Greenhouse Gas Data Overview OAR Briefing February 4 2024 ED- 018922- 00000142-00001 Outline • GHG Data Overview • Greenhouse Gas Inventory GHGI • Uses of Data • Annual Process • Preliminary Findings from Draft 2025 GHG Inventory • Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program GHGRP • Annual Process • Uses of Data • 2025 Upcoming Actions ED- 018922- 00000142-00002 Long-standing Comprehensive Data • EPA has been providing publicly available greenhouse gas GHG data since the early 1990s • EPA implements GHG data collection and publication programs at the national state and facility level • Inventory of U S GHG Inventory Emissions and Sinks Report GHGI • State-level GHG inventories and Facility reports • Facility-level Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program GHGRP We have been collecting data for a long time States were trying to do this at a granular level We required industry facility level reporting We have made improvements over the years by expanding and creating a detailed dataset that is made public It is used by industry nonprofits inform CM policy We have improved GHGI by incorporating improved GHGRP data over time We work each year to continually improve the inventory across sectors incorporating new data including GHGRP data and recalculating the time series In the early 2000s States and NGOs were developing or had implemented facility-level GHG reporting but inconsistently and without any federal leadership ED- 018922- 00000142-00003 Widely-Used Reliable Data • The programs work together to provide transparent consistent high quality greenhouse gas data for the U S • Data are used by a diverse set of stakeholders including states industry other federal agencies researchers and the general public • Data are used for a wide range of purposes such as informing state and local policies regulatory analysis voluntary programs corporate benchmarking and trade policy ED- 018922- 00000142-00004 Ensuring High Quality Data • The U S is the global leader in rigorous and transparent GHG data • GHGRP is considered the gold standard for mandatory reporting programs • EPA methodologies and emission factors are used by other countries • EPA uses the international standards development process to ensure that other countries can be held accountable to report data that is comparable to U S data quality • US experts have played a key role in the development of rigorous international standards based on peer-reviewed research • U S experts engage in review and assessment of GHG data published by other countries to ensure they are transparent and complete e g European Union China • U S experts have historically provided targeted technical assistance to emerging economies e g South Africa India to help them improve the transparency and accuracy of their estimates which makes them more comparable to U S estimates ED- 018922- 00000142-00005 Publicly Available and Accessible Data i' lnteractive- da qllerytoo t dowril _charts f'lF c - Viewing comprehensive state-by state GHG data and information on methods used to disaggregate national GHGI https 7cf pub epa gov @hidata i nventoryexplore'r - Report detailed data ttps fwww epa gov ghgemissions state-ghg--emissions -and- Facility-Level lnf orrnaltio1rfo n GHG_ Tool FLIGHT Find and Use GHGRP Data Navigating all GHGRP products including tools summaries downloads through an interactive one-stop shop ww' v epa goy ghgreporting find-and--use-ghgrp-data ED- 018922- 00000142-00006 GHG Inventory GHGI Background • GHGI is a comprehensive accounting of all U S GHG anthropogenic emissions and sinks over time by gas source and economic sector • Covers all GHGs CO 2 CH 4 N 2 0 HFCs PFCs SF 6 and NF 3 • Time series e g annual data from 1990-2023 in next publication • EPA leads the interagency effort to compile the inventory coordinating with USDA USFS DOE EIA DOT FAA DOD USGS and NOAA • EPA initiated its first national GHG inventory in 1993 and has published this report annually since then Each year since 1993 EPA prepares an annual report the Inventory of U S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Inventory which provides data on current and historical annual GHG emissions and removals by