 fr ted b r were atteapt Jtl J it • • under the tencler• reoonled 4 1 - llor er rLi rt M iJ l t the tint place et which meaaurementa towm that '• oar waa heav1l r aont111dnated t M oha1d1 11h9re road duat could clinl • flr· the general bttokground when ti ld near ti t•ndera 1nt ena1t7 wa• higher t hu outaida This iM d• he caf 1- r _ oast aoee doubt on the The •ter1 val1d1' cf' t- _ 1 reedir g1 Jad earlier aoai -red the re8d1ns 1a81de ute1de the car near Adobe at 10 All and _ tcnmd a taetor ct 2 recluetion 1 Da the 011r It wa11 deaided to return I to B1rwba• and • t •inoe it • • 1 -· 4 At 81 ngbd tbe entire 110nit group exeept were pN1eat oont iJNed 90Ditori• ot the region l coraa C pt H barm t to 10 •Joas lTI •I• ••t am north c4 Btncbu report s b7 U1••• were aa tollowa1 to 1-eat igate the 2 • Brietq leading ott to the •id• trca it to tbe aoutb ot 80 ra • and bot regioM L to 10 al° ' 161 aad anll l too ClaW Ob aad ulJ v ill the first 15 1111 frOll ftlllll• ullitba9 • ·· At tbia oonterenoe t ri• deofd t· ie it • • • ••• - ripW · • f rliole ndiation ••• ••• •• PRIVACY ACT MATERJAL - REMOVED --- - -- 10 PRl Y ACT MAT BtAL EMpyEp • • • J • • • • • ' I • • r • • • • • • • • • 0 ·t t • • • • • • •• • • • • c ent• lued1ately Arter t be Shot ·1 J 1 11 v t v r t in ecl · • • 11 1 • •• I • t1 e • e • 1 e It 1 t • I e negligible a• t•r a1 11ouure111ent1 u until noon ia Uoated· The major basard appeared o be 18 1111' a and ta acco1· panying beta r8d1ation nn In the atte rnoon along 146 went east trom BinghaJ1 along 161 nnl ·'a p Wt1ftl or i'n hllbited localities or The ra • w••t of Road 146 ••r• in the aids ot abo g 25 R br a 2-3 naMd on t P This waa considered to rrom a·su de a region ot 1ntanait7 sate Th• ranchea were T R Coker Lucero arid Sedillo dir Otion l o lJ due eaat l 46 tht higheo P t 88 In another tb• junction ct road• 146 am 161 alor g fl onaitieo wore recorded nam•i 6 o R hr at PM Thie T 1 to the attention ot the military guard accoepanrhigh 1ntenait7 ••• 1 r c _ The road - token up to a p01nt 3 4 •iln tra• the cal 1 Rai lU'f' houae whOH pren -· unknown to th• aoniton since it ' '- zao rked on the G-2 map l bout 2 mile• tro111 the 146 - 161 road june• '• I t- _ u g In thh ROJ'C• ihe high g whioh oauood the Kvrir -nuire the 1111• •Hot C•o roa• tion 146 nu throush • o oep wer• intensities The na•h ot hiib 1ntena1t yljhich bt11an at the hot can yo11 about 30 Idle• f'rOll eo i• kn0ttn t o haTe ext•mft orth slight ly eaat tor abou l2 -11••• ancl tountl 111-r• 1lfeJ o• d High •1 161 and took r•- in eno1t7 7 R hr ••• touul Hll 11p1 a a a po1lrt when a J PM 16 Juq on t be aouth •id• ot Road 161 Fw d$1led intonat ioa Oil lJ ot r J tield aoni t or1 n th• tive month• 1 1ubeequeat to be aboi •• reter the reed er to the tnnaer1PfR field notes ·o1 u llOGiton IU _ • e •• • • ·••• • f · I l I t c ' ' I PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED ·' ·• • e e • • - • • e e • • -• · ·• • • •- • e _ C - II t • • • I· · • • • 4JJ ¥ tiMGlASSIFIEO' • l• • '9·11 ' 41 • • • • u th• onu ot ri 19J dt •t ti · li$m i1t u • ·· tollowa1 tar reiaOY41d trc aero ·· ·· T rb r•ical p1ct ur ot ' IH l n2 ti· ipr d ot radioeot1Yit7 • t erra1n • ' I fl'r r' · - • point • • •• Fin• particle• ot sacd would fall tro• the oloud careying radio- 1 TbtDe particle• will be carried in MD ' di terent aotiT• materials on tbem dir Jtlo atter lea•ing the oloui on account ot dirtering wicd direotiona at j_ ditteret s al itud••· - t • _c l l aha At a gl••n place on tti ground a •iniJirLm till• auat elapse after tbt bef'orl l Ji c t b'i 7 appear• Thl • t ae depend• on tba in measurable uounts i f tJ aloud velooit7 bq it• exten 1on It also depeni• on the time it talc•• for pertiol 1 ' i to tell tra the al · t• t ij 3 t rter 1i- aloud ha• pa•aed am the radio otbit7 ha• _-riaen to it • llllXiaUll inten ait7 there will CoCUJ a deoq i t ot intenaity wit h ti Thi• d•oq will l be d• to two •in cauaHJ it olange in t be gee11et riaal distribution ot act i•• h - DLater1al and th natural 2 P- ··'c 't•-• ndia o iY • decaJ' - '' ' J cblR«tf·t7 ' ot th eleMltt • conoerned f'' ·a itontr1gl · ·· f I ' The appare at deca7 ot tbt f 1Tit7 •• a1ured on the ground will be· k - - i· intlu nced b7 the rat e at which the rtfo 11ttle Ther• will be a ti at which i ' a tog ot partial•• ia baqcing in the air f Jd t aboY• t be 1rwm At a cert aln ti at later tbeae perticlea will bav• •et led to the gtotfhd It tb$re ptirticlea willaore into the interstice• ot the g ourxl •urtaoe • will waah them f'urtber into the dhtr1but1on or wind theM j • l'u rtberaore rain t td e or At each gJ'Owxl atage• the gemet J ical fr the aet Ye 1 11 terial ia dit ereAt trom the pt' ing atage will resul an apparent deoa7 ot act hit7 becaua1 th• toward obscuring the actiye particle•• pr ·at•e L '' T change• are 'Ihia kind of d ecay na well pa onstrat ed by the uieasurements of the searchlight crew at I -8 •hoae data •r• h b n in Figure • In about ten minutes the znea•ured aotivity dropped b y a factor of two tra a maximull or t'lfO down to one R per hour b 1 •11op prsdugtt dn The deoa7 or t t I I I l • 4 ' l I l gamma and btt'tl ilC vi y u1 '1iaa1on product• is ew aarized •• ••••••••• •4 ··- UNGUSSIFIE o t Data on P Wigm r a ad l lffa 7 Sua•Nll7 arxl Correlation thft Rate ot Deca7 ct Fiu1on Producta CC-JOJ2 Jun e lJ 1945 ri jJ Qr l ·l l t purpoee8 of health lllORitorin g the t dPOay is - flt OOnTenient or ' eati N i JW inteuit1•• aa I 18 ccm9 rYat1Ye in Htiaating integrated dos•• f'rca · · _ - I r in the tirat 24 hour• aft er the shot i ' _ _ t Ho ltever at longer tin ••• - 1 tor conMn f' Jl'lonit ori ng it is neeee• 7 to ••• an inverM power ot t larger than unit7 94 $1M2' nt11 9' rad oagtlli z o T deeq b M' ndioaotiTit7 aa meiasured by gamma roentgen011eters Tar fed L oo n aidera'b 1 7 •• oa n be'·eeen b J t' ' by Riobard Watt• 1 5 t -l to · • • to t -2 F rapentf if • the crater at aero deoa red wnh t 1se varying troa At t1nd • Tbi 1 waa reterenoe tc the deee y cUTYea in Apr•niix I coap1W 1 poi · J· l UJlumed the crater the app arent decay •aa r ' ' to be d'Ulf t o 5•bacuration by du•t a t• 1 • 8 n on• i lace tbe i'''' aot ivit7 actua 1ncrea1Jed with ti•e Tb111 11a• int erpreted as btd cg due to wim ' blowi aoti'Ye ma erial toward thi• pl • r· 12 lnle• J t great d111bano•• fjl'eater than the activity •ee119d to follow • •• •• • • • ' •• • • ' ' '' ' '' i •' ' ' ' ' ' ' l l ' ' I ' ••• ••• ' l ' l l l ' ' i_ ' •' ' • '' ••• • ' l l l I 13 • ' iII StttUnc gt h Clo yd a In II a abare tho changes in dose rete du to change• in · geQJ i9 1oal diapoai 1on ot ·t •a jJ following the radio otiY• 111aterial were described 1n a general is a detailed disouasioa of the gas a ray intenaity m aured 'b7' u J an obaer f41 1 r·'1• a clou l ot radiOActiY• partiolea falla to the ground l ' j 1 Let 1 ' the ga a under coneideration have an average energy l Mn with an aver g9 ''JD•an-tree-pat h A in air - m aurable or 220 meters There will be id • itiea on the g 'Ound beture th• layere o air ia ediately above '··--····- · the groU Xi are r1i i ' the g rouzxt the iben th• with actbe particle• int ty of ga- s ie moat easily conaidered cylindrical diatr1buti n J rr unciirc the obaener 4 i of a cylirder ot radius i artiolea · atart reaoh t 1 bei1 1g due to a al The obMn«r is on the axi• __ nd· Might hr me unit aol d acgle alXl h It the material givea A roentgen• f bt denaity or the material ia l ac oo of air J l I roentge Ul hcur For a d1•oos•ion ot tbia tora1i • ••• J Abaorpt1on I'i • llath TMO'rJ ot lnt egnl Radiol017 Janu 27 194 Yol 18 w w lia7neord1 • Jtergy i Doae' in diUll Ther•P7• Bri J ourn -l ·i J'or a aore aoou bite calculation taking into aoaount the abaorption in the air Chica o Proj t iiit'book Chapt V ff - ' --1' sect ion F Since •• have neglected abaorption in air - lee the height ot tho • 2 When the aaterial in the qlird rioal YOluat haa fallen to the ct -c4t t• • grow td the obaen r 1a •taming th• ce - r 'If i diao ot aati't'e aaterial tft • t · t i • c t ' ' ' ••• 11-ac • ' t f • • • • • • _ •ti•••« ot lt C · Maelf - u J where p den•ity ot actiT• material in me per cm2 1 and d ia the height of the record er aboY• the eu rtaea of the dbc r1 i J l OC W Note tl'llJ 1if 10·6 0 x 5 0 5 R r 4 an inten ity or one R hr b recorded while the ut ttrial b air t ben la T l p_ ji6 x io· 6 'fllC cc OJ ' ca2 on the groum cipiteted ¢ WO n tbb is io4 2 2 x j ' ' '· ' · _ howner · rat the hr 1 cne neglects Am I gm J 15 i We shall aasW'le ' cylinfi·F inoreaaed acoord1ngq l the L '· 1 4 then sr• 1nt o aeoount the 50 S grou nt height waa ot thtt order ir 2 5 to 3 A ooo that is rt•t1o I gnd s I air becomes lOal R hr' Note that ··· 9 A 1'1o c•2 or activity for l r hr k tion _ r g - actiY1t7 ptr l x 1 6 x gromxl obaourati ' Thua tO ratio I gm a I air 3 2 aaoordinc to in the °'l Thh Tr kinr of active moterial there are 19 jtk cm2 •• J4·1n average gamma energy 1 fl' arrl ssume i ''• ' ' ' j a HJhg• mean-trH-psth in air of 22llce11e rs The ground to air ratio ia usetul tor enisat 1ng concentratiou cf aotiYlt 1 1n the air fr0 11 the measured conc•in ' ·1 • b Q aon f1op d»' G 1JYW1i ps atipt A ccordillC to the abore dieouaa Qft the galm ll intensity should ri•• to the lnel det endned b7 the denait7 of aal •terial when 1t is finally Oil the pow d Jleasure nta at Blnghaa Adobe White txi at Searchlight Station ab rupli ffon a peak L-S •M 11 •howed that the intcnait 7 dropa de - 1ned ••t llns b7 the part1eular tvrain Yftl1 l9 -''·' '' Thi• abrupt drop is itributed to 1 ot the ir i'' 1u rt1lc• of the aot1Y• aterial aaong the oraok• deneit7 ot air ie 0 00129 while that ot ground 11 about 2 so • 'b7 grow r t pl l'ticlH l• etteotiYe n eatillat that the IJ'OuM obacu ratiO l ia about The t bl baourat1on t S f I Froa the data taken at tbe above named places ••••• • • • t ' t •• ' 'r • l ' ' •••• l 5 ' I l • «' l I •• • •••• ••••• •• • • ••• ' • • • •• ••• •• •• • • • • •• • • • •• • •• l 4 l I 15 • ·i •' ' ·· ' ' • ' I PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • J' '° _ • • a • - • •I l •I •••• • •7 - o c Gtolftriqal po11 • 'fhe izrt egnted doH UDier the mu1INa sH Fig 3 which preo t b9 1teadJ' deoay ie called tlw 1eoutrical doH • In J'lg - 3 it 1 ill arN lllller tho · tlat-t0p imua •al llllOW11'• to 2 ll total •tt•Mioa j9 l' 'i thi• type of doae al distincuiabed from tba integrated QOM n t1if1ti '' umer 10ll_ int en11t7 deeq that tollow• it becaua• imenait7 a duntio l d at the Q't'er - faa• __ At _hot ca it ia del1Twed 11al a ' 'lho z1 ti a• intenal ae at 0 R d - ror tlw al olo D settled F1g J Io at 0 a•um•nt1 pUl J' • ti 16 J ••• 1u1d• bHaue• then the of _ health laurel boo• • · ot tbt H rr ct Ml Tbi s •hot t h• data at I 8 aened 1up ftllli'od Tal- I1 ti the and Tb• tiM ctr• whioh ro1ntalf-t fl'OJI aero poim J s is 19 S ail•• distant about 20 Uoo ' Thia work inc rule waa ver1t1ed within the ocura07 ot the WH' aenta at t•o otheS' plaoe• be•id• L-8 At jdobe at J ta-1 Cheokbg t hia et tiom were that trc9 J • the tbe WOJ kini rule t1-t it the nl 9 ha•• beell •• ea• 1 0 • tld9 dOll• 1a deUnrod in one hoo ir for so» 'when doee rat• dropped to could 'be -pu od tr 9 UJ 1ecaet rioal doff rate would Dg 18 R in lltt le Ita •ximnm tolenble value ia ffj i• a high example the intenait 7 aroum l ' R hr g1T1cg a value T -'1'1oal dooe n be • hoar tor u it hnd at L-8 4 a tound l 6 hr• to 4 8 bro 1' J T -fb• WTed 6 R hr litl'Jr The indic•• pidlJ' ao near 7 iruitea 50J tbt 1nte 1t7 hod fallen Here howeYer the drop was The other check tor the rule waa tound in the hf' 't11 canyon 7 milea due Eut ot Si nghaa At 8 4 hre _ or Here the L-8 crew verll'ied the reecii l ' t ' I l t l I l 15 R br at hr• fown 3 9 RI hr i t it- l5 it nhr i dropped to -7 5 at about 4 bra anti deoqed aa l I l l t - I' - - I C ' • s 'reading· iiui ld • ' • ' ' t • • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED t - --· ' hBT• been 7 16 0 · • • I i 7 •• eno b which ia close invol'nd · It abould be noted here that before the Trinit1 shat of 16 July 1945 there ••• no field data as to ho• pronounced the c F #_ effect The p oture up until art er the shot ' fa t·hat the ectiTit y st would be r geometric l t CI ' - % IJ Te n plao• would build µp and demtJ giving a OUM'• like n t aueslan · akn t towud the lett or • curYe reeembling that c 7 •-ax with · wll -- - r i lij• ot a t ••au e tlhitt f th '' ' 'i giiring an Be tore the ' t •n•it1 roae 14 t t r a data nre taken lillellP it ' se planned to t o the Yalue I 0 ever a t im• t 0 doee I 0 t c 2 ' ' l l ' ' '' ' ' '' ' '' ' ' ' ' 1• • ' • ••• •• •• c l • '' ' ' • •• • ' • ''' • •• • ' • • ' • ' ' '• • a•• l 17 • 4 Conterence held at Ease Ce i on 14 2'u r Hh Col ' arren Lt Col Fried ell 1uri lir Le•r elsa n set the Uf 'er 11 i t or integrated gamma ray dol le f• r the ent re body tYer a period of two We it ks 33 honr$ · roentgens t '···· Colcu l ltjon of 1nt1tgi-ated dose dth 1 t dfioay i general foraula cun be derivea relating the 111t e111Ji ty I at 'j e mea '' tJ t after decay bus started ith the total iutegr t ed ' ' ' doae D JV¥P ' ·eriai r The l t decay law lf l lul t n the relation I1t1 'I- _ ' ' - ' 10 t 0 where 10 1 he initial intensity at time t 0 • he time t l tii ae et which tl t dec Y start ft er the eloui luu3 paesed VII a and b fur d ¥1r' ted c ii scussion of t 0 • 1ntens1t7 I at •111' l iJ B· is the 0 See Section lt follow• that th• '1 is t 5 6 Let the period P 2 weeke or JJ6 h·- ura t 0 cloul to aon troa aero point to the place at t tin it take i wh4h 1 tor th• •on1tor1ng aeasure•nt• • • ' 'I are Nde ' per hour• Let thia diatanoe bed mil•s and the cl o1 d lbcity be mil•' _ Dl 1• 7' roentgens Equation 6 1• rewri than ••1 • 7 UHGL SSlflEil 18 111 iles tro• zero point ItJ to be measured intensity I 1 • These teetures ' icil1tate a monitor's J 7 has two it 11 1 re t1vely inoensitive t 'Of'l itfon d or the cloud main f'eatures1 Pf rlioz 1 See 'Table I tor use nf' thia formul111 dt-o s ·ma in the field It should ' i'tioted 1 however that d v la an approxitnGti - n tp t 0 because t i · ' 0 e olooel tlie time it takes for the cl01 n to r lse and ti ' t hr e it tckes r j J fcYr - J'' the radioeoi rerticleai tc rail f Also it does n ot eceount exactly for w' · the Hae it '·t l f'ea the entire aloud to pass a give11 point nor doea it aoeOWlt tor a c llfhich doee n t •OY• in a straight line troJR tsero point 0 Tb• ue of d Y diJ tly J r t 1 0 give• one a kin ot astety mrgin for I 1 1 ia on the ut dd ''lf pr det em1ning whether c Caloulat nL t te at«i Ol' not I 1 is high dose with l tn decay ' _ The dieouseion bt theinte-grated dose over t1lM tor the l t decay la• has been presented € ea• det tlil beoatl 9e ''' it can be uaed as ' • In tb latter ca•• th• xln-1t11sion tor the inte rated dos• M ' DM where I 0 I t ' M- l - J - - - 1 0 is thll •initial intf'n ity • that is the at tr a t 0 whe11 the rtct 1Yit r cOiBMtaeed stMCiy decay and P is tlut wh1ob tbe do ia int egrated 2 'l'Mka or JJ6 hour• J ti1u ever 1 SinceLtLt JJ6 hours eqlat ioa S oaa roduoed to a good apprcx111ation1 'J 19 for Yalu•• of t 0 up to 25 hours The ratio D Dn 1e 1 10 wf1f c F'lb e r 2 Jo c C t 6l tives tl1e Yaluea of 'lf1 th the VRlUN 1'hiCh 0 See Tw ble I or Fig 6 · t lM-1 ot •• function f i 'Jr9 6 to COl pttte the ration or t'ie rr -I oi doses r '···1J Thei iqti 1egrated cioee using equation S tor the til'le t 0 ' _ i' 4 hrs has been comput e 't 'r f alues cit na 1 229 l J 1 5 ae ishown in Fig 7 For l CC llperieon 11 ahJ be integrated do ee tor the l t law Neto that tor nll fl practiecl purposes the ' t t r n groeter than unity the M f --·- · i l r · o t 0 a J bra I sc11e ae1t 1ptomatic value The YEilue lf l'l 1 18 bf camt the y'- 't i field llS8SUreinent8 nf largeat intcnaitiea - ·'''·· - p f igur• 8 •how• the build pl doee in the weelu1 tollcr1ing the tirs t e J roacM-11 - wero found 1n the re ion in 'ttfil to •at known to be 4 hrn i tf la• dc e diverge whe rees fer all Taluea Of n fl 2 weeks after the 1ho i TM ome'i ' 11 e the doNge increment 09'92' t 1t0 l •• k interval at 1nereaaiJtg nunibera ot J eekt after the ahot The rurpoe• or t hia ourTe 1ts to eel'Te a• a mean1 tor e• 1'41t ing doaag• ratea at long ti ea after the abot ii d Determ nation of • iq -onent n in the d ay law y 1 Ot great' r uae to the tt0n1tor 1e th value of n iu l tn The first and obvious vs time on a log - log graph ' ' 1e DecOnU estimate tho dope u J ie ethorJ is tc prepare 8 grflph beforehand -· 1 nhich' g tl lt Ot t2 t i tr n dir'9ctl ¥ where t2 ' '-'-o-o·o - '4' a - t 1 a re the tiJt as et •1h 1ct intensities nt o given spot nre measu -od ao i l Se the relto tion D 32t n r I 1t 1 vshich oqn be ritt n ast 20 ll tl f' ' 1 r· •_DW'fl U it lll 84Sure1t1ents etxl t h known ratio of t 2 to t e 1ve n from 1 I graph or t2 t1 n-l This method is quicker and oashr 'or ' ' Ho • ever the • r' log' t Jog plot allows one to estinate 1 0 by 1an extnpohtion ' Teble for l t d tcy 'J · deterGin1 Taking law 1 ' intagratod dose D1 where D1 s C I1 ti a 1tU11ing 75 Roent ens thf I tc er1 il ile values of initial lJ•J t istance £rein zero point r ax tol r 1ble · •- -c-id1·J- · i' to J' Th l j iQ ltl l · • 7 ni hr v t· _ v • 1$ mi hr ' D C Yelue ct Il t 1 - 7 c • I1 t1 o• o'- -'•' ' I ' _ - - 5 82 7 miles 2 5 lJ u J 4 7J 21 4 4 44 5 4 22 6 4 04 42 7 J 89 49 8 3 76 9 J 6s irs J 8 mil s 12 9 14 6 15 3 5 16 9 17 S 90 18 6 126 l J 20 0 20 5 J· • lad 10 J 54 11 J 45 21 7 l2 J J6 22 3 l3 J 29 22 s 14 22 2 3 lS 3 15 105 270 20 2 88 140 60 u 2 71 167 rta J6 2 34 48 2 os 70 21 2 2J S 2 l S64 J86 c - - - A • 6 1 3 0 J·- '- - t a I'S 0Co '• - l 22 b £ Q$Nur• tor DftrHJildpf V sg Dm IU tt l »Sce' £ C 'llt a RQS aS 1on A monitor coming to a 1pat 'irhere the cloud has pasacd has two a item a of 1nt'orut1on about the radiation there i h l can measure rate or dosage at time• up to about 48 hours attar his arrival and 2 he has ra - rouahj rhi ftiute i j · it poi •• to wh•n the_ clcu3 pnc 1p1 tated the activity at that the rate or doaage fa too high hiB eojourn at the npot Slay b4t r-1 liait ed t b f • pe riod con aiderably loss than 48 hours r- c i ' From t hesa t110 itema ' • ha has to 1' g 'fbet ber t h• integrated dose over JJ6 hrs after th9 cloud i u pas11ed will • 75 rOlintgena or not _ - L J The f t'irat equation 3 11 '11UHJMn' rt ot intenait y I Tbt uct at t 1 1' g J t 0 or I ' rAMM that It tb prod 'fltl is too large to 9at1at7 the equation according t o trua''· if ia p l - e mHahe the arious Yalu • d y ahould be ohoHJ Jti o a J tor pOll db e laaocuraoiea in t ueseing at the th• t 0 • it ptmrlt• the uae ot I 1t 1 11bould be less tban or et moat eGU l to the conatars on th• right haz i4 i l'1d• of the 19CJ mt ion 1 l t · 1 the integrated dose lfi 11 be '' ··· The next at1tp ia to d• li whether the deca y di f'f'ere r011 _i h• Th1t la aoocapl1abilld ··bl · t · t•o l athods outlined in the prM Si231 D•Gtion tor det ermining a in sot tan equat ioa 5 i• J l •n• Her• one bas Once an eatimate ot 1l iB tfl imput e f I 0 and thrN caloul ate Dn Ir the btok to ••ta ate loi I vs iog Jt p is s lli9 au be •xtrapolatei l baok to t i • t 0 mad e the straight am 10 i• 1etermined trom the 1 1g 5 •bow9 • lc c • log plot of 7 xn in the Thi• n rT• 1• u tul tw wo purpo Fir•t it p9r ait• th•f put ation ct 1 0 f'rca the genaal tonatl a ' 1 0 a 1 t 0 11 when 1 1 arxl ti1 2 meaau red Teluea in tlw ti•ld am • b an r exponent ona chooaes to aaauaa _Seco ldly r1 5 allow• b 9ll 1t it had OM to eati•te what t hf' 1 ' ter aity I l a• a place ould have de with an exponer ' - r• 1 'lJ i J o dth aey other Tal119 n 2J T i • ' Ute• the t ol'll ula s where 1 1 a cd t 1 are meaaured at a point and l 1a th• intena1t7 whioh would ex11ted it the •xpo Mtnt ot d aq bad been ulrlt7 inst ad ot n • Wherner p09siba the pl OCedur is to det erlliM th• integrated doae D1 urJi · Jthe ot D D l t deoq C'IZL Te and rater to equation 6 tor f08 1ble valu • r a· talue ' i J l ·· J ot n ha• been eetimated · Deter•ination ot Gee11etrioal dose D1 b 4 The gecaetTioal doM baa been dieouued in aeot1on IV o ' The eonaenat1Y•i t 1 t• ot thia doaeia d• b1 1aaUJ1ing that I 1t I 0t 0• 1 li r ' - •·' '' Once Iltl are urtdr ·· guaea obtained I l f 111 ad• ae to t 0 a Xl th• Y111lue Telue 1 ia tltttn multiplitd I· Thia ot 10 ia · b7 2 or b7 it a very conaerratbe ••ti•t• 1a d - to get the doaas- rat• Y1hil• the clovd ·· t - _ -- ' r- '- ot partial•• wa• ot lS R hr at t 0 ' ••ttling ·r·6r aple it I 0 turna out to be ot the ord i 4 hr• it to ' '·· '' that the geoaetl ical do•• will baYe been at t w tolerano• ln•l ot JO R hreOYer the integrat-1 do•• D will 1 be · ive nanie q 4 4 x 4 ·x 15 a The ·1ntenalt1 ot gau a located OU tvrain which 18 CO'f'ered racU• t on aide 1 houa• which i• with galU la a4t1Ye material i conaidered in calculating the doNg• recei'Yed llUst be 1l i b7 per l CTer a lona t pft'icd at ti••· hal'UJ eJAent• aade at Sit• l on 19 Jp at T 825 1nd1oated f that there 1• at least a 5° reduction of ga- inten11t7 I1 • ide a light f f wocden rran e hou••• Outaid• the reading '81 1 o 006S R 8 ht he inaide it ' was 0 0026 R Shr r For a heav1 adobe about 15 thick hm111• at B1ngha a the inteneity out aide was 0 0025 R hr at waist level whUe 1 nside it n• leas than O CCOl H br August 17th measureztent1 ot Ur L H Hetipelmarm • kt another st on• houa• in hot oan rrm 2r He e iarul measured 0 02 R hr 11 Gl bJ a taokr oi 1D reduoed Lf TEHIN R£ fi0'JED 8 Thu if one ak•• the reduct ion ' or 50% tor a light frame wooden hOUH and aHUN• 'ha people •pend l2 hour• per day- indo0ra the integrated doae ft w 9d bJ 2''· and wa1 r · ot If one teke• the factor be_ no ed -tbat tlla protoation attonlod bJ outoaobil• be t J'tll iD81d• an auto that ·i 4 picked up ouitora 'Vari at ion wbioh atuel t it un4or oba11il o i ur i wH ·fAt•'4• q 'iJ IDt enait y With HeSgh boye Cround It • • eoon tou fi · t wit h b9ight abwe t lM ground fariationa Tisue W88 fouad that the p intenlit7 beoa•• oo l aa1nat 8d and the intemit7 inaide at time• cnat er t ball t het d It tbat o l ldde Thl1 ' no longer J Uo in tbe c•r •y·tlal th• tendwa The ca aarked th• int eri 1ty or 111miaa variied f't l ing ru ' ·· table give• data on this Grouid f e111arka Rgdia Searchlight ca J-4 hr• ------- 4 5 R br rt l R h r Cra B 0 9 1 m ter 0 5 Gaiima rad 1at1 on a 2 2 er at L-8 _ l ai east o L-8 2 ai E ot 1 -S J ai cf L-8 Y Hot Canyon ii Bi ham rar s atone hou•• per da7 1ncioora the integrat t doaeu reduced by JJS o r lao• G'gstl Ted at g Ca- ------ - rad1at1ozi beta radiation 72 Gaama radiation ID 6 o 1 eter J 8 6 J l meter 1 7 51 Waist High 0 5 71 ' c · 70 Gellrl'a radiation 7 · rec1at i rt rediation rrlu1at1on -- · mi ff or 550 0 027 5 The data ilXfioate thllt tor gup 11L l 11at1 the aYerage Yalue of the intensity at torao lnel l n tr ·is 5% f h• int•nlit1 at ground Ground level readinga wer• made by settj ng th• met1'r on tbl lnel grf f j lO Il t ' The aYerag• po•ition o the cent er of the ionisation oha•ber• ca above the ground 11urtace ' Since the meta• were •d• in •uoh a '·ii' tt '' t o prnent tlw ionisation cha•b•r• trom reaeM ng groum lnel ll ' l s - decided that the intenait7 at torso lwel could P aatel7 taken •• 5qlj i t at ground lnel Thel rt•no• or t be variation ot intenlit y with height aboYe ground b ahown 1k Tabl• II A below i According to M1111ure1nent• th4J ajor traction otL w an 7 la at a btigbt sta od1 •1tion or over l meter aOO e 1 grounding tor J t 11 v i yneoro J Table ll A •howa avfl ag• height• 'i 'ii'' ' Bt'it JO'lll' l · ot' Radioloa XVII pp 151-182 19 U J ' - ' Jf Energy Ab•orption II Part le ' 'u T - IrncUatect • ' ·· _ 1 ''' · - r-' For coa r1aon 1'1th th oa•• r·· 1 unitorta 1ntenait7 with h igb o c Table II A 1how1 th• etfect ot variation which 11 ··••' ' j groum at l a ter ab we ff' r 1 The d 1atr1bu 1on ot 1nt•na1' 7 1bo• ·•• · • tot al doNg• which 1• SIS ot th• ca•• of untton int•nait7 °'_ the ibp 7 In the d1 eW11iomi ot doup aeoa VI VII a t'aot or o t- o a 1nt iioect t o acCOWI tor the J Yar1at 1on with bight The correction applie• o t ·· hit1 of at load r J • noraal nature L 3 f ·'·• Part ot Bod7 Foot 1 8 •• 26 Thigh 6 - 1 't Dbtrib lt ion Radiation I L iMt•• x Inte nait7 Int•ullx 1 • 388 lg l O R b r l 88 Xg·R 8 1 0 9 7 361 ll 32 6 79'9 F11rt o r Dsxiz iJi atribution Avg Height 4'ijgyq Ciropm 1 QilaF torao 9 uL torso 125 19 100 125 4 2'54 1 5 0 792 · ' Head cm 19 000 Kg nad1at1on Mus X l linnd t r rn enll y 0 5 hr l 914 0 4 o Jl7 144 0 4 0 517 157 O J 100 37 691 69 678 541 Figure l • • o iL- 1 F t E t fllj t t t fSEt EE t E3 f f f tl f f ' - --- 1 - t - 'I -- - ·-·· - -1-4--1- -·--- li - - ·'r· • - - - - • • • -I __ _ _ _ -H - -·r - • ·f i ___ _ ' - -1- --- -P· I t 't i -- --r t -- I -H --Hto-·-1 - - - j- - -· - I i • ' l 0 Q __L__ j _ J · ·i I I J -4- - l--'--t-- __ • I· f 'i • 1-- • • JO I 1 •• • - ---• • •• • • • • •••• • • • •• •• • • • •••• • •••• - - - --·- - - · ··- - I '17·1 Figure 2 -- ' I Vs TtM T • t • l- - ' Figure 3 • • l 7 l 1 1 0 l j -' '· ' • 9 f • $ ' - -· 6 5 2 T l 1 lN ·' t O • • • ' • J l 111 4 t ' J ' • • j o i • • I T 10-f i l Jb-' - - _ -l--f-L ' - --l-'- '- J'-'-L '-- -J 4 ---' i 1-4-1-i wc --J _ 1 • •10 • 100 'I ''' Figm-e 5 3 - 2 -t----T 4 l'l 10 t 3 • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • •• •• • •• • ••• ' • • • • ' • • •• ••• •• • •• • · s· · · • • •••••••• •• •• c• •• • t • • t J7-S Figure 6 ••• • - • --- -7-l- - I i - ' 'l'- ' ·1 I l ·- l---··- - --- l 4 __ _ ---- ----· r r- I O I to -J I - t d I 't JI L l A· l O I ' ' J • - i I I s I • ­ • ·--l 4 l j I ' 0 • x - ' --T i -r •• ·• • •• • • • ••• ••• i •• • i I l __ __ _ o I l - ¢ I ' w Lf i r l ___L - • I • • • 1' I - - - - L -- ·---' -· • ' c •• I •• • •• ••• 'a I I •• I ' t I c l I a l' ' •• I a• •• • •' a •• • I I Figure 6 A I • ' I I I ••• •• ••• • ' • •• • • ' ' I I t t I 1 - - r I a -· · ' r ' i ' •' rl - 7 • 1 ' Figure 7 ' T 'f 'p- I ' - -· t i u 4 z J 3 ' c· i l 0 l t 'i ' t Q 5 4 3 Ij __ l r¥ ' · · r t I t -1·- I 0 II l l ' Q ct - •z 1 z o ii il ' ' T N 1 1 • i'' W IJ U ii- 0 I ' L '°' ' - ' u aill ' _ t l'l · · 1 t t ' f L • i ' i Ij - - t Figure 8 - -· ·-·-7--·- -- -·· 1 T- ---T -·- · L I 1 I I -H-' - tQ J l t' • _ __ ' • i --- ---_ · • • • -I - i' t - · i _ I ' - ··T h t - 7 ' - ' 1 I T - ··r --·· t -· ·t j' I f t - -1 'tff Y -·' -·· ·- I • '- •- • • •• ·--' L -· t' l -·1 I i -t·· ' ' · -ir-- I f' ·r···· I • _ J L_ ' i L_ _ ' ' f ·-j1 'I -- --t -- ·1 ' 1 ' • · ··- -- --· ·- -- - i r l -- - - - -· - E It __ _ --· i 'I • ' --· ------- ' • t •I • t • # j99S # ' J't t E Ji s C ' cc-r i · s i j-·u J i rv j s -f' o ud · · a· · -O p ' J L ' ' t' oci i L-··-··------···· 1 ··-··- --- --------··--·---·- o· - • •--··- - ici-·- ·---·------··· 0 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOV_ED i - f UNCLASS f1EIJ • o o I 1 Ton- g C Ny I I'• I I •'I I '• t • • •' Ou bu1 ld 1ng en road 80 6 rd ut of Binahaa fi r-· -• Fiiur- 4 shew• the mea ured intena tiea J1Sde at lhit• Store ftl••• 'fR U7 b r were mul ipliod t 2 corree the11 to ti corrn1otdinc had been called to Adobe 2 mi test er 1hUe to i D« of 6 5 R hr at J 3 r PJlod to 1 6 R hr ll ll r t fM u wod 4 bro the 8 J' the tiM ha arr1Ted at Adobe hrt1 ••• to b- duo to tbo 1 t- Thia io tbor wont on to White an there _J toad 2 5 l ij · ·hnl am Having juat _cOM f'rcm L-8 eeen the rapid ___ Jam tcum t'tst it · ·parutl 7 bad ocetD red daUarl 1 drop thfte a 4· _at Adobe it n• at 11'910 •• _that 1t had alrud1 occurred ·e White_ · bJ hn t bae lPt - To ealoolate th• • 4 br8 c • 4 a wh1eh i 0 do J f u Whit• one u rapolat e thet ·0 4 2 - able l c1Tem tor t 0 a 4 bra • Yalue ot j hDN the 1ategrat ed la dOM oa pawld To 19' tbtt_ g •tneal dce1 tbia b J 1 bo1ar and get Dg • 12 6 R line beck to 1• Di 4 44 x 4 2 x 4 74 5 R 1pl7 1 0 4 2 b ' 3 am 1lt1 T e b en-er esiillated on ha nte 81deJ tar eoaparina with be L-8 at t 'l n d on should 111ult1pl7 10 b7 2 hi• 11 8•4 inst-4 ot 12 6 The tct al Allow 2 reduetion for the change iri doH •• 13 z •'75 a 62 a Tm tir t cona natiTe i i 7 4 5 plus 8 4 JI or 8 R w1 height abot'e gr md gue J ·· the do•• at •• to eke Ii t 1 a 2 z 5 th la 1• 2 5 P hr Jneaaur __ J one 'llhite 5 bn acd t hmt tb9 cloml Telooit-7 was lS •ph and that t 0 1 ii- 'l'te Y•lue ot C h'Oa To'blo I h 5 82 ono• D1 5 82 5 x 2 5 73 tDJr tho L-8 data at t he ti i t wu known that t but sinoe nc • i -Uie dJt 90J' ot tolennoe 61i t'ID ha r Th' ia the be aea ot