source economic sector and gas The report provides annual emissions back to 1990 so this next report will provide emissions from 1990-2020 This report is prepared on behalf of US Government it is impartial and policy neutral It fulfills our commitment under UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ED- 018922- 00000142-00007 Uses of GHGI Data • National inventory data is widely used by a diverse set of stakeholders for many different purposes including • Developing state and local air emissions inventories and analyzing cobenefits • Evaluating GHG intensities of trade-intensive sectors • Informing regulatory analysis • Using inventory data for benchmarking comparisons e g industry organizations America Chamber of Commerce utilities Florida Gas Utility • Calibrating economic modeling e g other federal agencies investment firms e g Morgan Stanley • EPA submits the national inventory annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC as ratified by Congress ED- 018922- 00000142-00008 State GHG Inventory Data GHG Inventory Data Explorer State-level GHG data fully disaggregating national GHG Inventory Ohio Greenhouse Gas Emlsslons by Inventory Sector 1990-2022 • Consistent with the national GHGI across the time series • Updated annually August September • Publication via EPA GHG Data Explorer • Peer reviewed methods • Wide use • Data referenced by over 35 states in state inventories • £nerm1 • ldustrialproces ses andp cxl Jc • Agria dtc• La1 duse la nd•usechimge aod forestry • e Was1t • Analysis by organizations representing states e g AAPCA https ljcf p ub e pa gov ghgdata inve nto ryexp lore r State Air Trends and Success Report ED- 018922- 00000142-00009 Annual GHGI Compilation Process lnteragency meeting to kick-off each cycle discuss schedule and improvements July Work to compile initial estimates recalculation of time series for i August-September 1 Expert review of draft estimates to get objective review and feedback from technical experts not involved in compiling estimates October-November - - - - -- - -·······- i January-March i Mid-April i May-June i July-August r-----·········- - improvements -·········- ·········- ·········- ·········- ·········- ·········- ·········- ·······- ·······- ·······- -·······- ········- ·······- ········- ·······- ·······- ·······- ·······- -·······- ········- ·······- ········- ······· · -·······- ········- ·······- ·········- -········- ········- -·······- ········-- -·······- ········- ······· ···········- ·········-- ········- ········- -········- ········-- ········7 i Public review of draft ········- ·········- ·······- ·········- -········- ········- -·······- ········-- Publish and submit final report Compile initial state-level GHGI Expert review of draft state-level GHG -··········- I August-September - ········- ········- ···········- ·········-- ········- ········- -········- ········-- ········- ········- Publish updated state-level GHG inventory i 10 ED_018922_00000142-00010 Draft GHGI - Trends by Economic Sector Net emissions accounting for sequestration decreased 3 3% in 2023 and decreased by almost 20% over the last 20 years 2 500 Electric Power 2 000 ciw 1 500 8 Industry f- 1 000 Agriculture 500 Commercial Residential 2023 Trahsportati in Sect6i-C29% remains largest sector fotlowed'by Electric Power -' and lncJustry both 23% Agricultu_re C10% CommercialC7o o and Residential Sectors 'C6% ' Allsectors ' · • · · 0 ••• ••• • 11 ED_018922_00000142-00011 Relationship between GHGI and GHGRP • GHGI provides official information on annual U S emissions across all sectors of the economy compiled with collaboration across USG • GHGRP is a regulatory program that collects detailed emissions data from large GHG emitting facilities and suppliers in the United States • GHGRP covers most but not all U S GHG em issions • GHGRP does not include agriculture land use and small sources Covers 100% of emissions from all sources and sinks at national level ' Covers GHGs reported by large emitters and fuel gas suppliers within these sectors 1 • GHGRP data is a key annual input to the GHGI across energy industrial and waste sectors and facilitates a range of improvements 12 GHGRP is a key resource for