could not be u 0 St wa• ' g • ed t ha s•ll u u1 l hr at 111ost · ht est k e s 'nt t · Col 'nrren IRIUJU NCL s F tn PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED c - Actually thia doN can _be conaiderebly reauced •1th our preaent Tb• line in Fig 4 hi• a slope l 3 1Jxi1cat 1 og a deoa7 information a miJ r ig ' ' - kb •' ao l t 1 • to 111 4 2 so that Dn 3 tb t ot Dn I 0 re Pig 8 when n l J th9 Yalu 9 6 40 • 3 R T be geometrical ctoae ia Lg 8 4 R t fl ifotal iilt 9grated dos• la 8 4 I i 40 3 • 48 7 R on erouni Note r • that Dg i 9f d% ot Dn l '' llowiJ ll a 25% rsduction for t he houae ef'f'eet and ' _ • 2 25% tor the d rl••• in intenait y w Jth height th• dose 1a 21 J R '9r arson Sida lri The 25i Jh duction tor tbe housa effeot at 'IJhi te ia on tbe as • ' U Actually it · ould b• a 4f4 _ reciuot ion on th baais of rae sUl • · _ _ _ Dade by Dr L H li pU • C 003 R hr outside on 12 uguat 1945 These meaaUTe nt • gHe £ - ith O O X 5 f hr inside iThit• Store With ' f''lft i the 46% reduction for hoUM ett • ' ' ·•- onl r Mgleot ing the variation with - l- sight the integrated doff 1a J2 R on groom z Ian ot B gghl 18 i t ansit y l 5 R hr• At t1 11 ill korth 3 1 - ''-' s of swo point 't j 11 i 3 3 R hr aa i ieaaund bJ lio ' •n APf-6rently the intenait r bad built up in t b 1n al betWMn thH• I r····· reading• aa i eocording to the tinr U ng• at L-8 i' JmilN East the rtladin aaeordi ngly t be -veJ ocity n s 1109t •••UIM ld ooDMnatiY ooaput ation ot doa• t 1-t would •k• t 0 • l hr ao w· i ''' ' ' l d•• A oloal t t i i T I C • S 82 and D1 a 3 82 x l x J J a 9 4 R ' After NStttrning fro• L-8 Adobe acd 'lb1t e it iia realised thst t 0 a 4 bra wa • »ore aoourat e At t 1 6 bra the aYenr• inte uit 1 Md f'allsn to l S R hr tlNa D1 4 ' 5 x ua n • R Dg is J J x l a 3 3 R PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED Making' l g I - -- D J l R ' Then is a correot 1on for t r'le erpoiieht ·n bfticg l J data plotted be7on l J6 houra law l •l • l t t P4ll pen The line has slope l making the coonii cg t o Fig 1 t he dose 1 0 1 7 1 n 9 6 x Fig 1 ah ws 2 5 24 R ' 2 5 RI hr t The total dt •• n 1t 0 • beCSC'1Diel d' lCt 7 4 hrs am 27 n · on g2'0U d lo •• ff' reeding• at Bint hani · • scattered Fip l core tMn thoH at lhil lig• 4 Tbh 18 attr1bti ed to the tact that t here •as hoo 7 tl'lltt'l o thotibetore duri lj ond af'tor thoo 6 hr aeaoumonta were ii- de Car• · actd nr and goi12g at t h• road Junot ion pre11Jaably bl'U 1 ia ootlTo duatfi 'o Hl• •nd fenden or bur71nir octhlt7 alroedy prwlpitat a thae ' · ' Camu · J Hp euU CU of abag 15 - - - · sutfioieat data _ am _ _ ' be aM rc C NW abecked ali1 found oorreat th• - · knon u •hot 7 mi · Ee at ot Bingbaa J l hr• At _ lJ R@ t wabt- height bJ Th• 0011 1li t10 or U 9 a Yailabl• toum in th9 thia oa1J7on are pre1ented rlJ comput1cg doaa ar d spot oa red 161 gion f heaat al10 tMa118• of Bingba• which ncliati doqga all whioh JJ T'r to knom ro ch o boll- a - tbaa • • the hot a JqOll A h ot oosparable 1ti•na1t1N lay acroH c111pe4en ·_A 8 4 bra - tbe lroud 6 R R gnamt whioh U - • - tb9 l • The 1 me rioal dON ta 1 i law I c • __ giTe1 wred j S Rf l meter o t a Yalu• ot l J JR hr at Di 4• i x 10 TM l t law do h l' Jl And th• tot al doH in ffilz t 0 4 hr 4 1 34 A ai tono u l 49 a TlM Yalu ot Io 1• Ta eloM to that expected by d1Yid1ng 15 b7 2 aeaold1ng • •1 JJ I I 0 o the o'bllenat1ona t 1-8 8 R hl a t 0 4 t • 4 • 11 a o ia rnt1Te •prroxir ation - PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED n hr i l' 2 R Sine• ·th• ca111on lO PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED l at instriment oontallination an Nrth BlllDJ'l• taken by ti f i• l e The dst a on this 86Cipl e ar• abown e i t- Ou•n n are availabl• tro• ta for varicua tbiak- 2 where the o cunt are plotted a1ainn ot U ab8orber the o i aof f1 We ere ime'bt ecl to Mr ___ __ tor pre r ' tor the counting 1tUaur1111•nt • aBi to 1Jz' 11th thick cfz ben the exponeat r1Ha to 1 4 The 8kllpl• • • not •tronc enough· t 4' 800 sp oil- Al whioh 1a the ca•• Of intere•t to ua tor ooa fUi•onlJJ h tbe ga Ma 11Haure11ect• in tb• t ield 1zx11 tod that t xpo- Under the 1 n Tin ot the bat le t l J J oo _ that n waa 1 3 at BinghP labors - x 8 76 8 R total doM 91 a 'JCik the air the do• l n 1a rourd t o be 15 R llaking th• gl'O Ulll Dn 9 6 x 12 • 11' R reduce 92 R b7 2'% inaking - lJd at White and data in Fig 2 1t io rea•omble to •••uaa tba the exponent at bot O•ll70D be at loaat l J • but the qv data W otr 1 69 R or r t AccardiD i to l ig 7 The gemetrioal dot1• 1• at torao lwel On the tar the woalen b-• rteat f an adobe boUH tbe nduotion b I - 46 taking the doee 50 R 'At ' ' hr• l ' and 11Maured _t1 l t deo 7 in the int enal 1 be WMD J 36 and 5 3 bra the iDtelJ'llted don Oft rte bad• of O r 1 R hr o 07 r hr on th• groum at hot oa1r70a t re ding is 15 R on ground Thio figure 1o to Do••• be tor the 200 boura to ing the JMh ho nduood r on grtnm1 were Dg r 24 R l n • llS R ma Dt • 139 R without houae correotion 4 bouH eti'fft Discus1i211 _ the total doae ill The methccb ot co11i -ut irc doae illuat rated in the pr oedina er a11plH loau t o doaaa aU11Diariatld in Tabl• IV •• The dosea abown ere ooneervative in thtrt the bouH wa 11· ·ftf'i' iOti licti·o D not applied to the PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED It a aseUlllfll l' ti- at e P' t' ri · k S 3tanding in open pclle rieal dOM torniJI alld rtt0elved tbe full o'vS l hGt ou u 'oo durine the falling tir ie ot he oloud l atwial a person intiide a n adobe houtrn aubjMt ed t o onl 7 l S at the geoaet rical doae 1'0u ld have been It Hhou lri be noted ' M n the e xaapl•a dbouaeed in ti preceding sootio l8 the howa• efteot 1j ' r Jftion was applied to th• total dose Dg ¥ 't' oon-eot ion ot doaa ge troa £ _' f Dn ground level to torec level 1a an l1Gd J only du liag th t ti rat 336 hours After that tilr e intttrval the field fr · 1 - ' l _ i ••••ureMnt·f1 tqdicate that the doaa re on the ground am at torso level _ were eaaant 18111 110 e a' bJ t IV 1u Jip13 a Qt t1 mvl1• ct Ii mu X9nit2airur i Qe no B21n 1cn »e1 c1 l ent Ge eetrlcsl Q211t Qz l ®afi1RD Integntod Ro@t• i2Da Totnl Dm'e After J W• Pz f Dn ot doae during 2 MU •hot Intervallt alter t h• 3 4 t §· · · i 7 - 8 utJsl '' j'etlt'S I 19 - 20 _ lacks lb it• a b c Dot • on gl'O l lid• Do • on ground corrected tor housra wall ettect Doee b corrected to orao lfl'el doM H 4 R r 21 a J0 2 R 1 5 n 0 9 h 0 54 R a 0137 R 1 ' R 4 ll 8 20 2 o 81 0 4'3 0 29 o r u5 4 2 S 8 idJ o a1 c 48 0 29 0 04 n 3 1 7 l o 6 C 17 3 0 91 0 54 o 32 c 0 2 a 1 0 91 0 54 o p 0-32 9 J 8 2 8 Dil thaa a ll Jt lcn an grounl eroum Do ee C tl ocrrect ed 1'ar honN wall ottcat ' Ooae b corncted to tcr 'llO level do - 24 • 3 f Jf · - - J ' ····6 $···· 1 7 Ca CQ a l· • lloae on iround IH - t on grour d correetod tor bowie ull et1'ect l oa1 b corrected to t-n P•O leyel dose 115 ' 1 9 24 62 88 4 J 2 6 1 5 2 r 15 41 56 4 3 2 6 1 5 0 25 • ·tr g o •bot-• hzring the '1 · ground • t dobe house reduoea galllUI doeage to lloM J I tt j ' •t torac lo Tel 11 tint 316 bOUZ'9 after the •'bot 5 $ S IJ ct ha't l O CJ11 above grou ixl lwel Appl •• only to tha doaag• ter that tiJne ground amt torso doeee are the 15a11e aee Section Vd UNCLASS F ED There an on baDd • large bcdy ot data on the 'ea•ur •nt d •• gi unmn rey intenaitiea ot •n7 localitlaa along the swath laid dO'lfn by the cloud l'hf l de pvt tion al in egrat d do••• tor ttMtae looal1tiee can be v v-' Min ooml1$ltttat1om •• tollowas J r 1 r·- in t ioD 'VI k appron•tion brietq thi• 4 bra at ' ' white Bingbaa and Hot CetJ Jon can used with appropriate _ J •ilea ' uu ariai ng on the deviation trorn 20 miles distance lleth OMbt• u b fr d n Hng t rt 1 20 tro• zero poiat the method aa de8cribed f'l it t'iret in deter ining Dl rroa the knOlfn value or is then reviaed far defHiY according to r the date •howa the rniali Jl to be Ju titied line• be according to three - -- °' For loeal itie• 20 plua J ailu t 0 s c r­ 1 t n law where Dg ia then cc»iputed as being 2 1 i••••' '''°'' • 0 ' 1a ona hour foJ £ti he doe• rate ot Dg at 2C ailes n - The totnl dose 1a t hltn D1 plua D1 ooluaiY• L o rrectiona tor the haight above th• grouai t -r' j otteot or the houn effect ' ·· 2 11rn approxi•tion1 · 'F leaal1tiN other than thcae at 20 5' '-· ·__ I - 3 oiles --- hoa J O po Dt the oonaenat1Ye od at co111puUng 1nteigrated doea is to a•81me a clead Yeloeit 7 18 •• l t •r ht take t 0 d n nd aaauae that the intensity deoaye i Thia i• a J'O'UID approxll t1oll am a1 titable onl r tor field estimates rllfU -n _ ln ocaputS t be doaea ot Table V j if g1 1en in r _ A belo• 3 A •MOid approsia9t10ll baaed on field da I han tlloM a 20 I l U a hll sero poin it ia as nme4 o 'be aot leil• 'ban 2 s hn tar nluN ct d for looallt1ea other hat 1nactar aa gallr 4 2 17 a1lea · J a • tint approxiat 1on for Yal' HIS ot D L 17 miles subtract 10% per ail• traa 2 8 hn 1r l'l' uallple at d Thia 'bdS for 28 i il c t t T ilt 8 t'l t 0 1• 28 18 2 9 4 4 hr ••lenhc thn• nlu• t r tne 1w irer t 1 •n Yeloc1t7 and th• ti a• UNCLASSlfiEO 34 ror 1 ttllng ot the cloud ill ghen in th• tollc ing diruwssio- b• Disouaeioa ot t 2 The valu ot 0 ia dot01'1dMd b7 the r h1• tiM tbf drift elocit1 am the fallilt« time ct the ololld ot putiol••· ' h ri s t lme 1a con11id4'Hd negU ibl• t for purpo••• ot calculating doff Thi• 11 • con aenativ• approximation •• tar a• 44 • ar• oonearn S in t hai it O r•r·••timatea do••· l tJ _ J intenaity in point Henoe the l lP xi j or partiol•• could not hav• tl a H18d slower than 12 9 llph ·--· 'j It should be not ea her• t llit the M9 llure1Nnt of gn- r3d1at1on dOM not neoeaNrl- ly impl7 that th• olou l parti1' · have tall•nt at a ghen point ' f l The radi t ion •7 1 t _ ' · ' be ocaing from t lw clold bef •''lt aettled at that point t At I-8 tbit ludint f M edge Ot tba v b bl cloud waa at t ·· ·nith at l l bra indicating a dritt 't'elooit7 ' - c ' · R ot 17 7 mph Thia ia more eloaely th• ' µal drift Tolooit1 ot the aloui elott z _°'_ '_ '- in oontn1t to t · r•nt dritt Tel itjr aa1ooiatld with t •WMnno• ot aurable gaau n-id at on Tabla III •howa tM winds alott at b tiN or the abot Thee• data dir otion ltb a Teloeit1 abo'fe 15 1tpb Thi• t1gura a • with tti veloo1tias quot ld above in that it 1• not n ller than lJ 9 •ph It b aHUMd that 18 llph tor the apparent drift r 3 v9 it7 or particles is a ea eM value Cff' computing dosH in that it w1llr r-eati•t• 9 1 ' rather tlum w ier-ea tiMte the dose of the clcnll In special cu ea OM may m k 6stii iat•a with lower velocitiea but in no oaae can the velocit7 be taken aa leas than 12 9 aph 2 falling ttme of the olo Xi or p i r t cles i 't c i aed her• n• th• interval betl' een the tiine of f' irst 1 surab1 f' ll'I ' rt ittt fo1 and t time at which 35 rABJ 8 Ill The tollowinc aN t h• wind• alat't at the tim of the operat ion Jul J' 16 194$1 Wind• Alon• OcmpoaiM ot 0 45 baa• cal'lJ p11 91 · 0400 out poet pibal and 0200 Point P R awill Svt'aH-500 tt 720 1 80 2040 2670 00 900 JS_ OO '6 00 0 ····· 7500 ' 'l i 2'250° 220 220 220 200 190 170 170 l-S •ph 7 mph 6 7 g 10 8 7 8 12 11 8 7 9 12 12 9300 160 9900 10 500 11 100 l 40 ll 700 120 lJO 16 16 l 40 160 10 150 150 lJ 12 180 25G 4 4 22bl 11 l2 300 12 900 l 3 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 18 000 19 000 l u P 220 20 000 220 2 000 230 2 0 240 290 280 30 000 3 000 40 000 1 4 000 kh 200 2 0 240 2 0 4500 5l00 f Wim trot1 U0° 160° lJ lJ 12 g r··· I i dn ''····19 l8 11 1 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED 8 va1labla er meeauring th e telling ti De at d 19 S mi Aotivit7 wa1 t ra measurable At 1 4 hrs 1 p S9ed thru a ma da U11 ·an •'-t led to a llow c eaq •t about 4 hra The ull1ng time 1• taken os 4 2 - 1 4 or 2 8 hr• Iroirect eT1denae verifying the abrupt Httling ot aat1Tit1 was toum at Adobe whlah ja z bcut J r iilea nearf 11 to sero than 1• L-8 6 $ flat J J J J anlt la hrs totm1 at measured hrD Ho fi ian found 1 6 R br at 4 8 hrs in iioating hat _betw n an abrupt change ho n · Fr data thnn 17 i ••• ·t •t WO 2 s or 1ntens1 7 had ooourrecl Thia etteot ••• also biter that the tollliw time tor dlataDOU greater For lack or •po cl rio 1ntorMtion abou 1 • bro inore3sa with cli t •inee r M beoauae it over-eYtimateB doaes we shall use the tigure 2 tn-s fr r cor - 'llting S-'f tor d For dietancee the telling time mo ah t•lli 'l l time to zero at d 7 111 were med• wu lJ idles - lea than 17 mi the t approximation Ja to aesume that decrN• • 17 111Uea t U' mile 1 u thaa 17 111 Thia red eo the nearest dbtanoe at whioh meaaurement• The 10% Hauatf - per mile ha• no juat 1tioat1on other than that tile talllng the should 'be in order to uoid Ulll nt1-tion -r I J Exople• ct the oaloulation of L o Ti • xa Ple• given in Hotion VI t0 ah o basl e tor an-lving at 4 hn and 1lluotrate tha method or VII a l J fT' aol a will be illustl'tlted holow1 Cedanai Jil•w Merloc 6S 5 milas trom sero point t 0 aooord ns to tbl first approxi Jlmt1cn 1• 6 5 18 • • hod• ot lII a 2 Ir J S Jl Pbra 65 8 • 6 IJ ot theae t o Yaluea on the 1n ted dOM t 0 aeoording to th• aeoord approximation 1a For n oomperioon at tbe etteota u -der the 1 t deoay oune tak• the aeasurod Talue ol 11 ll o ll R hr at t 1 11 25 F1rirt appr xiAationa D1 5 6 R iateu t_ dr c-e 336 hn Soaond app7o rl mat1ona Di 4 8 R iri ra i'»f PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED hl'91 o v J36 hn 7 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • a3hnp New i co 96 1D iles from zero point J 'o• in the first pprollilllati r 9b g t 0 iD th8 eecond approxi 111 ation % 18 u 2 a J l hrs • The doaea D1 for the two oaaes abo'n are ··· ···i1ret approni t 101u o1 a l 6 R• int l v rated dose over J 36 hrs Il I ll 'eoond • D1 a l 7 I intearated approJd •tiona T'Hluea ot t 0 1 re lower than ar• r JJ6 hrs • d ·H the nidenee indicatea l rnb rger tir tf J•U -bl• p - radiation at 7 6 hr• and coneistent rendbgs at · m Ho 1xt'F tion 1a nailabl• aa to when t heint on»ity started to drop tound 8 6 It b rea 101-blllD a•SWDe thet the 2 8 It 1a t o be incneHCl l° two rooaonoa lnorea 1u altitm ·-th hre falling time is too a111all for t • cloud utenaion inore ed and t•e cloud t i • artc r it pa•H• L-S t vn · c I Sine aot h1ng la kDow ut the falling t JM at diatancee b8yo 2 llilu the geolletrioal dOH 'Will - 1ntema1 7 la 2 10 a nd a the ualc- 1-tin Ds beeauM t bm other haDlt at lara• u la rp •• 2 I 0 • Tllo to be aol puted on the int i f' at least one hour time l diat uoea 1uch a• t uad -at lmUon b ils• For yal uN ot d 17 llilaa 1 18 l at 1 n ci »on· 20 '1'1N• vn t'hll Ig will not be 1 reuoaabl to take Dg 2 10 over a ot u a _ SA ot l er wl l 1 ' rt l r •011j 911Mh for poaail l• l boar ia e-1 'l'bia 1ll 1ln an or-eati te tiM the value that it baa an Thi9 'Ifill be will probably b9 at aughn OT ti tion 1l1 baai ai I r i hour u tha kncw1I LI u oal n• l t iou on tfi sb There an t wo do•• ill Table IV one 1 • the o ber oa • 7 deoa7 of ga- aotbit7 Examination I 1'1 g• or l t 1 and 4 ia41oa el la t be aldJnm npomnt of t • • 1 5J theoretically n 1a 1 2 or aamra deeq fiaaioa prcdaa a It ef f lll it a Jom ' llc ae 1YSW iua tb 9 gn4ual o'bllcUJ'at io i d 't it t i C Yt •• Mr rlnc •hould ntn bit •mnAl ra e ct dwr PRIVACY CT M TEPIAI_ RHnnvrn the pMteeM• ot n -utron srUol•• in the soil aDd Heoc• it 1D belined Ui at the gamm do••• should lie betMM tM 1nt9 1l'tlted doAa for n l and l S Doae• ·are· at p-our d l imll unlaaa otb n 1 - m·· io rt Git Followlna 1a an outl L le or th• procedure o calculation be 1ntenait1 I Eatimiate t 0 alter t 1 0 1 acoo r U ng to ••• VII b o 2a d - 7 tor d 4 hO'tln terr c d20 1 - with Masured at •'n7 tim• t 1 •• mil oa 112Ai nc 1' 17 au a t 0 • d 18 2 S hn to na m••u r«l am tor d A found to ba J milaa -- t · J ift 0 0 t jt 0 • 5 • am o - I ol I 1 Ctift0 which io tbil nlue ot I 0 aceord11'C t o the n l t dONJ' ia ' •••U11• tr at the ti int eri wxler th9 man 1• one hoar £' ' _ •· 0 u t I· • CI0 1t0 · _ t where C 11 the eona ar at approJXr ate t ' •hon ill Fig 6 l t' # i Tb 9 n lue Tm ratio D• D·l ' 1 11 •·' ID iven ' 6 •1th ratel'9JllOe t o 'ti anlllt1en _ ·· By 11ean• ot tbia ratio and t yalue 11g 6 A ll• ot the 'i'1 The ratio ot D1 one OOllP'l'4a D • 1 5 v 1 II 1 dOHlll • ia 11Y•ll iy't 0 5 which la ccaputed in b abore 4 • with t he valu ct »1 2101 0 i - -· o• ao put M Dgl 5o b n • D1 11 5 Tl» t o al doaea for tlw t wo deeal law are then Dgl D1 roentgeca lntegrst ed w•r 6 boun att•Ht i Qhatu ·tti oonoent ra ion ot pma 1 am 0• r un aot--1•• nat•rial on t bit · ' · a re lled• fc the t1t0 oailM n 1 atxl n 1 5 yP J t bit 1 t deoa y the ' ' ' 2 OOJMUmtft ion i• gi eD b J-1 19 lOl aiorofl 'ttri• n am or th ' 1'1' · deea7 1 iD P'CWd a t 0 9 5 I 01 mioroottriH J where I 0 1 5 intenal 18 0 1a OM hour 11 can be replaced b7 D g 1• 5 #J L • t MI time The doses oo apat ed in Tabla IV ara aon sU htiY• in bat tb97 OY•r-eaU at dos•• beoauae the wl11e ot t 0 is based un a olt'Ud · t ooi J- ot 18 mph The e xaep tiona BH the was det• dir otq a Loilg with Io •• at B1ngbaa eal'JH wht re t 0 ' ' am w 9 I II -l I ·' · 1 i I ' I ·-cT V l' l · • ' IP' ' ' ur_ l C'l'J' - ' ' 1 ·S --H-- - I L -- i j C - -· _____ __ __ -- --·--- - •' -l L L i n J 1 L _ _i_ __·-·-------·-·----- - · --'--· -·----- l- - ' _- 1 j 'M · ·· l - l ·· · _ -· ----·----·--·-·- ··--- --------- -·--·----- - 1-· '' - r · I ··0-- - c · Ti'f' 'l ' -' ·-ii ··- - - ·-i- '' I --------ir--' -' - ii-c--- ----- j r i -f ' · i ' t - 1 - __ 0 · ' PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED 19 e VIII ' a -···· e t f I · -• ttw 'lni allli Air Part tel• SiHil ot l ad1o oti'Y• •t er1al - - ·-- r -r · t - The w1den0e nail able llllld• to the Panioa SisN aonoluaioa that the Hal partiole• 11h1ob tell within th• f1rllt 40 ail•• ot t be _ b laid do rra bJ be le•• tbaa 75 aiarom 'tf nar az d proba'bl T DOt rrc t hioh rom• a elCN could not be leu than 'O llierona 1n t 119 •hot no a elearl 7 defined putt but nthu •H ·wa ooluu wbieh ext nded upward troa 6000 ten 'frm• of o• • DO tor Hloei 4 l Jr-1 m11N ot 1 wo _ ha • been a 1 0 llait to it• Mi•ht be- Then au ha'Y• been ·Irr ··- •po DMJ' J - - urna there bll4 reoeiY S nJ mNJta do not aupport thb ' 1 l JJ Julian Tank 'beoauae BON'llMN JIOllC tlw oow• wi tdn l2 l2 U a that drank ' he fft aeat tered plrP1aal ffAl'UJ e- tbe1 indicate a unitona Yflr1 l Otf It-1a 1 aiblA 0 e'QJ'O Moua inteiwit7 of ndht 1on the lower llaU loafl1Tit7 in bMl l hasmi Cl'U Dt itte• tounl sero I MoT•'be there • • fow1Cl nidenae that at tbn-e •1 The aat ul cloud ot J bownar tha a bot •po ui•Md - 2 Tiie lOffB olou4 r hrial •• ll b 1 llOJli on tloa lJ ll w r t be a1m in • All bu hill '-•• Oaoma ·toward Cmap den A 8 r c 'llo p whioh 19 'blla cl on Oii 80 •ubjee i'Y• northM• diHotioa took be of a l q brown Oloucl 20 ailN in ext II • ·Wzd am hia ·- t oD the appea ra•• Nit em hcwison aa •houl4 be odded bere m nt nueq l-tba - • blue 1low oiated with tbe bM f7 loniaatloa from the aeeo- ndiceot1 1aa1oa produc a ••• Hen 'o be eoutin S to the nc1on 12 000 tt and upward a 'fut l Jdmzt• atter the o t TM• •upport• th• ld t ha aot1T1t y went up to at lea•t 12 1 000 t't no large amo rrl n ot all the 3or It al so support• the finding that ot actiy 7 wae precipitated within 12 mile• • At See robllght • ot • • • • • • • •• • •• ••• • ·· watt· • • • • • • ••• •• • • • ••• •• aero I t lp ipn r-s i iil a t iY t y of' gp- • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • ' ' radiation PRIV CY ACT ATERIAL REMOVED I • appnnd at 1 2 • • • • • • ' J i ' • I • • • c • • • ' ' • ii •• • ' • • • - • am Joir -1J 11rAd ·r n unt J o @r to In eat mt• f al Uw ' known tu a •• ref er to fabl• Y g1T1 i utiel 9 dl ei a '•D i talllna tillee For alt1t 11H ll0 -1 ais t to ¥ Tt· t·he the • ''I o u•• t i fall ins t in M up to 12 1 000 t t1rat co1Wl2l 1 to M''iat e pu iol 8 ai J altit 1111• cr-ter 12 0tO fen •• uae ll rtiua 2 u 'be paruai w r u rroa 6 ooo fgat th · ot ti p · -- M 7 m 111 i•J Cn9 fO'I th n er t ar 1a 41 i l Oll 12 ooo t t a ia dtun tbe1 Ull eo oa The ob at L-8 •••ooiat d th• · ol gaw ndia ion •1 h t be high altitude alom a t aia'oM 1a the oa tlwn the part iel•• am ter oc abil iaW IJa I 18 llkeJ that lars• or so ooo the crder of 150 putiola troa all alt itu i bl_ widenee b t bll none of t ba ' 'Q ticlu could haw be• - l l u ban ''L eni• and pl Obabl 7 not leH than 7' aiorou The •111• ot r 1 Ir 1 Pil'fl• ·t · L-8 t repreHnt t iT• or t_be •h•• that tell orw tbt Clmpllclen ' wbftlt the bigbNt ga rq int enait 181 ' were nend-4 ailu loas The th It tb9 lJ _ th • would ct l t aotiy1 7 1• eatizated to be about l' ' rtiole• a'bou Mall Rd•JT JC o Table ODe v t it a _ northH•t component of yeJ ooit7 ot '• _diltwenee in ti•• alozw th• LI Lr i• r t at llO' aiOJ'On I one hour 1 - ia ts- tana tb9 p11rtio a ei 1 oe to 2 08 ho as men-OM llH b r pr • or ' IntorMtioa nailable in the aediaal li teraf 1 mica tH t hat tw duat '9rtiol _larger than 10 aierona Haab iJ Yeolar air 11aoa the o a tew part ot the llq •here th•1 ere likely to hour• Reterena•• rua1bi'l4r more tmn 7 J Wampler •In iu t rial • Cbapt llII J 481 lillla• aM lilldna 194 Moat i ertialN larger than 10 aicrooa are d aited on the •11UGOU11 aben• - a oontinu0ua bank et ot 11uooua extend1%ll tree broftehiolH to larynx - ar-d - rt- aa1 ri xi 0u c4 the lungs with P• 11 ••• ••• f •• • • the INOoua mo the b a • Suph J l lrticlea abould be oona dered as •4• ' •• •• •• •• ffllVACY ACT MATERlft L REr rnvrn - • • • • • •1 • 41 'mtz r' 0 • • • • • • Seetion Xi WiIA_LiCbe9 i • • ' • • OJ# •• tr J' • 1N_ t 4 W 2 -j l ™ • • c c •• ' ' it 1 f • • •re • II • • ' ' 1Pll TM aat erial in thi• 11eotion ••• ooaplet S •• a Hpe rat e report Dee•ber 15 11 1945 It ie included he e a• a part ot the renenl aonitor1ng report f07 purpoa•• ot unit 7 H01tWw it ahou ld be remeabered theit the noU tion r uations i' • p ntinuity 111 ot ie that ot a eepante report and ha• no with tbet of th• other seotiona Also then a slip ht repetition of material disc U88ed in p '9'rioua aec • ••• • ' ' ' • • • ' '• •• • · • • •• • • •• • •••• • •• • • •• ' I • c·· • 'I • ' 51 • ·- I ' • • • • • • • ' ' I t • • Of PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED o ·• • • • J • t • J ill' • • • • r t I • ' • • • • f • • • •· Iii t ' • • • r • • doaa e arising fro f 1sai n P roducta which tell trOa the cloud ot the nuoleer explo11cn ot tolf t • S I '' A ooaputation of bet ' • 1 JW l l 5 is 11ade on the line•• l S nee exteMi'Y• ga111111a aea - ureliente wu· msde 1n the r io 11 l8 U J •r p io 40 •11't om be hot it· 111 neceua17 tint to coraput• the ratio or beta t o _ in tiaaion -l'l that tell on •DJ biologioal obj Mt be a euri N i t he •• 24 an ' bJ T -· ot 1 • - int itiH in at ••• por hour int•rpr teaJ ot are 19 _ •ioro-ouri 2 cu i•• per c• en the ground I '· z aad• tro• be t1aaion produot e m or 2 on i'round 1a - the beta curiee am on the ground Th• r wa• S• abellioall 7 b ' hotin at er am 1J · 1- t1n10 1-p ucta assa7 ' tro 11 a dirt HllJ'le taken eight n' t h• riher• 2rn beta m1orc-cur1ea o•2 res1on ot th• cm i-ctertt'··· about 30 northeast or 30 at 8 hour• ln the TMr• per rc•ntgen hour Lr 3 An alienati time t• i The rat1o ·nrleo vd th 2 TM• rat1o permit• one to eat r ate the rrcduct a u tm we -e 1111119 r-r •ero • loYf 4 Field aUJ'991ent• de 9 of ndioastl'le 1 at euiti 1 corroborate the other estimate• th ud to 120 beta cro-cur1•• oa2 at 8 hours lJ in tbe J 911on of the Chup den •••• 50 The heb dooag•• in the n11on • • 12 bou I- wae eured at 4 hrs attar the •hot were If- 811 foll 1J deli nd to the tiO ourtoo• an 1224 rep to the 2-J aUJ taoe 'b7 the end o_t 4 bn alter the •hot roentgens per lR 400 rep re de alow the n tr · In the following JJi hr• there wae deii'YH' an additional 60 000 rap t the s1 irr111ce and 2940 rep tr the 2-3 ma depth Tbe total do to the l- C ii ' c Pi - de h re tor 111eohanioril r• rioYal f4 a 11 c 1111 lept j IJ C Cc f c c ' • c c f n on •tr' iut t • from the akin surface C4l l_et lll lll le ·i ·· i ·· · · PRIVACY ACT MATrn AL RFMnv • i •• 4 L1 4 r•J '• · No oorrection is c • • • ••• •• 52 • •• •• • •• •• • • ••- •' ' • • ••• • • • 4 ' l Ga ti - s • • 3 'I 6 e -1 ·1 • ' dose 1 dt e t t• t B c ' X71 1 S back a · i''is colQpared ith the g imrna dosea from materials on the groul l l where th dose due ti ground ti cterials t ' ' r r ' '· ' ' 'l '' ' '• • • 'j' ' ' ' ' ' ' • ' ' •' ' ' ' • •• • ' •• • ' •• • •• • • • • ' ' • 'j ' ' ' t ' l At hot canyon lOM the mterialB th it we9 cow's •'• '' are estirr a ted and ' t l ' ' t • ' r ell on the f • - • -i t • 1 or Ratio • f b' 'te to g l lr1'8 curies ir fisRion productss 1 1 S- t-t·12 1 ' · - 1 M v The ret 1 cf bt the•• oxpreasiona is J 24t-J CJ or 3 21 aloJtl y decreaaing with l f f 1 · For a detriiled r·1 d'3 cnasion _ ¥ - _J ' 1 of the cieoay laws tor if'aion rroducts •ee cc 3032 i'1gn•r and waj 1 'uu r y and Coor•lation ot Data on the Rate of' Deoa1 ct Fieaion Prcduota Jun ' l j r · ·1 J lo 1945 le have selee' ed l f'or the g llll la - decay beoauae the ield Maluremefite -0 f' ·· g1HU 'l4l decay lead to an exronent for ot -1 to -1·'· B1 taking the l• rF ory valUtl for the exponent a -l 2 th t - __ i - 1ntegratetl doa OYW periods ot t 11'le will 2 Me e•til'l'leted f conservatiYely srbum Ea 1 1' ation of ·oth1tz on from f8'C111tl roentgen 1119 sureM £ •ti 1on1zatio a ob amber whNle 1• •dJ tr tp formulas Ga- n7 doeage 1• mH•ured 'b7 heigh abar• the 1roand 1• 10 om and use ' ···- ' · J a·-·· r iaan free path or d di•t na• or the m '--k 111 b- 1 c ' chamber Hboyti·'''g u '¥1 lOcm • r ' ·-ri _ A R hr p•r i811Jri• a1ll1curie p r uni 1d a lil• or A R 'b r • c f at l c• diatance rro m - int source denait7 of ga- active atorial in 11e c Fonnala 3 1• derb·ed ont t the ba•i• that the 1oniut1on oha nber is t at the oen er ot a di•e of aothe I f t l t ell abcw• ti d1H Since the l 1 l C • l •tfotr l bt ot t1d i • ti _ d _ ' 'lC l L tl t C L f II ' l 6 1 L6 t 1 it •• i'- and b located lei ff' ·· ·T ' af °A f'• 't-lrt ¥ t in · l 'ith _ •• shall aaawae 5 i • • ' I • • t- · Mn dine• the actual a rua a • 2 an •Verage v lu 220 meters • G 1 id ' tl · r@7 1ntcnal O t o 2 l • • • • t • • tbrnui' in tl f ele • 'ia ' ' aball hn• to asaur ie that th epeotra lll$ surro in pile opitratiuna glvea a ta1r appro rlr 111ticn to the Ci•ld condition c In Table I e re relevant duta taken rat l ' et Lab Hdb 1 page a W ax ' cord it ions Iot ol Iatta Radian cor iiitiou a T2tr1l Wstts i 7 0 o a f 1 Sitoi 10 5 •4• eg l r hr ae 8 0 5 o J --''X co nditioM J e t' eacted W cond1tio08 Metal at 15 kw ton tor 3C da iil at¥ r Uc all ed at 2500 kw ton ror 100 day am allowod t deoa y 60 day• The weighted mean Yalu a of A 1 oa and 4 7 h hr roo X ·nt it oond1t 1ona are tdr f-· d x ¥ rt1apeot be It 1• assW1ed bat th• i'J p oixtit lona would ao1 cloa i - appron•te th• field conUtiona h•bO• t be Yelue o tr· 4 7 will Wied in the t'ollowltw caloulatione o » Tta nt io ot t' LJb l »n n rage beta gaue curi•• in the W oonditiona ia 2 x 6 3 37 4 Subat1t ut1cg in 3 the reault illg •irapJA tor• 4 I 105 jS And tor a ge ll lla 1ntenait7 ot l r b r th• aonoentration ot' ga11 1tt1 ' 'Cafiea on the ground becomes• ' ••• '' I let Lab Project H ibk '' ' ' ' ' ' Che pt tr 9 2 • •t •• ' • • •' • • ••• • • • • • • • •• • •• • l ' •J I ' ' l ' ' t '' ' ' • •• • • •' ••• 5 • • ••• • •• • •• •' • •• ' 0 Q _ aotbe materiel • • • • •• ' '• II Th is obaouration is ass'Ulllf d tl·· be due t I creeks in ground 1 ll faoe and irregularities ot terrain in1a waount •• Takinr this obscurat ion factor and esauaine acoording t c l and 2 thst there are 3 2t-C OJ i to a oh aa auri• ontt g ta 'H•• ' 5 Q ·f 061 beta mo cra2 per gar a roentcens hour at t l The ill¥ n r ot 5 and 6 is ae tollowac 'b7 apns ot a gnaa roent g no11teter t JhM B lHI Biie 6e 1 a monitor in th11t field one roentgen hour wr en the Mtsr r 1 '· ¥' w d h• will be in t he oenter of s disc of red1oao 1Y• tb11on •tvial · h • iit1 b 19 ga1111a p e orl According t' 6 th• dena1t7 ot bet a aot iY• matwJl i l l J • 19 x 3 24 t• 03 beta pl C w re t is obamber ia 10 011 a'bof• f ti 1- ot the '1 1•- meaaure1MN1t r1ia eoonda atter the abot ·1 The aa1upt1om uncterljift fl• utbod •'UmlJarbed a11 'ollo a 1 tr a· flt'• glten apjA OxiN t•l 7 b r the tbl t1••1on-p roduota 8 apeotnm b 11 J• condition 1n Table I and that the •••nJJ• lue of A i f 4l7 R hr me unit solid angl• oorre1ponling to about Talue of l - Al•otiit radiation A be