the GHGI has facilitated improvements and supported additional QNQC The GHGRP provides emissions information activity data data to derive country-specific region specific technology-specific EFs to the GHGI ED_018922_00000142-00012 GHG Reporting Program GHGRP Background • Dec 26 2007 Congress directed EPA to create a rule to require mandatory reporting of GHG emissions above appropriate thresholds in all sectors of the economy of the United States H R 2764 PL-110-161 • Oct 30 2009 EPA finalized the annual GHGRP • Applies to large 25 000 tons CO2eq per year industrial sources 8 000 facilities across 46 source categories that report each year • Facilities report directly to EPA electronically via EPA's GHG Reporting Tool e-GGRT • Transparency of data and sound methodologies are essential elements of the program • Over 12 years of published data showing industry trends in reducing GHG emissions • EPA has promulgated several updates and technical correction rulemakings since 2009 • The National Waste and Recycling Association NWRA submitted petitions for reconsideration and judicial review on the most recent rulemaking finalized in March 2024 EPA granted reconsideration in August 2024 and will be expected to take action in Summer 2025 13 25 000 metric tons is equivalent to the emissions from approximately 5 000 average passenger vehicles driven in an year or from com busting 139 rail cars of coal ED_018922_00000142-00013 Annual GHGRP Reporting Verification Process EPA prepares for reporting season annual form and help content updates EPA opens electronic system for reporting by industry EPA verifies data contacts reporters about potential errors Industry resubmits data as needed Annual and prior year data frozen no more changes Final development and polishing of GHGRP data products with frozen data 14 ED_018922_00000142-00014 Uses of GHGRP Data • GHGRP data is published across a wide number of pages and data formats to meet different public needs • GHGRP data is used by many States e g • Iowa for annual GHG report to General Assembly • Helps meet reporting requirements for state reporting programs e g WA CO r m• -··-- I o - L- • l'lo · - - - · - l#lfl• • Leveraged by other EPA programs • 2020 American Innovation and Manufacturing AIM Act HFC Phasedown • oil and gas regulations • landfill regulations • partnership programs • Relied upon by other federal agencies e g • Department of Treasury tax credits for ccs 45Q • Used to evaluate sector-based carbon intensities such as iron steel tariffs 15 ED_018922_00000142-00015 2025 Upcoming Actions GHGRP Begin RY24 Reporting February 2025 GHGRP Annual how-to reporting webinars February - March 2025 GHGl Currently adding material to the Public Review PR docket Open until March 17 2025 GHGRP RY2024 Reporting Deadline March 31st 2025 GHGI Preview Final GHGI Report - OAR briefings Late March Early April 2025 GHGI Publish Final GHGI submit to UN April 10 2025 Thursday earliest GHGRP Take action on request for recon sideration Summer 2025 GHGI Publish GHGI by State Augu st 2025 GHGRP Publish RY2024 Data October 2025 - _ 16 ED_018922_00000142-00016 Appendix 17 ED_018922_00000142-00017 Source Categories Covered by GHGRP - D Etectridty 11 •V Petroleurn Generationt ' Refineries · - ss Electrical 1 -X Petrocher0 • H cement - K Ferroal oy •N G ass - Q Iron Steel -s lt rne Treatment -R lead HH Municipal ·solid Waste • T Magneslum -U Mfsc Carbonate Use - ·u Industrial ' lg II · u ' ' II ' Eqt ilpment Use -F A u minurn • J Wastewater Ca d ners Landfills J - BB Silicon carbide - I Electronics Mfg - l Ftuorfoated GHG Productlon Destruction• j -CC Soda Ash ' aq Pitl ch i ji d Equip_m•nt tmport E1t ort -22 Ceramics 00 Ind 'ttn tt •1 -GG Zinc Suppfol rt 11 I carbon Capture Oil Gas - W Petrole Jm and Natural Gas Systems I LL Co1 I-Base d Uqu d'f1 1els $uppli 'rs' · • NN N tural Gas and Nalur t Gas Liquids Supphe s J • MM Petroleu m Product Suppliers • Noteportirtgthresh old · AR•ln s0t i'aes Sequestration ' • ' - - • - ' - RR Geofoglc Sequestration of '- • · • FF Underg round Coal co -W Geologk SeqU estratioriof C01 wlth EOR - JU-_lnjection ofco - PP CO 2 Sup pliers Direct Emi tters Supp i ers C0 2 Jnjection 18 ED_018922_00000142-00018