IMD-fne-path in air far the 1a aseulled that the aYere 9 g iqb -f ' m xler ci m aider 1tion is 220 tera td The 1011 tn11 in 3 is net sendtiT• f • areeaing only by a Z ' · '' TP' r ' '· to 00 lllMe n t i The utere uHdin the Tri it r meuur ment11 were c t1 r-ahd by the _ ' -'' i' gallftla ra79 from radium whose nerag• energy is assu meC to be 0 7 • An al terna ti•• eatiir att of 'f ttt l •• ' t · c • t ' ti' ' tc th b•h t tf t ' tt t t t • • • • • • • •••• •• •• ••••• • • • • • •• • •• • •• •• l 2 t' J tes per cm on th t rrourld I l 56 • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOYEP I 1 • • • • • • • 1 can be made ro111 the chMical aaaa ·i t r i 1 ji1' Cd Jqt• reported by H L • a Dder1on am H Sugarman Ll- 356 'J J c c • ' P ·t · t ' ii ''A · eerth sa•ple wu collected at bot ce n ron JO ailH tr0rt zero at 9 hour• by 16 JW nfl - 0 64 'OD The gaiea 1nte U1it7 aeawred at the time •a• about 6 ntgena per hour The tlH10D _on th• dirt 111 ple 18 Hated in report Ta bl• VII p 34 as •30 1111 R airborne• aaraple and bed -iol1w•1ona docay law• l g• dirt ba•ed on Ce • U Jen b7 equat1oaa l and 2 •• By •eana tM tiHion prcdueta th• beta and galll 'll ouriea 00111put• n' 1-- c on the at 8 boar 2 88 x lo' sec• aftauming • c 11rt de1111it 1 2 G ' ' J - _ o x 1 - X o x tc ' 3 1x to' 1 z tra-x to i per 1 - AC rWA »J ct q x 2 x tr'Xta' I b 1 x lO' 'x z -T' I 10 · l 2 3 11C c u 7 7a 1 - -1 1 Th • tigure• an t i° ooDipared with 6 which wh n nlt ipliac l re peot1 el 7 ''J b7 th' r g1Te 114 ge Pa Pol •m 366 t a po erl- It 1a to he noted that 21 beta per g - eurho t t · e•ti•t• oxio 8 irur• The olo•• egn nt la baaed on the •••aapt1oa J oocmli ll to l and 2 iho hlj wbiah reduo•• the 366 u t e to bet a to geJama ouri• ra io 1• 2 4 at 8 274 fO c l- the roent gea 11Maurnent end the b t ·Hen tort ah•ieal aaa07 thodo _ bo aona1dand on wh1oh the gallN roentgen •••unHnt depend a unMnta ot 9 NOY••ber lleao U ie on 9 in 1 ot oll tho auUllpUoa · r-1 L I LJ '· ••t1•tea baaed on 5 am t he 1 42 • •btt corrobol' tho ootimatN ot aotbit7 Mde fro• the Jul7 •urwent •• At hot oart70a wore reoordad ot 8 hour• -· i on tM-•I °' whve 16 Jul 7 1945 tho 1 • - intonait7 wu 3 111tlli•ro911teena bour Raturin to ec uaticm 5 the l• 0 057 galllDa MJ c 2 on the ground 107 ••o• att er t •bot 1• 2 R hr o bo 6 l br oorrMpoDlla o The bek t o ga ourie ret1o at ·9 loT•ber ll i t P 'J tWl' to t • t ' l ' l ' • t I • f I l f 1 l l I 4 - l ' l I I- t ' t l t l ' I C f I I • • I • • be a r o i l ' C ' o n ' f 4 C t ••• l l ' PRJVAGVArTM TrP161 Pn nvf o I I I • 4 t 'I • •• oa 'i I' ff f f Sa11plea of earth taken al i Hie e ' '' --q « r l tp0 ' ' • f 1 counted no found to ' give 84 000 count a llin 4-rr aol1d au g'lti 't r' 1 i 'o f a i t le eds to O l beta pc on the r ' lurd which is eloee den•i ty of 2 tMs t agreeaent with a - 'i 'i ' gaJlllla roentgen estimate med• abav• - u 2 81f Q' •eca Assuming a dirt or 4tquation 2 we compute the beta intensity at 8 hours Crom the 9 November meaaurementa 107 seca to b l20 beta pc e• f ii whioh in l1# 1a 1n aatis tactor y agree11ent with th• other eatimatee r iad• in pert L tnt1ona on a' t Q of leaching of oertain or th• fi'4sion rrod uots from the •oil b7 rain or d1 liac rrt b7 wirxla c Uun tjon or hitt• doaag• et depth 1 tissu I In onieriI ' 1 discuas the· beta depth dose in tisaue i I Il I aont'enient to coJtpUt e I 1• the beta ia J r· · thi eri O · -1 tted in ergs sec and ool' Yert to rep uni t s 6 io4 x E x 1 6 x 10 ene1 17 1 · f' itir1oh we ahall The oo•pat at ion i• 67 x po a-2 n ergs aec o where is assume ••ens• Yal'Qle tor beta• coaina rro1 ' ih10 •OUJ'C• to b• and 1 6 x o io-6 Mn as an is the corrrera1on actor troa »w t o erga Ret ing to equation 6 the •MJ'Q' Mdtted bT • 61 beta pe c aouroJ ia i l S erp aeo o f io4 3 lJ t x -tot Al x 61 x 0 5 x 1 6 x 10·6 f' ' ' If tlMt aot1Ye matwial i• ctl tioaited on a skin surface only belt ' Ben i 1 th • •neJ'Q' 18 del1YfJJ 9d to t1a•u• depth o t - I J Sl C f v- 1- 'l 'tT' l 1 i• tbe total 91MJ'l7 6el 1Terfld t o t1aaue b9low th• •kin ° 1 1'ic• he diatribut 1on ot l thi• en era in thif t 1aa • giv en by the ' '''• · exper1mntal l7 dete rained a'baorpt on curr•• tor betas in tit au r t r ie sured b J Raper Z1rJtl•1 and Barnea Teohnic u•• ot External lrrsdiation l ·th Eet'a Raya• CH- 30981 The depth det1e rate oune ie g1Yon b7 a peeudo-uponential tora I • I 0 e•9 5x Where 1 0 1• dOM rate at the surtao• ot t illaue end x ia dept h t laeue 1n Fro• thH• data 1'• C •µ it •ti r ai ring ' • t ' • t • 1-i t t f •i t t t t IC t I l Wt ti It t • • • • • l • • • c • ' • 1 ble or ot th• traotione ot 8 TABLE II D nenp doee rate D a·w ng• d09e rate in l n la -r tar 1 in l - lQ•r tor 275 beta e ar on •ldn • urtao btta elo i 1 l l x l 2 l 0 218 io-3 rep eeo 0 302 rep aeo J 6 x io-4 0 101 o o9 1 62 x io-4 0 0446 o o 6 4 x 4 - 5 0 014 2• 5 - 6 0 03 6 - 7 O OCJ20 2 - 3 - 4 io· 5 0 0176 u x io-5 6 6 x io·3 9 4 x io· 6 c· ·J 55 x io·6 2 5a c io·3 9 76 x io-4 northeast of Binghaa In u xico Th4t aveng• doa•g• ra • in the l ma layer 1• calculatecl au o 9 when W ia the total enerJ7 deliYered to the t bttue •n l 1• calculated above in 7 erp aec a• Th• ti•au• vol i• taken a• Pi-1 co taau denait 7 1 and SJ a• tt i •ri• p ot tiaeu per rep The h ta on•ro baa negligible ef feot on the di tp beta •n•rgy varies fro• 0 5 to 1 55 Mew the depth doa• up to d ••· i w1Frrs not change l ll-Ore than 5% It ehould b• noted that the signi icant As the 1- Jntiudea ot depth doae only to 4 sr si depth The qoae rat• D in 7sbl• I cal ·b oo• p rGd w ith the mee1urementl l on • r32 t -l - S· iurce report 00 by Raper tr · a1xd8ei ·n6 1' loc oit 4t •t ' • •• • ' ' t ' ' ' • l • lt C t l l ' •' ' • '• ' ' tf' ' ' PJ 2 aoure• ' '' ' '' Thft l 59 ' I I • • • • •• · l Qi' ae alrt D r 'ilter 11' ' t c • w1 a Ti J 1 D u'- fot- 'which • t- - l • • • Ii I l' £- ' t • IJi if -· l - f - The source atreitt th tne •urfac• doaa - r na O •p s81l • • c -3 l 1 1ouroe would give a 8UJ'f'uce doN ot l 65 x 10 f l • # ··A 1 pc en - At 2 rep sec ot lfUl tao• d08•t hence the dose rate at 2 rat• b -· JA i • ·a -t· ve''ph sphates JX 1'0l - • JI • mr i the depth doH 1a 2 14 x io-4 rap aec lP Thia oompane wlth the l 62 x 10-4 rep nee in Table II fctr the 2 - 3 mm layer r ·i r -- ••l M tiroa Table II 11 loww becauea it is an aven i e value l MttwMn 2 • JJ t1- 2 24 x io-4 r p Ha tigure 1a at the 2 lnel The xb ' Jble II are the calculated d IJ' th dote i r9pl ••i t i about 6 R br retet for 275 beta uc o l- 1 eort Hpo ldhc'· · 4 c 6 ga ma R mThe am '· I after t shot on l July e hou re at llMarund the high••t IB IQ 1nten 1t1 meaaured atter the •ctiY• -- ---· r elom had t t led and f typioal ot the inte naiti• OYer the Chupadera lleN 6 Caloula1f• ot intee ttd be a do•• 1n ti• · II f Th• i I oaleulat1 6 1 iof' t 1•awt surface 1• baaed on t h 1 - aw g1Te a b r ' I ' _ ' n a 2 The dOlle will be int nt ecl tro• till• 4 bO't D ll atte1 Ji · shot because it 1• known that ' I ln •pwted doae due to b8ta radiation 1 tru cl om ' t erial wa• not ••t ti t before bat t1 '1i t lJJ •ilee t ro• sero Tia penini1n ''' ea• a ppliu tor example to oattle at r · •'hnllo or gre•t er on which the et1Y• t111don p reduota tell _ Tu geaenl oa• 1n which the IJ'M eJ' than 1 l Md• to i e xpioneat tl _ tollow1ng •xpru•ion t ime t is n where l 1• t Jntegnted dOM 1 I qt f tit-M_ It 0 -tP 'l _ 1 0 h' -l 11 · 10 • · ' ca ff 4 hours and wbfte 'o 1a t be t M a which thl integ ra ioD beg 1i i J mr v P l• b9 per od ot the after t 0 'HWf' f i OT•r whieb the integration 4 ihade al ld ' n l 229 The f'unotlon D I0 ia ehO'lln in Pigm-e l along wi th the 49 D ' coaputtd tor the o••• ot 275 beta po c fl on th9 aurt'eoe using th• - · 7 ft bity 10 L _ at the 2 • 3 • depth tm• Tebl• II a• 0 0446 rep aeo Th• doae has attained SO% it a •xhma po98 bl• value after 100 b nJr1' er a1 c ITT 4 daye •• ••• •• • • I I •• •• • •• ' ••••' • •••• ••• ' ' t • t ' t t •• • • •• • • • t •• t I ' • • t I • • •• • • • •••' • • • ••• •••• ••• • • c •• ••• • • • 60 • • • • • •• • ' • • • - n - ' I •tf ••• l 1r1 ortt nt contri°L·L-ti r · • t · - • '# I - I •• e • • • •• • • ••-J en made e • • • e t' • · · a C ur the • settling of ths act he iLat erial 10n l cl ud ••• a d st' r Ce of 2J mi ea fros z ro H is kn· wn th et mel lsurable act ivity at11rteci et 1 5 hours 5 4 x 80 I ar d definitely st· rtt d its nHturel lleCjj' e t 4 hour• 1 44 x ia4 ioJ •ec• ft ii Jewee that the gctive JL ater ial acawnulat d line rly with time on the spot tlJ al ·it s itfyted j- ' _ frcm the cloud and that it decayea a• t -1 229 • Froa theH two ' auWllpt ii b uitJ the effective do1e rate ever an interval between 1 5 and 4 houre i11 coaputtd - wh n 1n Figur• 2 L x - 275 The affective integrated dCJae at 2 - J • p c cri J •a1ured lt shoi d f P for et 8 houri is computed froir FiSture 2 aa 612 rep be noted t hat thia do•• of 612 rep i1 delwered in 2 5 hours aa ccD pared J th 'ay 1480 rep Figur• l delivered in 96 houra lttK t 0 • 4 hcura Jr' surtace is about 15 times that at the The dose oi r'th'e 2 - mm level Twc· ite la er reeting th i integrated dose should bit· mentioned l -· ' • precipitated cloud - teri11l1 to •DT t o ajey thsue aurtace such •• a cow'• beolc Neither or these iteu will sign1r1oantly ehlng• the dose noe1Yed durini the 1-- J 1 f11lllt11 time Both iteaa will alteot th• the precipitation 1• ccwplet9 1 idt grat ed - ' f the In vi•w ot dos• at loitg ti••• after ap r•nt agr ment• as the 0 • 0 ' dU' erent methods or eat1uting aotivitie• Ul ling tqnation 1 and 2 it i• not LJ likely that more than 5 of the gam a activit7 was du• p aodiua i· No dine f - nidence ••to the fraction ot aodiUll or it• gama radiatlon iaavailable -_ _ ''·c ' r' · I Concerning the question of the ti•aion prcduata clinging to ia ' J 'h1de one has to uess lleohan1cal rubbing i a neoeaaar y to rell'lcrte the d uat tr '' a pelt• known that It i i the clooo du1t stioka ten -o1oualy because 11onitor 1 e autoa beoa• heavily oont uainated due to the dt1 1t sticlcing to th• uai«l •id• ot the cbaasi• arxi bod7 of the ear• •· 't T• In th• · df uto't 1ohi l • • t t tlt ' Cl ' • • t t ' t 4 l tt I t • t t Clt t l t tl I I t •'• • •' '• •• • • • • • t · r1 '' med that all th• duat t t tu • c- ci u 6 ·s 4 l • rl•' ·w o ·z· I I 1 1· 3 • ___ · - - - H • ----- ---- -- --- ----- ------ • - - - 1t I •'-·· - · -- • 1 i i ·- ·· ·j • - • -- ____ « • - ·-- ······--··-#-6- - - _ ' IT • I c 1'11·-c _ - ·- ·'- • t J ·-- j - ' I · · ' 'J- v· i ' od _' o v l t C t - t ' ' C- •• l t i l I C t t 't a • •••• t ·--- - --- · __ __ 1 - l 0 l t l • • • o 5 • N t tOc • ' i c • -' ' •• • •• •• IC • L c ll' • ttl ' c 9 Qll r' r ic f • •• t • J •• I II I • • • ' • • • • t I • • J 1 J J hr • • t a • I J t t • f I s I Figure 2 Chapt c • • f • • • • I t 4 Gue ea t r 1 f I lt' r f • 1 • f • f -ufehe ' lay in layer• imedietgly on the t iu·1 ot the cow pelt I c f • • • ' • • ' 1 4 • o 'i' cs rr ay l • ii t - b • Jp as t -i the ugnitude » this reduction r am e 1 rou ••a•u r-4 p UD at I hM thfJNt yrere abcut 200 rep delhrflrf ld to the akin 1 if 91l 'f'ae• Lratlns 6l2 r•p to the 2 m d pth c urin the ft lHrir or h oloud ' •t•rial up p'· 4 hours l In the follOfti g 2 weeks an additicnsl J0 000 rep ere r-1· deliy z•«l t o th• • tin Nking U 70 rep to the 2 - J mm depth the 2 • 3 • i depth cOMe 2000 rep i Theae 'lgures art not corrected for L- br r due' 1011 dm to loae of' JD aterhl I• ' 'he total do•• at 11echanieal rubbi or NMther1ng from the ti••ue surtace For coapariaon _ the •ed ian lethll do•• for extqrnal bet ' 4 ra7 do 1 on eice 4 700 rep J rats 7 5 x rep Monthly 'Report ot Biol Secrt loo ot Re•Hrob D1Y 1 Cl1nton 1 6 Se t 1945 'i '' beta radiation A single dose or external ot 4 000 r p will ·ridrice tuaor• in rats loo cit No rolevant dat a are an1lable on the poa11ble err e ot bet a dosage on oowa or dogs f 7 Gaw it z D frca •terl l Jon tissue 111urfaoa a Following 1• an estimate cir' gallt ' a ray dose rec•ivca b ' a r · oow on whioh th• ndilleotiY• aaterial had pree1p1t a ed l The method of oalcula- tion •ill aim at finding a galll 'lr a douge nte jn si at th tiesue surface which i I''·''·' · · will gi- e the sft111e rate or dosage at l om below the •U l Ini• fll I that siv•n b1 l the actb'e material• locater on the surface This met oa 11a toJ owed to haYe a doaa e f'ieitre whiah can be eortr ered dth the 'doeec· in order pbJ 1ver 1 i Lj i to tha L· · -- -·· oow b r tht- active u ateriala on the ground surrounding the cow lnspeotion of the cowa showed the 'ollowir g two it'Prort nt fact a conoern1r « th• gamma donges l On the ttf W ttiu r e ·jnf' Qf t he· e ir's' - k E f 'ccted by ' t • • f 4 • ' ' ' ' t t I fll • t • • t • t ttt • I t • f « Ill t - beta ra dstion werl I eh-el • f' t'I • 4 4 • • t • • • ltl c • ' ' ¥ •• • ' diam· - w' niH• • s t - fi' • • ii fl • • • · 'iii ·7i ' cter an ••-t '# 'f l C i fo On each cow th re 'lutr• f'rOll''•'Ic ' · ·e·• 'l c t 2 nR 'lee Thn the entire 0' 1'8T e b otive C01' f I • I ' cO ·e ate -inls t f • I 'f ' 'II j l Y 'tttS ' 1'h lch subtPndoo soBd wh cb e e est1 etcd to be 1 10 crf 2 'TI°' olid angle sn F a ray tensity compilte the at 1 c blitlow the skin adtfa ce by anuain the active ir etcrbl to be in the forrl of a diee 15 cm · • ·J j b gaJ ll ' a the n ' t'-1 f s fea • 2 '·b ch lone• 'adiUl I 1 coef'ffoi nt abeorption in wa tar is o 069 cm- 1 tor I to a l' s1m-free-path ll •• 5 cm f r plyi ig eq tion J 'r·- t there A 4 7 11hr pc un t solid an i le and 1 pe orl- gfrt I • O t 'n R hz p o C142 By co ing for th• at 1 o• depth 7% abaorvtion in· l CIR of tisaue we sti 11 u11u ir e that thia ga• a int 'na1t at 1 om can be prcduoed b7 I o 082 R hr in air at the surface f'-o esth at81 the tot el dose delivered to the co '''· Tc eor t tor tdt' 1 1 subtended • mult1pl7 b1 1 10 flJlle according tc- item 2 in a abO' l'e rd 'lll tcrf J and 4Jtbe I o 0082 Aaco 'd to eect io ce · thre pl lce where 6 R hr ground gal lll lll concentration a at 8 hr• at lfa• 120 ga _ p o ca2 • t'leaaureZ¥ i • -- made Assuming the gaDa decq a• t• 1 • 22 tbia oorr zt to 280 po a 2 at 4 hr• ·o • The calculation ot integrated gallll a doaes ia n M• th reference to F1g l ot 0 1r x Curve a 1h 9 that at P 336 hr• the value dosa e rste 1 0 ' Nldr • io4 eeca Tbl- 0 0082 x 280 J600 • 6 4 x 10-4 R seo i if Sua th• integntttd do 336 hrs after t 0 4 hrs is D 4 x 1o4 x 6 4 x 10-4 25 6 R duri 'i 'he dose OOCUll1 llated t he aid of Fig 2 where the ordinate• in the ailing Of the ol0' ¥1 b r-ep •ff ·lfith the rate at 4 hra 6 4 x io-4 R 111ee •• ••• ••• ••' • •••• •••• • ' t ' • • • I ' i t t ' ' t ' • are to b• ehang d to R aeo The ntLe l' 1t e ' lc c -om t 1 5 hrs t '' • fou tld with ' ' •• t • •• t ' 6 •a • • ••• •' ' • • • •• •• • • • 0 • •• • ' 1 -«ti' • ·• t ' · 'f' If tc t 4 hr• ii 6 R The sum o the ar-s 1' 1 t·o ' t J 6 e then n 6 or J 2 R total · Thilil do•• can be 00111 pared with the doae du• to the ot vt uteri al on 1i r roum for inatance in aeo VI or the report on cloud 11easurements I 05 g5 h the i d · tor l t dff•7 is given aa R 167 R tor the t-l 5 ducay doi i atr Cfl SO lnel in bot canyon for 6 f hr referring to Fig l a the l t 1 • 22 1 do Jt' i • LI 106 R - Ir 1te azumme ner• that the t -•'· ' h- s 1 h· Ly rep res•nt•tiYt get a total do1 fvr the cmts of 106 h ground 1 ddiation r ' ' plua J2 R ba ·' · diation makins a totul 01· 1Ji3 It o-_ 8 troa Jlotiv• m ateritl• on g roun i Dt t doHI beta ·aoeel delh•er d t • anim ala or persona t lk1ng on t e t-rain ff ' wbioh 1a unii'oraq oaverepi ith beta active c aterials can be discussed under t wo Npen t• heading• pediMa t a b1 b t aa oQldng from tb ground Under a doaage del'1- ter persons will be nAghgibl• J Leat lwtr •ho ori o t 1 a boors absorb th ratli ation etteoUYel J' he atp ot bet-• bavipg energiea i'rom q 5 to 2 iH tissue-like •t eriela beinc about l aa or leua Dog• and oat11l re more vulnerable to the - diHCt cont at dottage bffaus•· the bet r i terals gefi i hto J bt toe11 Alao th• bott Oll ot - ' t h Pll ia probubly les11t n a millimttt er- d-Lick There ia ni d•na• to indicate that a d og et the It a1tli r ndlatloa Oil hi• the spaces bet ween ei'fec t ed by pe••• Under ea•• b we ref er o dosage OurT• taken by H fur er CH-9JO •some FbJ91oal Aapecta of the Effects ot B•t a i adiation on Tis•ue e t 1943 Fil• 9 •t• f' ttt • We wi l l reff¥t' to l' k•r ' a datt 'c • • • ••• •••• 416 e o i tubaJ by ' • ·· •• • •• • ••• • • •••• •••• •••• • • • • • • •• •• •• • •• • •• •• • •• • • • f c-r wM ch th Lt -ti s have a • 61 • J'- _ I' a 'ltay rro11 al j ne soH roe deerea es dth a l e value cf 20 cm the ah- t bJJ ftiel • fter truersi have to perHttrete ehoes or clothing wh1 b tr•ke - -'- 1 e u hal9l1t to 5 j #r orl- af the amalleot ' - •'''• reaa nable e tiroatti SincP 1 t#o be ot 1111n eq·l lJ y ·i t P lJO cm2 thl 'lr ratain '5'i m£ m crl penetrating power 5 O h TJ n subtract art Of thil 55 r tt _ eal- penetreting the1M is after po rer h taken Up lJ7 a fr lll the cane of i- C0 13 the presence of hsaVJ hair and a thick hide on the leg• pf udea tb poeaibllit7 do•• to 1 • CO'lfl below the hide ot any beta• deliYering surf Thfa 1a 'torn out b r the i lspection •hich reoehr¢ l rur ll' l - f materinls f'alllng on their bae ke or The r · ·•- legs showfld no eigrm or radiation ef e t s - _ In addition to t ht r ef '·t t loth1nt ie lik ly to thlek r than r E 55 o f in proteatinp loga rr m beta r Jiation there is the further con Pidera- tio n that the ef ecti'Ye beta particlee t COJlte' rOJn the grouDi around the leg 1n an area beJond a certain red1U9 at a VP ry Peta part ol e epproaehfog f he skin l lt rfece t r iell l'J D 171• will expcn-4 th ir energy penetfpt1ng the upper skin •urt'nc• be ore the7 reaoh the vul benble 10fte leye rfa for eDapl• if th• ·· · i anele of 1nold•nc• is J0° tM particles jll ruwe traver eR 2 ticie they have reached the 1 ma depth t -'-' -· ' - $ B ot ekjn b7 th• I I • • G • • • • • • ' I • • • '·''••• _ _ • '» • _ • d • • '-o • •-e lit • • y• • -so · ' •'3 _ • ' • ' 4 '1' •• • • J APPE NDIX I BJAaB ImRUB Aj Io• AND Clll'l'D ACTIVlT DWAX lCR THI JOU l8rB - ' -' '- Writ ten am pii d • b7 Riobard Wat • ' · - ' ' - 1 0 Gen lll Problaa n ' ' ' ' _ - 2 0 IMt nt - 1oa L l 2 1 Al ' natJ WMnt• --·· 2 2 Bet a o -r »trwaent• 3 0 Number ot Inat n • IHded 4 0 Diatribution at t Mt ttj tru nt• 5 0 C•llbrat Son ot t 1- 6 o RMUlt• or I t l QH lt •• the Shot 8 0 Conclueioll8• Ill I - - 4 · • •• •I'· AC'l'IV i ·D ¢ f AT · 1£i JiJI Y 18rH • sr• e • •• • f HF ALTH l'l ' ' 'RU tEm'ATIC U AND GRCSS ' PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • ll I • · • •• HOC LEAR EXP La IO 1 0 General froblam 1 · 1 l the Electronics Group under- 4t the requ••t ot Dr n to au pl7 a·nd in•tall th• in•t WBenta needed tor t be protect ion of r per11or• at the Jul7 16 P1uolear Exploa ion j j · u that It 111all reocgni _ that conaidenbl a danger Would exist and sr•off ed inat l UMnta not available commercial would b• needed to iea•ur• warn or da •r thil Thb 1T-•r oould be roUgh J' d11ddod ·into thne port•• Danger et the J 'tant l uploaiOD J 2 Danger troa th• radioectiY• cloud t hat would be ormed1 t Danger rro11 rea1dual act1Tit7 to people re-•ntoring t • ar• where Lr1j the b •xplod ed · 'I It wa a not tboug ' t t an - eer10U1 danger w0'4ld exist at th• ' me111ent ' ••i or exploa1cn cd 'be st that w uld Th1 r reatE uncerta1 1 7 waa or 2 Inaal UOh bs giTen bouood in conoret• oh lt en 10 000 1 R• a1 th• uount ot light tlw peZ 8oan l would be troro th• oite ot th Hploaioa calculation• abowed that it a -peared r unlikely that rad ationa •ould r•ch thi• d1sta1 10e Tl iu · f ter• th • it wes not thouaht b nto_ ottooto from o - Yet Li ron rod1at1ono WCNld J greet•r uncertaiatj was th• nature ot redioeetive cloud would loo and r ault tormecl and U 110Hd a¥ 7 1n which th• tMJJ ehould ata7 •-p OYer · ot the oholt- Yflf7 oeriOWI eon _ would Than again t be olwd aigbt rime high in the air li •ttle upon a town th1rt7 or 11oro llilH awa7 PRIVACY ACT MATERIAl fiMOVEa • 4 • f t ' l I I l ' l t ' - l If ' ' l I ' ' 'I I t i 67 1 1 • - • •• • • • • • I ' a ' 4 ' •t- •f' f • t- tl T f t' • f • • I t Another 1arjo a problea •sj tno 'gtit tc 0 _ • • • • • • 'II 'I It • t 0 t be ·t a lrha acthity ot that part ot th• plutoniUJI which ••• not wutd in the explo1ion or Beo uaa ot th• great toxcit7 woUld exi•t this material danger trom inhalation it it Pa diatribut9d in the air The daDgal rro11 the residual aot1vity 11ould b9 largely to thon P Pi who 119uld enter the active area after tha blast This clan gn •w ld conabt or total body gamu am b ta ·irradiation and inhal- ation or actlT• 11111ter1al 2 1 A uniTereal _in1trument could oot b • built Alpha In trum •nt• that would till ell th e 'Yari d requir nta - - In fact for alpha activity - it na dubioua that a sati•faotor r 1natruaent could be built that would givo an inatantan oua indication The problem ma 1 be pr Hnted in the following mannerr aioro-graa The tolerance AIHUH Far ai •pllei 7 is izcMted for plutoniU I 1a tentatively set at one that a normal man'QrNthea 15 liters of air per minute 98 Dle that none or tha plutoniUll leaves the bod7 after it Row then let ua also a11Wl9 that we 'Vtould like to ua1ure the tolerano• doae hem-a P9J' da7 do •• jdo working daya per year 8 tor a two-Jear P4lriod For this length ot t11 1e at 15 lit ra per llinute a man wculd breatb9 4 32 x 106 liten of air The prcduot 1 4 x 105 d11Thua we 11Ut detect in each 1ntegrat1ou per mimzt• per miero-gra• - 1 -·-- 11 ter ot air 1 4 x ioS 4 32 z io6 035 dia rain pe ' iite '· ·ot air No exiating inatruitent •ill do thia When one _ ' 09 1bara t w auah an inatrwnen ahould also be portable and non-micropbonic it did not 110• tuaible that 11uoh aD 1natl U1M lt could be built It ••• poe•ible ho'ff'Yer to •k• a port abl• instrument that DOulcl oourrt one or two oowna·· r' 'mn i C r l l I 1 t C 1 l t 11 was a T rt·b em rroa l ' ' • • ' l' l 63 t · aignel o noiM ratio Thu the amplitiwa need not hll•• a large A two-atap e batt•rT operated gain and th• irurt rumellt can be •iJlpl Ubd ••pllt1er will aut'tic• to bring the •ignal to the 10 Yolt lnel The ·· • ' ' ' t i t r1 • needed tor the high voltqe nppl r or the cba•btr l 'J th• thin wilXlon nMded wer91 made ot collodion •ed held in · plao• ithf g ol concerned 1 tP' prottet · · ' i them B7 w 1ng theat tro11 aoc1de JU a wire ecre•n waa placed t • method a window i ·i l - ThMe proYM quite at'1Ud7 •o tar aa pre•sta e• 3 4• graph I illu trat• • •idlar iuti-w Dezrt x 5 could be obtained ° ' Pboto- In th • caae the counting rate utcr •• not Uled in th• a1r ia to draw tb4t L aD 't h •····· i - a tilter pepe r at a bown rat • am - ' than meaaUH the ac 1Y1t7 depoa1 · upon the P41per worked ut ena1Ye two dn •baw obtained 1 t ' bJ the Chioag ·t J ottp For It This ID9t bcd baa bMn our purpoa4I it sutt•ra troa requir•' it i • tiM be ton an amnrv oan be 2 The build-up of the na 1n-a1 radioaa iYit7 in th9 air ao n- tua• the 1• -ae tor thi• - t be allowlld tp li eq or eornotiou •llUt be· natural nd 1caot1Y• p nduo 1a ot th• OJ'dw ot t1pci hcNra j Despite he• d1tf'1ouli1aa b• •ethod t • • ' nMl7 ••ui 1ve i uabc a special til er paper with ext1 9Mly tiM fibl 'H - vacua clean er The Filter Q- ll couel Ciall 7 aYa1labl• the air through thia paper counter Arl t mud i 1 ial U to draw -_ ---' ' The peper 1• then counted on a •peoial alpha ' ' • ' • '• '' '' ' I I • 1 ' f I ' ' I ·· t ' ' 'f 1 ' I j t I f ' a ' t • • ii 1 '6 · ' l f c t' 1 't n 't lSi '1p n1 t or tbe at-certain 2 2 ' ptnO lnttl wculd have to re-•nt •r thit aot i e am ti survey irxiicated that very tn of th• a were willing to ta k e •ore than lCB br Thus it 1 Jr red that intensities o radiation fros lCP hr down to am oh le1a i th• t oleranc do • uld hav • to be sure l Because of t he •oar r pl c li n in tbtt rel l Ota t»ction •h r• th• teat took place it •a• ' that the doing t hl ' rd towna would have t · C monitored ha't'e to operat 41 a recordiDi roet ar n eaaar i 11hou ld to ·· · J10tUXiing li um Tbeii$ instrumentv be as sensitive as ls f IMUtibly posaible nl'li well able below · l i e dosages To cover ot 1 natrwaent 1 were t¥ wide range ct intenaitiea tlto di ereat t pea d f d ·' v'Jcn c - Th• tiret wa• a counting rst• Mt•r ' A thin wall dural G- be is used Thia baa the adyant ag• of - 1 el1•1nat1r g aQ photoeleotric ett dts eoi amon with gla11a i i ing I o-1 569 in atrume ata for i i th• •chlt•tic or th• ci 1t J c• M ' ' tube• Dra Th• indicating 111et •r i• a I ailliaHter llOY nt • Provblcn sL r- so tl°' at thi• me1 er may be diaconnected and a 0-1 m1ll ameter Eaterl ngu• Recording lleter may b9 Thia i Mtl U Mnt on it a l a1t senait1t1 scale gave a full aoal• 1 _ j -' • OlR 8 hn TM G- lil tubM required about 1000 volts are contained in ti» lawer box The batteri ia ror Thi• made th• instrument thia volt age awkward to handle To aure th• higher intenaiti•a the Victo en j ceel 427 Ionbation Meter aa n11labl• Unto rtunat Q' the au pp wa• not •uf't'ic1ent to operete t h•• by reiaote cont rol H t lbtt £ tJB J IMAA' Jltedtci • It waa timated that at lM at tcur town three 1h eltara and the baL ' demp would need t o be lllOnitor«i A nWlber or inatruaent• would · r l· · _ _ · also bi t h ed or peraODnel wbo 1'ould try to tollo t tbt cloud b1 aut o ·'_ - uobila T'1tf al··'the rollowitt J t waa barely toUll'i to autt1ci•nt r· __ '' ' ··· 1 ·· 10 Filtf' r Queeu lS Alpha Countera lS S 91' '•1 Meters 0 - l - 10 81 Aaide t'ro• t hia a great nf pocket electroeoopett tU 11 be es rotective olothing r a• Nak• etc Jre turniahed b r tblt hhlth gl'0'1p 4 0 ei•r nwuqa 2' Ia•t mnm• The thr ahelt J 8 were •acb 9f u1pped 1' h au alpha •tv a Beta-G 0-M meter end a IN 8J' lllet91 'he•• b t by the health peraonnel Ot ding Meter wea UMd ·· lta A t the Baee cup a J'iltv r operattid n a nd a G-» 1leo- At the towna ot Tuluet1a Hot S ··· Saa di Antonio end Carr1moso a Filtei- QuMn and a Recording ti- liner wa• aet up TM 1 atrt1111enu we re operated b 7 Mr • Leet•• aeiacgraph group wb J •l•o bad inst ruent• at the•• plaON The auto90b l• group w•• equipped with lph l 'rt i1 ta o _ 0-11 aetere and ' ' 1 t • - • c ccc ' • '· 4 f I I 4 71 • • •· • • • • • • • • • • •• ' • • • • • -• '' • ' ' • •• • • •• • •• ' ••• ••• • • • •• I - · • '·- • ' l lilt __ ' ' _ ' ' fl Counting Rate L eter •••• •• ••••' ' • • ' • 'f t ' ' I • '• t ' ' 't • ' ' • l • • • t ' _ tr - 4 •• • •• •• •• • • ' ·· 1 ••• • ••• •• ' l ' i eter 111 • ' • • ' • - •• • • •'- • • • •maw _ • • • ' • • • • •• ' •• • •• • • • •• ' l 4 • - l eter I 'tii1 • · l ' e e 9 e 0 e • • • • • 0 • p -I x c I' 'I II -I I' G n z I' G I j I z ti c IJJ -• z zCl z 0 r fo • $ zp 0 6 F ll ' • • 0 t • i 0 I I 0 z I 0 w 0 Ol 0-- _ ' Q • l ' G 0 • • • • 0 • 0 • • -- i ' ·c· _ · ' 't • - • -j- ' · i · ' 0k f s -le t 520 bOO IN METERS '100 800 900 UKU I Kl NI I 1 15 · - ' ' ' 1i r _ _1 1- · t 3 •• •••• • •• • 9 100 SHOT uo 200 71- 2 2 5 I 3 l ll Jt ® m ci ± zE -·-·----0 ---- - -·--1---- -- aa-µ1 -- --- I ' Q ·--- ·-- ---- - · ·- ij i I ' • I -- _ j ··-- I 1 r -___·__ --·---- 2 5 2 1 5 4 3 • •• ·• • •• •' C' f i 7 · i ' 1 5 2 2 5 _-_-_-_-_- -_·· -f '- _ _ -- ·- -··_Jl- -· _ _ _ ·_ t _r_ _ · _ · -1 - -----· · - - - - - - -- - - ·- 9 _ l I I ' i ·_ ---·_ - ___ J ''• i· _ 1-- · -- -- - -r- -' · w j I I 7 1- -- - i __ __ _i1-- _ _t-----if--- -- --r y _ - --·l------- _ - _ --t lt_f_t_ ·_ J 7 5 __ ____ J ___ __ I 1• 1Lb rl ·r I i _ j ·· r • • - •• ' '•• ' • •• i •1 i • • ' 1 •• 1-- ----t- -r -r-----·-·1-- - i - ·1 · _ '_ - ' --- 1 _ -- - -i -- -f- - - '- 'l- r I I I - - ' I · • -t t 7 - f • • --· - 7 T • J 5 1 I ·· ·· ·- · · · - t _r L t 1 15 'Q I --- ------4 St-- 4 - · · - -t·· • • io c 2 · • • I -- ' • - -- ---- i -- P o • I 1 10 NEW MEXICO MAP MO - - - - - UNITED 5TATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 4 TULAROSA GRAZING DISIRl CT NO 4 GRAZING SERVICE t EW R5E --- i--- -- -_ _ Ii __ _ _ R 6E I I l I MEXICO REGION 7 R 7 E CI I 0 L I N AT IO· NA L ro r sT R 8 E _ _ 7 r _ N r •F ' t A l'ri-J - A 1t9 _ 7 orr 141 __ 6 - W urF-• r J -y- - 1 N -JJ I - - - _1- '44' CIBOLA NATIONAL · R 9 E f t • • f f ' 1t4 L l£tr-_rU · I l ti t • re All thG Gama irustNS ltctS I t 'f ' 1 ff t I I 4' f I ' 5 0 Calj br tioa gt t • f • t t ' I • ' ' ' ' « t f or ctllE't ri tCd b y Mena t ' 1 etsndard source and the inYene 8quare law C Tb• alplMl inatrulli9Dt• 1'twr• calibrated w1 th a 1tardard source 1' d• fro• t h41 praduct order to be emr• that •ll the i •fr were i' inat nta e c' In wer• llorki li properl y after ••t up the g ll11' a 1nstri menta w- re tested w t h • piece ot uran- · us···ri e and th• 1tlpha 1natl Ullent a re teatfld with J Ii or pi•c• paper f t¥1 had a ••11 amount or plutonium depo11ited u pon it filter By tbi• means th · n e rjltor could te11t h ia 1n strument at aey tit • to ••• if it was ' ' t working rr q • r 6 o B11ult1 st t J ·r2lm• f_ • ' J · Although no J tantaneoua actb'ity wa• to be e zpeicted at t ha abelten troa lJ ·i th• •hot 1 t r • • f an eas y matter tc check this point Con- aequent i th• neutron count rste fleter 1llu•tr ted ill Photograph 4 · · ' ·i waa set up Thi• met er hae · 8 n r ni boron coat9d count r ated ia th• proportioml range - to pul••• abov• e ' 4e that the circuit is oni responaiv• ''t ' ' oerll'lin height Thta nteter toi ether 1dth Th t't SaL JA-ray pulaea an •liJdnat4Kl th fh ral Beta-Gami a G-M Meter waa •et up outa1de th• South Shelter The poai 'tJ' n 1 wa1 chosen so that there ' Hr• no oblltruotiona bttwHn these tub4ta am the Shot r ' protected bh a•lt It ia o_p9r• b7· bq beh1Di the Mrthwork r ml 1 The obeerYu- up to r rottJOt th• ahelt Th• dia l• were thttn ob erwed 1fith the id 9 t 1 flashlight t a preciable change in hlt bae l'rowxi Yal cbtlarred att•rw•rd• No du tjipg the shot or t · · Illmlediatel7 after th• •bot a proportio l coun i7 iii sa i j · outside the South Sti lter with th• 'ltif dow acing the sq tJ t t bia ••t up ••7 it -' ' ' ' wa hoped t t at observed a alpha aethity thet No acti'r t7 was fo · Q T4e t1C ld aettle c 1 i t H ion trom th4t air would be was dbeontinued after 72 ' • ' # • • • 4 C I ' if I • • • I • I l If t ' • 4 l f t t '- ¥ I 4 f C • f I t f' A • at thi• abelier Yac•hd i Cllllf U 1 11· ' £ ··-• - f' sh t aB it arpeared that IM rad1caot1Y• cle E would go O ler it The reoordiac GaJaN-Bet a Mtera at Hot Springa San AJJt onio end T·ul N'OM •howd DO aet iTit 7 · _ Th Mt er at Carriscso went I U tv ott 1calft wrt 11 1t wa• returned 12 hour• later _ --1 1oal• am re- Full •cal• on thia • nu • MOM '· · 10 0 XI count• per err Tha survey 'eters ho1ttrrer which ore l i raea•i 1 • ab owed that t hi• aoti'lit7 not hiih enough to be daacerou a • cf raonnel ' ' Thia ri in act iYit 7 1a •h09a oza Phot Of l Aph 5 P t I 'Q C Cueen aa•pl•• •«r• tun a Tularo1 1 Hot Spriag• Su ···i i ilntonio C rriao alld Elephan Butt •· Samplea tak•n from tilt•r th••• pa• rwMled ict Y t7 iM of whioh D CM The 1ltera ••r• run tor Ta 7inl period• of J Lesa j _ baa t hn• hour• • _ __ '' ' ' ao 1Y1 1N olabllll b7· the ob•- rl ' ' lfo aigllit1 carrt aatiTit 7 could bll ' •-o- t 0'4Jll 1n th••• aaaplu to ••ur• b••• dirt aaap · t b ••• t rauported to Trinit 7 1 ' be a aridard dural Geiger u'tNt •1 h a l ead 16 eirftlt BMau the A c • P abield ing and a acal• ct auppl J at Tr i¢t7 n• not t oo et able 1 t LJ fell too ln Howner we fowd that the dirt ata$pl•• which were aoti'Ye L ooulA no · 'tNt Hasured in tbia wq for their aotiT1tie i re w•ll above th• _ r Geiger cow r er ra111• 7 o G rog Aatix J z- ·· gnu Although U did not appear to be too a1 gtd iaant it wae thoucht that the rate at which th• act ivit y arourxi the aite deca ed miqht be •••ured Thb kno ledge might th - 11 ' tfi'f r u atatxi r oint of another teat aixl it alao afforded 4 cond1tiona · •4 •hc e L·t•Jll ' • t l • ' ' I 4 I ' ' ' ' j r the et era w xier field •' ' • • • • • • • • • • •• ••• ' •• ' I ' ' ' Conse tuentl7 stak '• v' r ' 8 · - 2 1' ' 114tf r• apart along th• - north aa i south ddes f • I f t • f • -f C f c I 1 f ' • t t f Headinf I were tak11n with t o instruments ot the tyr- Illustrated in 'hotogrepb 3 Theae lnat rument1 ere held at waist crater The reading• ot the two instru- b•i•ht •1th the chamber racing the were then averaged F1 ure j' '•1 · '' f ' l ia a plot o£ theae readings against di1tance on the north idt stakes tor the datea g1Ten -- It 1lJ ustrat•• very well the r buap 1nL t v t 1' at 800 meters north whieb was noticed b7 l1' _ Ina111UCh ••l ¥ rt7 i _ f several ob 1erY•r• roum clear glaea boada about l 1n dia•eter waa towxi at · th11 1 point it wafjtho ht that this buap in act1Y1t1 might be due to radio' rrc e the clou l a ilar plot of active aterial r ng 1 ' ' ' Figure 2 ia aouth road or the dati ' gh• other coaaitmenta did not examine the north Side •• th giY• ua time to hi •• thi• south 1et ot ltakea na im'eat - ''' gated intenaity vs d 1etance alone the ' '' · The 1nccna18tenei•a tn th• ·Up r elld of theae cunea aight be att ri• r ' 'buted t o two rea1ona1 i t · · 1 The w1 101'ing the radic actiTe sud around cauaing d1t erent intena f tiea rroa da7 da7 or 2 Reoombinetion of ion11 I 'f a J or laek of aaturat ion in the chubera high intenaitiea During the time this dat a ••• b d ' ken there wer• ane ral rain- atorr - In t ent y-t wo rMdinga the CfTR hr •Y•r•c• dni- on bet e•n reediaga • • nwtruaen t• Thi• dnlation between b iribut ibl• - ii L- in part to t wo thina•J l the ak1ll ot the operator in ••tting the a $ at t h• 1n ttnmeat ' · ' Figure 11 a plot ot 1nten1it7 YI tiH tor the hour• 11Ten Thia aata waa taken tram Figure 2 These ourve1 J G Hott•n 1n the bain bod r O h 1 epcn ' ha•• 'been diacuaeed b7 Chl p II - • t f11urea 4 and S ar s Cg l• -re ti' t-f' be aot1Y1t7 of the rreen • • • ' 4 tuaed nc1 Thi• • tl l l ' ' l i it r t le counter Nm ••• ·tc-o · lt$ V ' to • ·· · • ' f l •••• The aupl•• 74 - • t • • • • • • Q • • • • • • • -' • · were the J 'af'ore placed outaiti• a •1 tut al •t1f •c • t •' 1 i e i which eurroUDia th• C -W ••• • t • • •• • • •oi • I 'If t41 f l 4 • • f ' • t •ff I • ' •• • • ' ' etera north An attempt was made t fu•ed sand with a thin wall dural G- i tube - l eoaua• ot the inttta•e actiY1t1 1JiJ ot t he rate at which it ' · 4 • 4 or Figure 6 ie a similar meaeurement at 700 4 e clear bead which ij tollow the d•c• ot the ' found reen At first the attPlll Jt ••• wbatd- The rollo•iag tat-le 11ill giYe liln ia now decaying f' ' ·Cgunta oer J gut1 P•t• ' ' 'l- t 3 21 46 4'124 3206 12 32 45 7Jl6 12 12 45 10106 12 12 45 J 21 46 1-D 5176 6918 21 46 The to al nu•b4tr ot oounta tn tor each reading was OT r 20 0CXJ The G-M tut -a checked t abillt7 or ' - of t 1M 8 0 bJ' Mane opera•ton ayer th a lencth i Of a unn1ua Cqnc µaiona Although non at the in•tnments laeid r - at Trinit7 ri a1 be con oonsid• •tPadeq uate a1dwed pert•cR th• reault• •7 be pNYezrt S a tboroaih tee ot all tiw it ehould be pointed out that all ui nt lnsutticient t'im• 'or vuidance in the future · in trunent a abj ld ' be dust tight end « - ' '- Pnvr J •a erproat The electronic circuit• ahould 1ncorporajt J de'f1eea such ea t'Hdbaclc to Q'ke tliea llOJ • 1tdepetldent of batter r J ' ' r1Jct uat 1 1• The G- U tube tilling• abould be ancb that they are oa tempn•ature iJalep1nient •• poa•ible ard th• G-M tube oircuita should inaor' ' 'orate a unl ifu ator or 8ClM d loe that rendera the CO' nting rate Mter iridepe Jdent ot pulse neitht All in•trumenta should • • • • •• • · • I · t I • • • • ••••• 7 • • •• • • • • •• ' ••• • •• ' • • • • ' f • be tested on 3' 1 r 'v · a · i l 'trHt•nt the•• 1na ru- sbU'e t11ble • ••n • recehed ' ' • f • I t t • • • in t he tield 1 t t ·l± i ottemer we• the Hallicra t'ter Q M • ' ' Ji· t ' rd led meter Inexperienced peraonnel had d1tt1ault7 with th• Vfotore•n triple ru 1 e sun91 aeter ba i' Thea• Mtel • lfhM tbt knob are turned to ae the rubber waaher• WJder the knoba •• ouch tens1oa re iu on The chief' the a•hv to pu ll the knob beck - · Thia aak•• 1 aPJ'Mi-' Nat tlMI S91'0 1• UQ 8 able ••• •• • •• • ••• • • •• • • •• • ' '' 'I • • ' ' • • •• I •• ••• I I I I t ' •• I I t '' ' I I I •• i •• • • • 76• ii I 1 • - S _ •' · -·· • i ·PRIVACY ACT MATFRIAL REMOVED • • ·· ' •-•'' '' • unm ux tr • • • I •' • • I ' ' •• • _ • • • I f •• • • • • • 17 ugut 1945 • 'J ITIHlW OF TRIP IW I bf Colonel Warren Captain lb1ppl• r· r·1 l tJ ft lit• at i II 5100 a tailed U Ut 1945 and Colonel liarnA had t o ret UJ'D _ went to Sil llbaa lhite CaD1'on to Mk• f'urthv •Haurement• ead to 1nt 9rt1n penona V1ot --@#4h 174 calibnW and 12 · is Sia tl ' alt • but C11pta1A · h1f-ple a M Bot OD bad lunoh a ' r1n1t r '•ff · Store am - 011 nenJ iw or U luguat 1945 b ' - Another aiccl• ralll• V1otor n et er wa• calibrated but o work l r oa l 2 J uguot 1945 L J §1pc7a s O P» • r-1 In awak•Md by tbe •ho o all6 J wit• daughter and 110n liTe here The7 were Jw 1 5 tnJ entire house ra tled and three w1mo9• i ·· Thq nat to the · to aH whit had happened HW t he huge aloud I amon r aoned thlt thm· r exploe lon or aoae aort and went baok to brck•• ot 1 l for aliuut 30 ainut Tb9 •2t taaily baa been quite well and heal lJ1' ' '· fl Mn- l'Mdinl 146174 · Vietonea abcl• 11 • P' o oo r hr lnel o ooof hr n111• - w d• at ore waiat SpHil- r HadiD11 at BS llu wa• 'T7J b •1fn oHt wazd on t ho raM to C blmob and then Fro• here we droH ooat14 aa1t •haro thh hlghwa r turm north onto the road to the •Hot Caivon • T t ing are the readiQll ud ob1erTatiom aa lllKie by uaa 1111 n Qb1m1tiOQI 776 o •boY• 780 0 · l Cow• appear health 7 no apparent ane1 da or diarThea no••• p1Ellc gr••• eampl• taken 7Sl 2 At junction •ith roac which leada to Hot Ca111on Gnas 11 ple taken · O 02 ijAur rounJ O Ol r br lwaiat o ground v 018 waht PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED ii PRIVACY ACT M TERIAL REMOVED · • • t I • 1 U S2 llL '' a • · ' • I • a• • I • I • I I' I 1 I f • · • I t I ' t' ' ·c t ' ' o l ' ro l f t I f t • t 9AS fi J 'itl21 'I '· 4 e ' I ' • C' 022 r hr ground 7 1 7 n 7 1 8 Cn road tc Hot Cca7on o OJO grown Cr road to l ct Canyon ctn s1 M I a 1 r road · · r 020 r hr wai1t C cr 2 1st p ro o cr20 waist j 1 ' ' ' eaaure - ieat I · l1 1 J 7 2 2 782 45 o 02 ground 0 02 waht at roade ide O CI29 ground 0 026 wa1at l -11 l 0 024 groua 1 O 0 23 lwaiat 0 032 ground I -- · 0 029 Hiat 0 027 groUDd t 2 50 0 02 c 1 t 0 029 groual o an wiat 782 7 0 0 0 growl 7 2 7 0 032 growl C 027 waiat 0 30 Hilt l o 028 ground 0 025 wa18t fto 11ere reed ne • taken while going in tr · the house ja the Hot Ca1VDn howneT' the following reading• were t ken 1 2 ms o _ li• ••7 o' lt 1 O chf o m wain trom · hou11e groua · o -·· o azs • ·It l 4 111 tro• houe Just below houae - this Nading wa• cheokea cro n·p 1 J 0 001 0 0018 walot ' Houae in Hot C•l'J1'oB ChVJiad•ra U aa lltr and • CTer 50 yean am their lD 79ar old gram aon ll'Ye here The7 were ••l••P on the •ornina ot the abotJ t he7 beard felt and aaw abaolut •17 aoth1rc Tbe7 wne aware or nothine unuual t ··R l• cn r-- U a cl hem fl Oll Biacbaa lat• iD t I PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED e ' ' t · It • I I t ff • • •• e • •· •e • • · • • • •· • • • • ·t 6 I 78 • • '' • •• •' ' ' • 1111 PRIVACY AClMATERIAL REMOVED ' · • th• e fternoon 1 '1 H 11 c• I ' I •• • I I I • ' I I t k h ad l ef 'I • ec - l y _ 1J '•'r • c - 1'i t ·r tsUJln bl y ' Y h l•TIS 'u O I I • · 9 • I I • • ' f oll I • 1 I ' t • t C I • ' ' ' • 1 1 I I I I · reached Bingr Bri at 9100 di ·ann let tne i° ·01· 't' h r' losion hflre r1y hing et blngha during theo day etrl indOC'r at ni ht te mi Hd most of the hMV1 e -croou o of the tlrst day in the · fot Oan -cnl' the u rt1 rtdM ' Duri °t'1Jt lt -1 p 3itli 'f ISIJ indoor ' ro1 0 1 ng trrc- ·- P' r Du -1 lg tt io day h tiJ s i ent a oat r l ge j Ortion Cf t he tilllee th e ·u 3 · c -Chl l tlfe b 'IU tl K'3 ' eir · ma i h i 1 tJ or go1n i indooJ' I ahf lsOO - rt l o'clock tc c nner 1'$tirir1g nftar l eLri it tho tivening news broadtJ hl ro adob• on lfood•n ll ariaing at nhout 6 00 ii LL 1t41 rr fte 1D and attord• greet 7hd - hol U I a e nell built t c w t b thJ ek w•llr- bout 15 thick a Lio roo eupportod 2 'ho h·- •Jao rr eosUJ•1t 1 1bo11t pr Uon x lS' fettt la 11bcnt U feet hjgh The tin rooot 18 uaod to collect water o below or the a18twn the exic •· vr which was not 1•11 rhed but ia prftslll l lhly 5C-25C i1 barrel oapao1t1 BS rice ot ·rhere n the neighborhood are ot this she WbS rain in th• 'ar on the a iv ht arter ' Jshot tb1• NMn• thllt self • ot tha act 1Tit1 was - _ oarl ied into their drinking ·ut u7 have been dr mk on the tollo·drig J ar and J · ther rter The haelth of tha llr Ra tlltt OOMplaina TheH oR'Uto t'UH hao been nluoh nta ot no ow111e90 an not new aptoaa t l ftHI in the cheat ano pOor tooth The an1m11ls • 1 goatrr · 11rke71t donkey' a - • 'P-' r to in exeell•nt health Suplea ot dr1nk'lng ak•n The follow1 good except that ••ti i and 1011 frc m the yard •ere Tari1' locations llM1Ur8111enta were r ade in in the ytl rd the DMrb7 cowitrya1de all in the bouaes 1 ·-- i Ia rd Position I n cri 7 0 023 o Cl25 Podticn I1 o a22 vround l L waist 1 rosit1on III c C2J p ro o CX23 nilt Position IV o 02a • I I l PRIVfl C'f fl CT MATERIAL REMOVED • • • • ' ' ' c • • • • l 4 ll r rowxi C wr 1st ' 0 02 1 growii o 21 wa11t 79 1 11 • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • t I • ' 1111' t ' i I • t f' I f Ir r Poaiti i 'Vt I C • • • • • t I I I I t I' t I I I • ' • • ·0 022 waiet 0 017 Grown Poaitioa VII doorstep o Ol 3 waist Po11t1w VIII o crzs grow 0 022 ni1t 0 003 r Poait t oa ll I _UJ 0 023 r hr row d ' beh1'1 1 bouae ri r1 I I ' ' I ' i lide 5 ont 1 -- 0 004 house r 117 -dre -11 d•Ql'hten doughi 1n-hw live here in a nf'fP 1io'be hoaae with • double root• T J 191 9 awakened bf a plan• lhU• oirol lltc ou1 r wc• 1D dbt '99•• The taai T ciuagee lt01 lliag Sbo · ' two ot the tHt The plane •ou n4ed to thu •• it it 7 thenalt•rt tbe r beclroe111 llt up as 1t r T e7 dreoH f' r •w ti pilllr cl h1rh oYerhoodo noi and b7 a light the bod - window and watohocl it tlcet outdde within JO 11iitute1 and their at'DCrete c1 1- were unhan9d wc• ll de 1 7 The houoe •1 Th• follodng meawreaent• on grouml in front ot atok_ c ooa r b I ill air _'1 0 005 • inelde store 0 17 l U£u1t i i 744 hour• otter TR 1hot or 16 JlllJ' 1f • 14 aotobcolc IJ I on poge 25 fl et ·aec for data -· --·t_r - ·-J Moter #J 6174 chec - 8 17 4S Calibration ot V1otoreea liurrq am okay · PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED C I ' • I · I l I 1 • I 4 I ' 1 t t t · - •• - 1Ull unohoagod l i o • ' -- - • • ' • • •• ' ' ' A rENDil £ll Carl Ilucklam am A Reinert -- - UMGU IHE l rs1 1Et • • • • • • • t •• •• • • • ' t ' • • '• ' ' • ' • • •• • •• • •• •• tt • • •• •• •• • •• • I t •• I REMOVED PRIVACY ACT 'MATERIAL ' INTER·O·F icE· P R N 1 • • I • I I I • • ' I • I I I 11 I Io• I I I I • I suaJEcT· --- I I •I ' I •• I It 41 • • I I I I I If I I I 1 I I I - I If · o i i -e I I I ' Voaltorlng Trlp ' orth U ot Trs Bt• 11 DMmMr 1 5 19f 19f 13Sl9e0 258 4 259 9 264 9 167 0 269 0 210 1 270 4 172-ll 2 4 11 I • I I '' • I I I • c I I I I 11 I I I l ' • I I I I W f ' I 1' 'I I' TC t I 'I W ·-- • 1 • 1 ' • ' ' •• • ROM • • I• It 'I I ' • l I I f I f o Iii PR ACYACT ATERIAL REMOVED · • 1 • • l I • t ' t t • • I t t I t I • I f • ' •• c•• ·• • • • • 0 INTER·O'f F CE • · -i4 p · l- J ·i J M • ' ' • • • I I I • ' f I • • • • f • ••• • I t • t t ' • f I I t 1f •'•' '''01''fE • • I • t t tlf f f • • • ' • - ' De r 1L5 • TO ROM 12 -Deo ber 1 5 COB•t F••• 'beJODd hole Intenectim with zriab road bet •HD Mor Well - DMP Morgan u - t11nted s i· · • ell tf t l '11'' I t i' • I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' · ' t PR'VM'Y M'T m H or rn11r'1 • ' I l'iUl 1 J PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • e • I • e f t 1 ' I t • ' I I I' INTER·C FFIC - r- 1 EJ R ·p4i'1 '' • • t TO · ' f • f • t • I t 6 • I I t I ' I I I I I I De1mb• o'ATE r 1 I I I I I I I vr i M I ROM nn 3 • r u -1-a 1 1 u 191 9 D · Wlai _ pla •r ° E Uf · i _ b ••-- - _ i r '91 2 le6 14 UR I I II II 61 J e IAi le5 et law _ __ _ I - ail a • 1 i n Lalel Lm 6 Oellll •• - -' latenens ul l'tMllS o - wU wt C HJ la °''-'in lfl bp- lAJ · _ U ' w Qa _ ' - 'W _ • '9 Qlsm· IJl'llllla - 1la MueJ - - - 191 q le1' e7' Q_ 1 _ laau lln T U J4 1 4 lef · 6l ·Ir'-'• lwle 66 · · T1 __ - i • 111•• · • n 4 M - - '-' _ m a U II' cela • n Iii _ u 4 •'-' -1111 1 9• • __ n ••••• • • Sa· ii lJIO · hf••• is • 5 0 0 Jl O- a · 61 16 ell -· MS-- - te Ntaa '-U f LS 11111 • Wine Illa P '9 ll'llta teUM4CMU S 9' _ a ldtaa taU - ¥ m t -•• 1 M _ t I I I • • • I t I • t t ' c ' ' • • ' I ft ' • •I • •·urrn ' te --· I I ••• • I t It I I t I •• • c 11 f ••• ' I •I lll e Ill t I c I llt • t • • • t t • t ' •• ••I I I e ill ' llf t I ' I ' I t • • I I • '• '''• I • ltf• I I I I ti • ·· t • • t • l • I e t f • I I I I • PRIVACY ACT M IAL REMOVEO I t I • •• j 1111 I f t PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED I I t • I • • I t ••• r 1 I • I 1' I I 'l t ' f • I f I 111 1 I f I I I 4 I I • I ' 11 1I t •1 'I • I • • I ' t t f •t 1 I I j • C f I f • I I I I It • I • t l I INTER-OF'F'l CE· M rA·21 i - 1 tl IJ M I t I' I 4 1'• f •• · I'' TO AOMI • 11 f • • ' DATE • - I IL m _ ' ' I I I t • I I l·• 1 l l t l I l f • •• •• • • e • • I I I I I I I I I l • l l ' • I I 1 1 I I ' 111 t I I Form ' I t l t • ' I • • I• I • • I l 1 If It I • ' l 'I I C C • 1 l Cl l 4 II C ' ' ' t t o ' I I • • • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • • INIHD JT'-Tltl Df -TlollNT oP TNI INTllllOll GAAZNI SERVICE - lllCO llHIDM l II TL N'-TION I t t • • • • •• • •• ••• •• • •• • • • · • • • • •• •• • ' iugosted rather than inhal e • • i C·•t t • • • • • • t • • ' • • • • · ' ' ble • • I • that vttey large duat i crtiol•• ot the tJ'P4t• r zU ' tcid oiw tnpped ahietl in the na•ophaJ7ll X am are then tranat•rred to the gastro-1ntsat1nal tract t i I l i' J ••• ••• • •• ••• •••• ••• •••• • • • • •• ••• ••• •••• t ••• •• ••• • • • •• •• ••• •• ••• • •• • ••• • ••• •• • •• ••• • ••• • • •• • •• •• •••• • ••• • • • t H 'i I 4 • 4 • • • - a i 'l' ·J 11' 9· • • • ' • b AP g0Qgt a1int1991 •al Inhlltt 1on ''t '£ 12b f • • • ta4 t1 •-' t ltCf'·•I« • ' J • • • c 4 t I t « 't''l t • 'f • • • f t 1 C • 4 •• •••••• In order t o oatimate the concentration of ectiv 1ty 1n the air d· tring the preoipitatJ oo ot the aotive ·tr 1 ·· elem l · dust 1 t is necessary t o know how thick the J n examination ot Fig J shO' 'f• that at 20 1d ies tror zero thi t t build up # o aatb'1t7 waa l 5 hours ' i · j we tek• 1t'' t b fbwr ' · · irs 2 7 x For particleli 100 ttiarona in diaMter the larger tM oonaen'ative d ia•t • the i'or conservative purpoaee ot oaleulation our ostimat the distance of foll in our hour uP ca ' t tn ' l aiorocurle• of gal'l lll ll 1 fiiev aotiYit7 J 4 oa2 per ro•°'Be• ptir r -dincjcfi the grouncl •• oan comput • the oo noentrat lon in t M air b9f'ore t bt 19 llieroeJi i o011pl•t•q precipitated 'q I L ·1 ' '0 S 7 k11 1 f ···tj I c 6b a Vv IR I fvi M' S foe - tor each gamma suri• ia l 79 l 26 Th• total fi Hie n p ' lductl ea9nt B8l309 gst total fia•ion produotai ···· · · 0 078 pa lit I' a1r R ¥· · g1 01 Ud • 1 Fo tolaranee oono4nrt nt1ou w ref'•r to wn r tb9 tolC UOe1 tor '4' '· th W Lab Hdb Ch XII Table ld ad ticuion prcich1c tm re g1Y•n •• - 94 x 10-3 po llte r air tor 8 hr 7 on• day onl1' r 0 26 x 10-6 pa lltflr air tor 8 da1r1contimloual1' For t l» oa1e um r oou deration •• un tol•ranee gµr• tor the 8 hr d I ' ou d q oal 1't it bebg aa1uaed ' bat the aloud lflaterial aetii w thin tt 1' d q pil'tioular int he region ct t h• Cb'O pildera Heaa • It ia • poaalJ l o f aaaW19 L that a1 thctlmown llM8 U 9 M lt a a' L-8 iadioat ed pnoipit ation to b e··c '0111pleted a 4 hcNz'9 aft a tn •ho · the a t Ye mattirl al n• in tlM air tor at aoat 4 bra ™' u d tha ti olttraDI• OOIWJD ntion of 094 pa L Jr 8 ' Ta_ M'ld doubled l O'H'JU'1 in t be ln ft'Nt a ot co t1 p t ft' l Tf w1 'l he f • J• •t ' c • • • • • _ • • o ' _' I- 'It t l f 4 • it • ' • • • iH ••• • •• •• •• • ••• ' ' •i • •• •• • ' •t 0 •• • • ••• ' '• • it£ • • t • • j • • • eSJ • • • Air Cone•ntrationa and lnbala ioti· 6lar c t ·on iauad 094 fl'C L• The 1 • - ro ntr en1 read inc on the ground oorHapondir ic o t he c M-ntrat1on ot l -- 1 ' t ol wano• tor •ind ti111on p roduota bHOllHa l P - '¥ 0 078 0 094 o 133 R m- • Ace 1 i on groum to t Jd 1 r•wlt tb 9 p1-o•• whioh bad 7 R hr at t 0 had t s a oonc ntratioi'I· bf ft111cn product 1 ln th• air •hicb waa 7 SJ 8 4 ti • aspect• t o r bera C l The oaloulat1oa 1a t he aolt oonnnatbe po111ible I ancl 2 the late• part 1 11a•• •• deaeri'Nd 1n a ' ' ' '· - 1 • _ • -··· •• ••• • ••• ••• •••• ••• •••' • ••• •••• • • •• •••• • • • • •• • ••• • ••••••• ••• ••• •• • • •• •• • • • • f' c • '' ' • •• l • l • t ••• • • •• •••• ••• ••• ••• •• •bow'• prw•nt tb 11 •z 1 1 · · ·· a • • • • • • • ft • • ' e 1 J • • • • • • » • • • • • • • • • • f • • l • 4 • ' ' • • •• • 0 • • It • • ·• ' f • • •••· • t • t ' • • A• • • po1irt e4 out 112 th• preo ii JC 1 a ioo t h• inhalation ot aloud •t la ia an icga tion probl a ino• thlt uteriala are tranat rred from th• IHl 11'10W DI ot t i traohM t o thil galliro-iutestinal net It turn a out Id ad 0 078 1 t1eji p uet a Rele n1Dfr to the concentration toWld abo're f4 lii R h r on the grown aal aeal 1 ing 3000 liters air inhaled J tll' 8 bour d -·one 1 on aHU11br l retention in lUQga ro ained pa R hr hart 2 2 ao • tnc•necl For an inte119it7 ot 7 R n- o 6'24 l O or 4 h 1 D'e oJMt A leranc• do•• tor one doae onl r •• • quoted in _ f 71 · ' t Me Lab lil ll Ch XII 1 R • - b 14 6 mo · We eonolu Je tt t to'f' tb8 aoat ' comsenatiw cs•• the pounta 4ctive qt rial n ested were ot the order of 1 01 aaa ban t oleral ID• foj o d N onq Thia ••that • 1• 1upport th•· iaok ot aotiYe material a wh iob gnsll l oa ran N on which oa the back• t 4 the oow•• in cow• - ' Rt'tic •teriala tell to prcduo• bet a burn• Apparent 17 sv q under these oo Xlitiona aaounte l ot ao 1Y• M erial tail S to be iageatlld and lodgfd 1n tiswea an l ' ••• ' • • • • • •• • • C t ' ' • ' t •' • ' • • • • • ' '• • •• ' l ' • l ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' • •• • ' • •• • • ••• '• • • ·· • •••• l l 4 3 ' ' ' PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED •• f •• ' • • • • • c t t I • f 1 1 e e ii C f • •• I f I t t • f • • I I ' 1 r 1 • • r flt ana Part 1cle Sise c I f I ' ab e - · I · • ' • fallina Timea Diaaet er 12 000 n a · 0 110 houn 500 0 139 0 116 0 208 o 173 0 325 0 211 o 58 0 4S 1 08 0 90 1 2 T iae to tall trcel 48 000 t o 6 000 rt l Time to tall Pertiale Size 2SO r fl U J 200 149 r---1 · _ q 110 L 74 60 · 0 091 houri l 97 3 01 l· u' # 10 22 6 21 2 16 o ll s o 65 r - l COllpUte4 troa llO 0 005cii T of June 16 1945 o -· D • diaM er ot partiele 2 Ve i 7 of tall n t n atn s - • 1 aiorou 7J'Oll m lAJ8 u p 5 lo-'aa laicber ban bat oaloulaMd 'b7 and I·-·--i r Y Lt oorrect S tor' ohaage at air 1 009it7 AY• age feloo t 7 1a 20 C tor 48 000 fl-p den1it7 w1t1·-f itme anil alti ude 4 ' I 4 • •••• • • • ••t •••• ••• • t • • • • • •• • • •• • • •• · • e • ea • e • • e • ••• •• ••••• • • •• ••••a •• •••' •• •• •• • •• •••• • • • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL RH JVED • •• • •' • • ' ' VIII d _ ·i Japia Agtiyt SybffiMll ' ' '# · ' l ' • ' t ' ' ' I At no inhabited locality or aiv plttce i'C rther than lC ' i frou tl wt cnt e ••• there founi an ali ha particle count which could be r1 r adly disti ngl iiahed i rl fro1n the natural ekground · t i trom 2 t o 7 eounta er minute '·1 '··'•'' '· The counts r-an r tid This o rdar of rnagnitUJe in counting I ra e f• expected fron the kn 'wn tair ountlil o f1ssion ircxiucts and l' ' i 1 j product k f · 1ysia LA J56 Taking 6 x io- 12 gms Fu per crl as the moat cms irl tt-1 caee the total alphas emitted per minute 6 x O l4 o · cp _ cl' or 0 42 cp a cm2 2 ' •· 2 'ft i 11 ho solid angle • The counter in arM henc• a oount of 0 42 x 20 8 4 c 2 wi cd011 arM wa• 20 # 11 l l · r lu- 1 or would be Gxp4H Jt td 'LJ • lbl ue1v• ' ' 5#h• window am obllount on ' ' ' correction• for ab•orption in the counter Pu by dust µrt1clea and geOJ11etry ' ' thile' it is p08aibl•· t t fl localized hot spotu mfeht have occ't rred 1 r l '1 ' dist ribution at a · oo acentrat 5 · w oh is coneidered not to constitute a health ha urd • - • ••• • •• •• • • • • • • • • •••• • • •• ••• •• •• •• • • • • • •• • ••• •' • • • • I · • ' •• • • •• l ' • ' ' ' • ' 47• • c ' l • _ • • • i •p Th8 diatrlbution The e acOll'pan ying llap l ahow• t he distribution ct tiadon prcchu t• •terlal as 11easund bf the ga•H radiation• on tho irow d• · The 'ii tor __ 1 The enenthl f'Mturea at tb dbt ribltion are aa tollowa ' ' J j - ' ' ' i ' 12 Riles long 1 U wid• who11• southern erd started a ebout 3 tll•• L north of White S or• J on read SO The nath extemed north oross ing tbt N •· T'Oed 161-46 on th• map the '1lll• t hh natb 11 •hewn as a fairly well d9f'ined · L- -- m J •••Ul e'IHJit • ebow it to - 1 - ' hn• bffn highlJ irregular in actual jj ' ar• and inten1tit 7 reg1oa rrom Thif ·ta t expeet c oloud sat er1ala falling trca • - - ' 1i 2 Th• e lt1 1atr1bution 1a tan ab aped with th4J j oe ltral a xi• ot t tan po1nt1iw n9t t •llahtl7 at Thia aro • troa th• tact that the path ·'4 the olom i t a•·· i ted nortbard Wben laat IND t he 'bJ' the dashlld an-ow• ••• I clo ICl ••• lllooting du TM bigher port ona Nit 'H' to•ard north wen Benoe tbe oload •iwiala · DC north alld n r· i wre 1wept ij weatwaJ'd on r ol dns low alt ltud lfl'l' inatane• Carriaoso the 1 • 1nt u1t 7 • • aero unt U 4 PM of 16 Jul 7 At 126 G t ydnd abTuptl T r08• fro• tba t al Id broqht so• act Ye particle1 with 1t i fThi1 actiYit7 t' reacbe it• •xhua after •bout 1 hr -b ' •intained a steady Yalue' f'or about r l2 hoUl ll ancl then 1tart ed to decay - For this son tb cont do not iaclud• Carrizozo it being a••Ulttld that the activity was due to very •mall particles which •er• eaaiq wind borne aDCi n t ·-· ·- llit tlJ' to aettla definitely •• · · u • ' • c · •• • • • •• • w • ·· • ' • 'fher- wae a detil ltf' '• ¥' ·ti btac e betw n sero · Mel UMCUSS f £ l • • J Ii' ' i •' i t J • ' · ' i I ' • ••· ' ' j 1• ' ' 'f'''' ' - ' -·- -t 4 i -·1 I I ' - t I I I - · · _ ' · ° t¥ - '' I i r - 1 • • ' • • •• '• •••• • • • • • •• •• ''•• • •••• •••• •• • • '• • '• • • • •••1 · • • •• •• • • '• ' • • • •• •' •• ' • •• • •' · · '• ' _ 4 •• · ·· • •t t · • I • t t • ·• I ' ' • PRIVACY ACT M 1RIAL REMOVED I I • • • • e • • •• •• •• point and regioM e t aigrdtiOam iet • l ' oc c u nJS f b-f · ll diat -•noe Of about '2 U nort b o · t h• b awa h auorlbed 1ri 1 above and abou t 24 nat ail ea to t be aotbe area• It abould tae not eel that of s ro around San AntoDio and So Uaroial there aa7 i o•aib v• been -1fii in the •ooalled akip h1 al reg1J J 1bh or lf J Rone were found tor 1natanae in the 110nitore 19m1ng along the tC ura tt a nonh o 21 ero ·4 re ions The iaolat8d verr am all area• ot gnat ne work o roads west and of activit1 at San Antonio ua to the loor l l'OWld wind• which were ta at of th• orda west or r ·nr111 carried plll t ot the he act iv1t it_ i the9e regio11a wer• 2 -25 mph am exploa1oa oolUJID ••t clight 17 north Ver low end did not oonnit u te fi- · · 5 s iaJor area ot aonbar1a ltn Mexico wa• cowered any radiation ba1ard · - 6 bf Yft'7 low aotivitJ •hiob 1• bN peatV tban 10 lire i f' markable mdtol'ld t7 bu ed to nall•r partiol t ll J a« out at llo IMJ P ot r-- broug- the retiio• ahond • 1n 7 the twnlA - able at TrillJdM Col n -' JT lJ d a 11- u u _ all aoni on · I ill •• - - that ••ll tr1oi 1 aiorOD or lM• t•ll Yft'T •lowq am pal' 1nlal q du riJ28 ti da7 h Lr an1•'1o b7 •tbw9aJa• n · b twi ••»1 7 WM1n'Mitf Aa s n- nuoa ot 50S at all lie a lltoan 1-4a to the nnlt lat nas f the IJ Oud after t wo - - The rate at whioh thU t Ht illat• 1a b •-4 011 · fl the hodOH · -2L tic ' · shown JI be •P ot J o hiV tel 1 not Thh M ett1o14'DOJ' reported 'b7 Amenoa em l '9-a 356 aoc0rdhc to • aiob 2 95 x w- tot el t1aa1ou · d•ta U-250 a •Mt of emipe ndlll 0001D'rid TI_ t ocorcling to weuu opt•• tld 9 lead• ·to 1 11 z ioJ 5 a1ero-ew1 of 1•-• a 4 br8 t 1-• il1MD the oonoea nUoa of m ti' 1 111rl• 1'1' 111111 · 19 p - Uro em-1• • PRIVACY ACT MATERIAL REMOVED • • • l ' · · • · · · · · · • · • ••• • ••• · · · · · · • ·• •• • • • • • • • · ' ' • •• •• • • - • •• Z 1 • per er the roentgen reading ·a l R hr lnl eWil i y • t • • II • D • •• ••• • ••• • •• turns out that at 4 hrs the avi ilable gaml 'a curiea would have covered an aree of 2250 sq Jliles to TM ect tvity ec rre jl0zxls to al ot 't 7% of the total ii hat this ttel was precipitated by the end f or 6 hre _j • • • • • • •• • • •• ••• ••• •• • • •• • • ••• • • • •• ••• ••• • ••• •• • • • • ' •• • • •• • • • • •• ••• •••• •• ••• • • ••• •• ••• • • 1' SC